Chompunake, Mon, Omega, Jeen, Chor-Jan

Introduction

Pizza is one of the most popular foods worldwide, and it originates in Italy. The

current birthplace of pizza is southwestern Italy's Campania region, home to the city of

Naples. (Who Invented Pizza? Gayle Turim updated: Jan 5, 2021 original: Jul 27, 2012

search 16 Feb, 2022) Pizza is made out of three primary ingredients: flour, cheese,

sauce, and ham. Those ingredients, other food, and living organisms consist of

biomolecules that are mostly made up of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen. The

four primary categories of biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic

acids. In an overview of those biomolecules, first, carbohydrates are a primary energy

source of all living organisms. It is divided into two categories: simple sugar and

complicated sugar. Second, Lipids have three main forms, including Triglycerides,

phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Third, protein is made up of a long chain of amino

acids connected by peptide bonds. Fourth, the three main forms of nucleic acids are

DNA, RNA, and ATP. (2.3 Biological Molecules Charles Molnar original: May 14, 2015

search May 10, 2022)

In this pizza lab, we have to investigate pizza components — whether pizza was made by

the ingredients that are composed of carbohydrate, protein, and sugar content. The

purpose of this experiment is to use certain indicators to detect the presence of protein,

carbs, and lipids in order to be able to tell which foods include protein, carbohydrates,

and lipids. Those indicators include Benedict, iodine, ethanol, and biuret. Sugar testing

is done with benedict's solution, starch testing is done with iodine, lipids testing is done
with ethanol, protein testing is done with a biuret solution. Scientific methods that were

used by us in this experiment such as observation, hypothesis, and data collection.

Hypothesis

If we add benedict’s solution, biuret’s solution, ethanol, and iodine to the sample of

pizza in the different test tubes that we put a small piece sample of ingredients inside.

then it would change colors to indicate that samples contain protein, lipid, sugar, starch,

and carbohydrate.

Materials

- Ham

- Cheese

- Dough

- Tomato Sauce

- Mushroom

- Benedict Solution

- Biuret

- Iodine

- Ethanol

- Cutting Board

- Knife

- Gloves

- Lab Coat

- Test tube
 - Oven

- Beaker

- Mortar, and pestle

- Aluminum cup

- Pipette

- Thongs

- Aluminum foil

- Electronic balance

- Test tube rack stainless

- Boiling water

- Hotplate stirrer

Procedures

'
Results and Data collection

Table 1. Ingredients and Mass

Ingredient Mass (g) Biomolecule Biomolecule % Biomolecule (%)

mass (g)

Ham 30.31 Protein, Protein : 5.05 Protein : 16.67

Lipids, Lipids : 1.44 Lipids : 4.76
Carbohydrate Carbohydrate Carbohydrate : 1.19
: 0.36
Ref :
https://www.verywe
llfit.com/holiday-ha
m-calories-and-nutr
ition-3495647

Cheese 38.22 Protein, Protein : Protein : 26.82

Lipids 10.25 Lipids : 30.91
Lipids : 11.82
Ref :
https://www.verywe
llfit.com/cheese-nut
rition-facts-calories-
and-health-benefits-
4117668
Mushroom 44.38 Protein Protein : 1.39 Protein : 3.14

Ref :
https://www.verywe
llfit.com/mushroom
-nutrition-facts-calo
ries-and-health-ben
efits-4117115

Tomato 55.60 Carbohydrate, Carbohydrate Carbohydrate : 6.56

Sauce Starch : 3.65
Ref :
https://www.furman
os.com/product/tom
ato-sauce-28-oz

Premade 108.37 Carbohydrate, Carbohydrate Carbohydrate : 44

Dough Lipid, Starch : 47.68 Lipid : 3
Lipid : 3.25
Ref :
https://www.eatthis
much.com/food/nut
rition/frozen-pizza-
dough,557039/
Table 2. Ham test results

Ham Abbreviation Result Biomolecule

Present

Benedict’s Green Positive

solution (Carbohydrate)

Iodine Yellow Negative

Testing solution (Strach)
Reagents
Biuret Purple Positive
solution (Protein)

Ethanol White Positive

(Lipids)

Picture 1 Ham sample test result

Table 3. Cheese test results

Cheese Abbreviation Result Biomolecule

Present

Benedict’s Light Blue Negative

solution (Carbohydrate)

Iodine solution Yellow Negative

Testing (Strach)
Reagents
Biuret solution Purple Positive
(Proteins)

Ethanol Opaque white Positive

(Lipids)

Picture 2 Cheese sample test results

Table 4. Mushrooms test results

Mushrooms Abbreviation Result Biomolecule

Present

Benedict’s Blue Negative

solution (Carbohydrate)

Iodine Yellow-brown Negative

Testing solution (Strach)
Reagents
Biuret Light purple Positive
solution (Proteins)

Ethanol Clear White Negative

(Lipids)

Picture 3 Mushroom sample test results

Table 5. Tomato Sauce test results

Tomato Sauce Abbreviation Result Biomolecule

Present

Benedict’s Brick red Positive

solution ( Carbohydrate)

Iodine solution Dark Blue Positive

Testing (Starch)
Reagents
Biuret solution Light Blue Negative
(Proteins)

Ethanol Opaque white Negative

(Lipids)

Picture 4 Tomato Sauce sample test result

Table 6. Premade Dough test results

Premade Dough Abbreviation Result Biomolecule

Present

Benedict’s Brown Positive

solution (Carbohydrate)

Iodine Black Positive

Testing solution (Strach)
Reagents
Biuret Light blue Negative
solution (Proteins)

Ethanol Opaque white Positive

(Lipids)

Picture 5 Premade Dough sample test result

Question Analysis

1) Was there some biomolecule that you expected to find and according to the

experiment is not present? What do you think might have been the cause of this?

Ans: We expected that there would be carbohydrates present in the Ham, but there was

not. This might be because there was really no carbohydrate in ham in the first place or

because there was a very small concentration of carbohydrate in ham that could not be

detected by the indicator that we used in this experiment.

2) What is the dietary requisite in Calories for an adult man and for an adult

woman? Quote the resource where you found the information at.

Ans: An adult man's dietary need in calories is 2,500 calories per day. A woman's dietary

need in calories is 2,000 calories per day.

Racheal Link .(2021, December 3). How Many Calories Should You Eat Per Day to Lose

Weight?.https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-many-calories-per-day#average-ne

eds

3) Calculate an approximate amount of Calories on the pizza you baked. Show the

whole math process you used to calculate them.

Ans: Protein has 4 calories per gram, lipid has 9 calories per gram, and carbohydrate

has 4 grams per gram.

Firstly, hams contain 5.05 grams of protein, 1.44 grams of lipids, and 0.36 grams

of carbohydrates. Therefore, ham has (5.o5*4)+(0.36*9)+(1.44*4) = 29.2 calories.

Secondly, cheese contains 10.25 grams of protein and 11.82 grams of lipids. So,

cheese has (10.25*4)+(11.82*9) = 147.38 calories

 Thirdly, mushrooms contain 1.39 grams of protein. Thus, the mushroom has

1.39*4 = 5.56 calories.

Lastly, the premade dough contains 47.68 grams of carbohydrates, 3.25 of lipids.

So, pre-made dough has (47.68*4)+(3.25*9) = 219.97 calories.

Finally, this pizza has 29.2+147.38+5.56+219.97 = 402.11 calories.

4) Do you think the procedure in the lab was the best way of measuring the content

of biomolecules in a pizza? What would you change? Research what methods are

used in the industry to determine the presence of biomolecules in food.

Ans: We think that the procedures done in the lab were not the best way for measuring

the biomolecules in pizza. We could improve it by determining the exact amount of

sample of each ingredient that will be used with the various indicators instead of just

estimating a pinch of each ingredient. Another method that could be applied is to

conduct the test multiple times for the accuracy of the results. We can't tell whether the

outcome is correct or incorrect because we had just conducted the test once. There may

be inconsistencies in each test. Moreover, after doing some research, we also found out

that there is another method in testing each particular biomolecule used in different

industries. For example, in the food industry, there is the Babcock method – a very

precise method of measuring the fats in milk by putting the milk into the specially

designed flask named Babcock bottle as the first step. Secondly, add sulfuric acid to the

milk. This, therefore, makes the fats that surround the droplets of milk break down.

Then, spin the sample of milk in the flask in the hand-cranked centrifuged until the

liquid fats appeared as a separated layer at the neck of the Babcock bottle. Finally, read

out the fat contents from the graduated scale.

 5) Show an example of the calculation of the amount of protein, lipids,

carbohydrates, or sugar in the measured mass of the pizza.

Ans: First of all we should research nutrition facts about ingredients that we tested; for

example, according to Mushroom Nutrition Facts, “One cup of mushrooms (70g)

provides 15 calories, 2.2g of protein, 2.3g of carbohydrates, and 0.2g of fat. Mushrooms

are a good source of copper, B vitamins, potassium, and iron.” (Valdez Jonathan, 2021).

From this source, we found that 70 grams of mushrooms have 2.2 grams of protein.

Therefore, mushrooms 44.38 grams have 2.2*44.38/70 = 1.3948 grams of protein.

Finally, mushrooms have about 1.39 grams of protein.

6) What complications did you have during the lab practice?

Ans: From the beginning of the experiment, our group accidentally pushed the beaker

that contained the water aside. This caused the water to splash 0ut onto the table,

making us have to spend time wiping off and couldn’t unable to continue progressing

the experiment efficiently since we have to be in a rush trying to complete the

experiment on time. Accordingly, We've learned that it's important to put things in their

proper places and there should be no negligence during the experiment.

Conclusions

In summary, pizza is composed of various ingredients such as dough, cheese,

ham, tomato sauce, and mushroom. Furthermore, each ingredient that makes up the

pizza is composed of multiple biomolecules such as starch, carbohydrate, lipids, and

proteins. These biomolecules could be detected with the use of various indicators such

as biuret reagent, benedict's solution, iodine, and ethanol. Proteins could be found in

ham, cheese, and mushroom which is detected with the use of biuret reagent; Lipids

could be found in ham, cheese, and pre-made dough and is detected with the use of

ethanol; Carbohydrates is founded in tomato sauce and dough by benedict's solution;

and lastly, starch in tomato sauce and pre-made dough detected by iodine.

In conclusion, from this experiment, we have learned how to operate and collect

data from each lab observation. We also learned about the presence of biomolecules in

each ingredient that the pizza is composed of.

References

(2019,October 24​​).what should my daily intake of calories be?.NHS.

https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/food-and-diet/what-should-my-daily-i

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Frey Malia.(2020, December 23 ).Ham nutrition facts and health benefits.Valdez

Jonathan.https://www.verywellfit.com/holiday-ham-calories-and-nutrition-3495647

Frey Malia.(2020, April 07).Cheese nutrition facts and health benefits.Cervoni

Barbie.https://www.verywellfit.com/cheese-nutrition-facts-calories-and-health-benefit

s-4117668

Cervoni Barbie.(2021, August 10). Mushroom nutrition facts and benefits.Valdez

Jonathan.https://www.verywellfit.com/mushroom-nutrition-facts-calories-and-health-

benefits-4117115

(2021).Tomato sauce.Furmano’s.All Right

Reserved.https://www.furmanos.com/product/tomato-sauce-28-oz

(2021).Frozen Pizza dough nutrition facts.Eat this much

Inc.​​https://www.eatthismuch.com/food/nutrition/frozen-pizza-dough,557039/
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lipid.McClement.(https://people.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Lipids.html

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-many-calories-per-day#average-needs