Hello,

students
Reproductive system
 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

a. Identify the different parts

of the male and female
reproductive system and its
functions
Quick review!
Study the pictures!
Based on the pictures, how will you identify the
male and female reproductive system?
 Part Function
Testes Produces sperm cells

Scrotum Sac of kin that holds the testes

Penis Deposits sperms into the vagina during mating

Vas deferens (tube) Carries sperm from testes to urethra

Urethra Carries sperm and urine out of the body

Glands Provide liquid in which sperm can swim

Seminal vesicle - Secretes a fluid that makes up most of the

components of the semen
Prostate gland - Secretes a slightly alkaline milky fluid that is
discharged as part of the semen
- Secretes a thick and clear mucus that
Bulbourethral gland lubricates and neutralizes the any trace of
acidic urine in the urethra.
Part Function
Ovary Produces egg cells
Oviduct Serves as passage way of eggs
from the ovary to the uterus; site
of egg fertilization

Uterus Serves as site of egg

implantation; is where the
fertilized egg develops
Vagina Receives the penis of male
during mating
Reproductive
system
- The tissues, glands, and organs involved in
producing offspring (children).

- Involved in sexual reproduction

Male Reproductive System

Testosterone is a major part of puberty in

guys. As a guy makes his way through puberty,
his testicles produce more and more of it.
Testosterone is the hormone that causes boys
to develop deeper voices, bigger muscles,
and body and facial hair. It also stimulates the
production of sperm.
Male reproductive system
 Part Function
Testes Produces sperm cells

Scrotum Sac of kin that holds the testes

Penis Deposits sperms into the vagina during mating

Vas deferens (tube) Carries sperm from testes to urethra

Urethra Carries sperm and urine out of the body

Glands Provide liquid in which sperm can swim

Seminal vesicle - Secretes a fluid that makes up most of the

components of the semen
Prostate gland - Secretes a slightly alkaline milky fluid that is
discharged as part of the semen
- Secretes a thick and clear mucus that
Bulbourethral gland lubricates and neutralizes the any trace of
acidic urine in the urethra.
How Does the Male Reproductive System Work?

The male reproductive system:

• makes semen
• releases semen into the reproductive system of the female
during sexual intercourse
• produces sex hormones, which help a boy develop into a sexually
mature man during puberty

the pituitary gland — located near the brain — secretes

hormones that stimulate the testicles to produce testosterone.
The production of testosterone brings about many physical
changes.
Although the timing of these changes is different for every guy, the stages
of puberty generally follow a set sequence:

• During the first stage of male puberty, the scrotum and testes grow larger.

• Next, the penis becomes longer and the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
grow.

• Hair begins to grow in the pubic area and later on the face and underarms.
During this time, the voice also deepens.

• Guys also have a growth spurt during puberty as they reach their adult height
and weight.
Female Reproductive
System
 Female Reproductive
System
Ovary – Site of oogenesis; produces hormones estrogen and
progesterone.

- So what do you mean by oogenesis?

- In males you have this term spermatogenesis.
- Spermatogenesis it is the production of sperm cells.
- When we say oogenesis, it is what happening in the ovary,
it is the production of egg cell or ovum, it also produces
hormones estrogen and progesterone. So the ovary is the
counter part of the testes.
Fimbriae

Is in charge of picking up the egg cell

from the ovary, it catches the egg, so
after the egg is caught of course it
passes through the fallopian tube or
oviduct.
Fallopian tube

Which is the passage from the ovary to uterus, the other name
of fallopian tube is the oviduct, and it is the site of fertilization.
(Where egg cell and sperm cell meet)

Endometrium

Nourishes the embryo, this is the part of the female

reproductive system that sheds during menstruation, it is
like the uterine or the uterus lining.
Uterus

Is the site of egg implantation (the fallopian tube is

the site of egg fertilization, fertilization is different
from implantation.)

When we say fertilization, the egg cell unites with

the sperm cell, now once they unite a zygote is
formed so this zygote would come sown from the
fallopian tube going to the uterus and it will
implant itself there. That’s why this is called site of
egg implantation.
Cervix

Cervix is the muscular opening of the uterus (Since it is made

up of a muscle it can expand or contract).

Vagina

Entrance of the penis, also called the birth

canal
Females have two ovaries, which alternate each month to produce
an egg or ovum.

However, ovaries contain 400,000 egg cells, but only 400 actually
mature between the ages of 12-50. After that we call it the
menopausal period.

- Pathway of the egg (so again the egg comes from the ovary,
caught by the fimbriae and then stays for some time in the
fallopian tube waiting for the sperm cell, now if it meets a sperm
cell it is fertilized and it goes down the uterus.
Pathway of the sperm cell

Vagina --- Cervix --- Uterus --- Fallopian tube

Part Function
Ovary Produces egg cells
Oviduct Serves as passage way of eggs
from the ovary to the uterus; site
of egg fertilization

Uterus Serves as site of egg

implantation; is where the
fertilized egg develops
Vagina Receives the penis of male
during mating
How Does the Female Reproductive System Work?

The female reproductive system enables a woman

to:

• produce eggs (ova)

• have sexual intercourse
• protect and nourish a fertilized egg until it is fully
developed
• give birth
Feedback Mechanism
of Female
Reproductive System
(Menstrual Cycle)
Menstrual Cycle
➢A woman can get pregnant anytime of the
month.

➢Your period must come in every 28 days.

➢Exercise is good for women having a period.

➢Your period stops when you get in the water.

➢Women still menstruate when they’re pregnant.

➢ If an egg cell does not meet sperm cell within

24 hours in the fallopian tube, it will die.
1. You shouldn't exercise during
menstruation.

2. PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) is

just a woman's excuse for bad
behavior.

3. Do not take a bath while on a

period.
 What is the menstrual cycle?

The menstrual cycle prepares your body

for pregnancy. If you are not pregnant,
your hormones send a signal to your
uterus to shed its lining. This becomes
your period. Once you start your period,
the cycle starts again.
 What is the menstrual cycle?

A menstrual cycle is measured from the first day

of your period to the first day of your next period.
The average length of a menstrual cycle is 28 to
29 days, but every woman’s cycle is different. For
example, teenagers might have cycles that last 45
days, whereas women in their 20s to 30s might
have cycles that last 21 to 38 days.
 What is the menstrual cycle?

Your first period is called menarche. In Western

countries, the average age for a first period is 10
to 13, but it can start as early as nine and as late
as 16.
Your last period is called menopause. In Australia,
the average age for women to reach menopause
is 51 to 52. Some women might reach menopause
as late as 60.
Menstruation – The process in which
blood and other tissues are shed and
leave the body through the vagina. (It
happens once in a month or every 28
days).
Menarche – Onset of
menstruation, normally
occurs between ages 10-
13
Menopause – Your ovaries can
no longer produce egg cells.
Normally occurs between the
ages 45 and 55.
Four phases of Menstruation
Menstrual Phase

- The menstrual phase is the first

stage of the menstrual cycle. It’s
also when you get your period.
Menstrual Phase

- This phase starts when an egg from

the previous cycle isn’t fertilized.
Because pregnancy hasn’t taken
place, levels of the hormones
estrogen and progesterone drop.
Menstrual Phase

-The thickened lining of your uterus, which

would support a pregnancy, is no longer
needed, so it sheds through your vagina.
During your period, you release a
combination of blood, mucus, and tissue
from your uterus.
You may have period symptoms like these:

cramps
tender breasts
bloating
mood swings
irritability
headaches
tiredness
low back pain
 The follicular phase

-starts on the first day of your period (so

there is some overlap with the
menstrual phase) and ends when you
ovulate.
 The follicular phase

It starts when the hypothalamus signals your pituitary

gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
This hormone stimulates your ovaries to produce
around 5 to 20 small sacs called follicles. Each follicle
contains an immature egg.

Only the healthiest egg will eventually mature.

 Ovulation phase

Rising estrogen levels during the

follicular phase trigger your pituitary
gland to release luteinizing hormone
(LH). This is what starts the process
of ovulation.
 Ovulation phase

Ovulation is when your ovary

releases a mature egg. The egg
travels down the fallopian tube
toward the uterus to be fertilized
by sperm.
 Ovulation phase

Ovulation happens around day 14 if you

have a 28-day cycle — right in the middle
of your menstrual cycle. It lasts about 24
hours. After a day, the egg will die or
dissolve if it isn’t fertilized.
 Luteal phase

After the follicle releases its egg, it changes

into the corpus luteum. This structure
releases hormones, mainly progesterone and
some estrogen. The rise in hormones keeps
your uterine lining thick and ready for a
fertilized egg to implant.
 Luteal phase

If you don’t get pregnant, the corpus

luteum will shrink away and be resorbed.
This leads to decreased levels of estrogen
and progesterone, which causes the
onset of your period. The uterine lining
will shed during your period.
During this phase, if you don’t get pregnant, you may experience
symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). These include:

bloating
breast swelling, pain, or tenderness
mood changes
headache
weight gain
changes in sexual desire
food cravings
trouble sleeping

The luteal phase lasts for 11 to 17 days. The average length is 14

days.
 Common menstrual problems
Some of the more common menstrual problems
include:

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – hormonal events

before a period can trigger a range of side effects in
women at risk, including fluid retention, headaches,
fatigue and irritability. Treatment options include
exercise and dietary changes
 Common menstrual problems

dysmenorrhea – or painful periods. It is

thought that the uterus is prompted by
certain hormones to squeeze harder than
necessary to dislodge its lining. Treatment
options include pain-relieving medication
and the oral contraceptive pill.
 Common menstrual problems

heavy menstrual bleeding (previously known

as menorrhagia) – if left untreated, this can
cause anemia. Treatment options include
oral contraceptives and a hormonal
intrauterine device (IUD) to regulate the flow
amenorrhea – or absence of menstrual
periods. This is considered abnormal,
except during pre-
puberty, pregnancy, lactation and post
menopause. Possible causes include low
or high body weight and excessive
exercise.
Primary amenorrhea

Primary amenorrhea is when menstrual periods

haven’t started by the age of 16 years. This
doesn’t happen often.
Causes include:
- abnormality or absence of reproductive organs
- lack of hormones needed to start getting periods
Secondary amenorrhea

Secondary amenorrhea is when

periods stop for 3 months or more in
a row. This is normal in pregnancy
and in the lead-up to menopause.
Other causes include:

excessive exercise or intense athletic

training

low body weight and poor nutrition

severe anxiety and depression

Athletic amenorrhea

Athletic amenorrhea is when elite or

excessive exercise suppresses the
release of estrogen, causing periods to
stop.
Having two periods in one month may cause
complications if untreated, such as:

Anemia: This happens if you lose too much blood

by frequently menstruating. Your blood typically
delivers oxygen throughout your body, so blood
loss may result in a lack of oxygen. Anemia
symptoms include feeling cold, dizzy, irritable,
and tired.
Endometrial cancer: This is one of the
most common types of uterine cancer.
Endometrial cancer starts in the tissue
lining the inside of the uterus. Some
causes of frequent periods, such as
PCOS and polyps, may raise
endometrial cancer risk.
Infertility: This is the inability to
get pregnant after one year of
trying. Hormonal problems,
PCOS, polyps, thyroid disease,
and uterine fibroids may increase
infertility risk.
Feedback mechanism

Feedback Mechanism is the process

through which the level of one
substance influence the level of
another substance.
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian
Axis:

•The hypothalamus, a region in the

brain, secretes gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH).

•GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary

gland to release FSH and LH.
Follicular Phase:
•Positive Feedback: Low levels of estrogen at the
beginning of the menstrual cycle stimulate the
hypothalamus to release more GnRH. This leads to
an increase in FSH and LH, promoting the
development of ovarian follicles.

•Negative Feedback: As follicles mature, they

produce increasing amounts of estrogen. Elevated
estrogen levels exert negative feedback on the
hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing the secretion
of GnRH, FSH, and LH.
Ovulatory Phase:

•Positive Feedback: As estrogen

levels peak, there is a sudden surge in
LH (the LH surge). This surge triggers
ovulation – the release of a mature
egg from the ovary.
Luteal Phase:

•Positive Feedback: After ovulation, the

ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus
luteum, which produces progesterone.
Progesterone, along with some estrogen,
provides positive feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary, preventing the
release of more FSH and LH and inhibiting
ovulation.
Negative Feedback: If fertilization
does not occur, the corpus luteum
degenerates, leading to a decline in
progesterone. This drop in
progesterone removes the inhibitory
effect on the hypothalamus and
pituitary, allowing a new menstrual
cycle to begin.
These feedback mechanisms help maintain a
delicate balance in hormone levels, ensuring the
proper progression of the menstrual cycle,
ovulation, and preparation for pregnancy. Any
disruptions in these feedback loops can lead to
irregular menstrual cycles or fertility issues.
Various factors, such as stress, illness, or
hormonal disorders, can influence these
feedback mechanisms and impact reproductive
health.
The Role of Hormones
in Female and
Male Reproductive
Systems
Hormones are c________ messengers, which control
different body functions.
For instance, i__________ controls blood sugar levels.
T______ and o________ are male and female sex
hormones, which are released for the first time
during p________.
Hormones are released by g_______.
Hormones play a pivotal role in regulating the
functions of both the female and male
reproductive systems. These chemical
messengers are produced by glands and
organs in the endocrine system and help
coordinate the growth, development, and
maintenance of reproductive organs, as well
as the processes of reproduction.
The Role of Hormones in Female
and Male Reproductive Systems
Hormones are chemical messengers of the body.
They are important to maintain homeostasis.

- Homeostasis means “balance”

- Hormones act as chemical messengers for our
body to have balance or equilibrium.
- Hormones are produced by the different glands
in our body that are also part of the endocrine
system.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
(GnRH):

Source: Hypothalamus (brain).

Function: Stimulates the release of
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH) from the
pituitary gland.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – These two
hormones are produced by the pituitary
gland and sent to the testes (for each
type of hormone they have different
functions).
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) –

signals the production of
spermatogenesis

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – Stimulates

production of testosterone
Testosterone

Is a hormone produced by the male

reproductive system

- Most important hormone

- Responsible for regulating sex
differentiation, male characteristics, and
spermatogenesis.
Female Reproductive System

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH):

Source: Hypothalamus (brain)

Function: Stimulates the release of follicle-

stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
Female Reproductive System

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

-Stimulates the growth and development of
ovarian follicles in the ovaries.

Luteinizing Hormone
Triggers ovulation, the release of a mature
egg from the ovary, and stimulates the
formation of the corpus luteum.
Female Reproductive System

Estrogen

-Instrumental in breast development, fat

distribution in the hips, legs, and breasts,
and the development of reproductive
organs.
-Secreted by ovaries prior to ovulation.
Female Reproductive System

Estrogen

Promotes the growth and development

of the endometrium (lining of the
uterus), supports the maturation of the
egg, and influences secondary sexual
characteristics.
Progesterone

- Helps prepare the body for

potential pregnancy

- Prohibits muscle contractions in

the uterus that would cause the
body to reject an egg
Progesterone

- Secreted by ovaries after

ovulation
- If egg is not fertilized,
progesterone levels become low
and menstruation happens.
The Role of Hormones in
Female and Male
Reproductive Systems

The production of sperm cells and the release of semen

can be regulated by hormones or special chemicals that
come from the testes, the brain, and the pituitary gland.
These hormones keep the reproductive system properly
functioning.
The female reproductive system, just like the male
reproductive system, is also regulated by hormones. The
follicles produce hormones that control the growth and
release of eggs from the ovaries. While other hormones
prepare the uterus so a baby can grow in it, other
hormones still control the stretching of the uterus
during pregnancy.
Thank
You