Linear Algebra for Undergraduates

Dr. Krishnendra Shekhawat

BITS PILANI
Department of Mathematics
lecturesks@gmail.com

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Chapter 1

1 Introduction to System of Linear Equations

2 Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)
3 Solving System of Linear Equations using RREF
4 Rank of a Matrix
5 Inverse of a Matrix using RREF

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

 Reduced Row Echelon
Form

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Recall

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Recall

x−y−z = 2 x=3
3x − 3y + 2z = 16 ⇔ y = −1
2x − y + z = 9 z=2

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Recall

x−y−z = 2 x=3
3x − 3y + 2z = 16 ⇔ y = −1
2x − y + z = 9 z=2
   
 1 −1 −1 2   1 0 0 3 
 3 −3 2 16  →  0 1 0 −1 
   
2 −1 1 9 0 0 1 2

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Recall

x−y−z = 2 x=3
3x − 3y + 2z = 16 ⇔ y = −1
2x − y + z = 9 z=2
   
 1 −1 −1 2   1 0 0 3 
 3 −3 2 16  →  0 1 0 −1 
   
2 −1 1 9 0 0 1 2
The matrix on the RHS is in row echelon form. What
are its properties.
Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra
Row Echelon Form (REF)

A matrix A is said to be in row echelon form if it satisfies

the following properties:

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Row Echelon Form (REF)

A matrix A is said to be in row echelon form if it satisfies

the following properties:
1 In each nonzero row, the first nonzero entry (called
the leading entry or pivot) is 1

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Row Echelon Form (REF)

A matrix A is said to be in row echelon form if it satisfies

the following properties:
1 In each nonzero row, the first nonzero entry (called
the leading entry or pivot) is 1 and it is in a column
to the left (strictly) of any leading entry below it.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Row Echelon Form (REF)

A matrix A is said to be in row echelon form if it satisfies

the following properties:
1 In each nonzero row, the first nonzero entry (called
the leading entry or pivot) is 1 and it is in a column
to the left (strictly) of any leading entry below it.
(The column containing a pivot element is called a
pivot column).

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Row Echelon Form (REF)

A matrix A is said to be in row echelon form if it satisfies

the following properties:
1 In each nonzero row, the first nonzero entry (called
the leading entry or pivot) is 1 and it is in a column
to the left (strictly) of any leading entry below it.
(The column containing a pivot element is called a
pivot column).
2 Any rows consisting entirely of 0’s are at the bottom.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Row Echelon Form (REF)

Q: Which of the following matrices are in row echelon

form:
   
" # 1 −1 −1 0 1 −1 2 1
1 2 
, 0 −1 3  , 0 0 1 4 8 ,
  
0 1 
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
  
   
" # 1 −1 −1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 
, 0 0 1  , 1 1 −1 2 1
  
2 1 
0 1 3 0 1 5 10 8
  

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

If a matrix A is in row echelon form, then in each column
of A containing a leading entry, the entries below that
leading entry are zero.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

If a matrix A is in row echelon form, then in each column
of A containing a leading entry, the entries below that
leading entry are zero.
 
0 1 −1 2 1
0 0 1 4 8
 
0 0 0 0 0

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)

A matrix A is said to be in reduced row echelon form if it

satisfies the following properties:

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)

A matrix A is said to be in reduced row echelon form if it

satisfies the following properties:
1 Property 1
2 Property 2

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)

A matrix A is said to be in reduced row echelon form if it

satisfies the following properties:
1 Property 1
2 Property 2
3 If a column contains a leading 1 then all other
entries in that column must be zero.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Q: Which one of the following matrices are in reduced
row echelon form
   
" # 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 " #
1 0   1 2 4 0 1
, 0 0 1 , 0 0 1 4 8 ,
 
   
0 1   0 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Q: Which one of the following matrices are in reduced
row echelon form
   
" # 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 " #
1 0   1 2 4 0 1
, 0 0 1 , 0 0 1 4 8 ,
 
   
0 1   0 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
   
" #  1 0 0   1 0 0 2 1 " #
1 0   1 2 4 0 1
,  0 0 1  ,  0 0 1 4 8 ,
 
   
0 1   0 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Some facts about Echelon forms

Is reduced row echelon form of a matrix unique.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Some facts about Echelon forms

Is reduced row echelon form of a matrix unique. Yes

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Some facts about Echelon forms

Is reduced row echelon form of a matrix unique. Yes

Is row echelon form of a matrix unique.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Some facts about Echelon forms

Is reduced row echelon form of a matrix unique. Yes

Is row echelon form of a matrix unique. No

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Some facts about Echelon forms

Is reduced row echelon form of a matrix unique. Yes

Is row echelon form of a matrix unique. No
Although row echelon forms are not unique, the
reduced row echelon form and all row echelon forms
of a matrix A have the same number of zero rows,

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Some facts about Echelon forms

Is reduced row echelon form of a matrix unique. Yes

Is row echelon form of a matrix unique. No
Although row echelon forms are not unique, the
reduced row echelon form and all row echelon forms
of a matrix A have the same number of zero rows,
and the leading 1’s always occur in the same
positions in the row echelon forms of A.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Elementary Row Operations

Q: How to obtain a RREF?

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Elementary Row Operations

Q: How to obtain a RREF?

The following row operations are called elementary row
operations of a matrix:
Interchange of two rows (Ri ↔ R j)
Multiply a row Ri by a nonzero constant c
(Ri → cRi)
Add a multiple of a row R j to another row Ri
(Ri → Ri + cR j)

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Q: Can we use column operations to obtain a REF?

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Q: Can we use column operations to obtain a REF?
" # " #
1 0 1 1 0 1
A= ,
0 1 2 0 200 2

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Q: Can we use column operations to obtain a REF?
" # " #
1 0 1 1 0 1
A= ,
0 1 2 0 200 2

Yes you can obtain REF using column operations but

the two systems may not be equivalent.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Q: Can we use column operations to obtain a REF?
" # " #
1 0 1 1 0 1
A= ,
0 1 2 0 200 2

Yes you can obtain REF using column operations but

the two systems may not be equivalent.Here second
column is multiple by 100 and you can observe that both
the systems have different solutions.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example. Using elementary row operations, transform
the following matrix A into row echelon form and
reduced row echelon form
 
1 1 1 3 
A = 1 2 2 5 
 
3 4 4 12
 

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra
Exercise.

Using elementary row operations, transform the

following matrix A into row echelon form and reduced
row echelon form
 
1 1 1 3
A = 2 0 3 5
 
0 1 1 2
 

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

About Next Class

In the next class, we will discuss methods to solve the

system of equations using RREF.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

 Thank You
Write me at lecturesks@gmail.com

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra