Topic

ROLE OF STATISTICS IN BIOSTATISTICS

Presented By

Naresh Ramesh Khanderay

 Statistics
It is the science which deals with
collection, classification and tabulation of
numerical facts as the basis for explanation,
description and comparison of
phenomenon.
-
BIOSTATISTICS

O It is the branch of statistics concerned

with mathematical facts and data related
to biological events.

O It is the science that helps in

managing medical uncertainties.
O Biostatistics covers applications and contributions
not only from health, medicines and, nutrition but
also from fields such as genetics, biology,
epidemiology, and many others.

O It is mainly consists of various steps like

generation of hypothesis, collection of data, and
application of statistical analysis.
O Any science needs precision for
its development.

O Precision is all the more important when

it comes to health sciences. For precision;
facts, observations or measurements have to
be expressed in figures.
O Medicine is essentially an empirical science. It
depends on observations and not on theories
or theorems.

O As a part of clinical practice or research we

deal with many observations, which when
systematically arranged, are called Data.
O The process of converting data into
information requires a special approach called
statistics.

O ‘Statistic’ means a measured or counted

fact or piece of the information, stated as a
figure such as height of one person, birth weight
of a baby etc.
Components that capture the essence of statistics are
listed below

1. Collection of data
2. Organization of data
3. Presentation of data
4. Summarization of data
5. Significance testing
6. Drawing inferences and Interpreting data
7. Finally, Communicating data
 Branches of Biostatistics
O Descriptive Biostatistics

 Methods of producing quantitative

summaries of information in biological
sciences.

 Tabulation and Graphical presentation

Branches of Biostatistics…
Inferential Biostatistics
Methods of making generalizations about a
larger group based on information about a sample of
that group in biological sciences.
Primarily performed in two ways:
O Estimation

O Testing of hypothesis
 HISTOY
O Sir Francis Galton

is considered as the

Father of
Biostatistics.
O He was the first to apply statistical methods to
the study of human differences and
inheritance of intelligence, and introduced the
use of Questionnaires and Surveys for
collecting data on human communities,
which he needed for generlogical and
biographical works and for his anthropology
studies.
IN MEDICINE
O To compare the efficacy of a particular drug,
operation or line of treatment – for this, the
percentage cured, relieved or died in the
experiment and control groups, is compared and
difference due to chance or otherwise is found
by applying statistical techniques.
O To find an association between two attributes such
as cancer and smoking or filariasis and social
–claanssappropriate test is applied
for this purpose.
O To identify signs and symptoms of a
disease or syndrome.

O Cough in typhoid is found by chance

and fever
is found in almost every case.

O The proportional incidence of one symptom

or another indicates whether it is a
characteristic feature of the disease or not.
O To test usefulness of sera and vaccines in
the field – percentage of attacks or deaths
among the vaccinated subjects is compared
with that among the unvaccinated ones to find
whether the difference observed is
statistically significant.
O In epidemiological studies – the role
of causative factors is statistically
tested.

O Deficiency of iodine as an important cause of

goiter in a community is confirmed only after
comparing the incidence of goiter cases
before and after giving iodized salt.
O Back in 1948, when a lot wasn't known about the
factors leading to heart disease and stroke, a health
research study -- known as the Framingham
Heart Study -- was done on 5,209 people living in
the town of Framingham, Mass.

O These participants hadn't developed any

known symptoms of cardiovascular disease
and hadn't had a stroke or heart attack.
O They agreed to be followed over a period of time
to help researchers learn what factors lead to both
conditions.

O The study was landmark in several ways. It

showed that there was no one cause for getting a heart
attack, and combining information about several risk
factors could estimate the risk of someone getting the
disease.
O Thanks to the Framingham Study, (which is still
going on today), we now know the major risk factors
that lead to cardiovascular disease.

O To reach these conclusions, researchers simply

followed the numbers -- the Biostatistics numbers to
be exact.
 CLINICAL MEDICINE
O Documentation of medical history
of diseases.

O Planning and conduct of clinical studies.

O Evaluating the merits of different procedures.

O In providing methods for definition

of ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’.
 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
O To provide the magnitude of any health problem
in the community.

O To find out the basic factors underlying the

health.

O To evaluate the health programs which was

introduced in the
community(success/failure).

O To introduce and promote health legislation.

Role of Biostatistics in Health Planning an
Evaluation
O Statistics arising out of biological sciences,
particularly from the fields of Medicine
and Public health.

O The methods used in dealing with statistics

in the fields of medicine, biology and public
health for planning, conducting and
analyzing data which arise in investigations
of these branches.
O In carrying out a valid and reliable health
analysis, situation
including in proper summarization
and interpretation of data.

O In proper evaluation of the achievements and failures of

a health programs.
IN COMMUNITY
MEDICINE AND PUBLIC
HEALTH
O To evaluate the efficacy of sera and vaccines in
the field.

O In epidemiological studies-the role of

causative factors is statistically tested.

O To test whether the difference

between two populations is real or a
chance occurrence.
O To study the correlation between attributes in the same
population.

O To measure the morbidity and mortality.

O To evaluate achievements of public health programs.

O To fix priorities in public health programs.

O To help promote health legislation and create

administrative standards for oral health.
O It helps in compilation of data, drawing

conclusions and making recommendations.

O For students of medicine/dentistry

O By learning the methods in biostatistics a student

learns to critically evaluate articles published in

medical and dental journals or papers read in

medical and dental conferences.

O To understand the basic methods of observation

in clinical practice and research.

In GENETICS
O Statistics and Human Genetics are twin
subjects, having grown with the century
together, and there are many
connections between the two.
O Some fundamental aspects in particular the
concept of Analysis of Variance, first arose in
Human Genetics, while statistical and
probabilistic methods are now central to
many aspects of analysis of questions is
human genetics.
O The most common areas where one can find
an extensive applications of statistical
methods in human genetics is
*
Human Genome Project
*
Linkage Analysis
*
Sequencing
 IN Environmental science
Environmental statistics covers

a number of types of study:

O Baseline studies to document the present state of an

environment to provide background in case of unknown
changes in the future.
O Targeted studies to describe the likely
impact of changes being planned or of
accidental occurrences.

O Regular monitoring to attempt to

detect changes in the environment.
In NUTRITION
O Over the past 2 decades, there have been
revolutionary developments in life science
technologies characterized by high throughput,
high efficiency, and rapid computation.
O Nutritionists now have the advanced
methodologies for the analysis of DNA, RNA,
protein, low- molecular-weight metabolites, as well
as access to bioinformatics databases.
O Biostatistics, which can be defined as the process
of making scientific inferences from data that
contain variability, has historically played an
integral role in advancing nutritional sciences.

O Currently, in the era of systems biology

statistics has become an increasingly important tool
to quantitatively analyze information about
biological macromolecules.
O Appropriate statistical analyses are expected
to make an important contribution to solving
major nutrition-associated problems in
humans and animals (including obesity,
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer,
ageing, and intrauterine growth retardation).
Application and Uses of
Biostatistics As
Figures
O Health and vital statistics are essential tools
in demography, public health, medical
practice and community services.

O Recording of vital events in birth and death

registers and diseases in hospitals is like book
keeping of the community, describing the
incidence or prevalence of diseases, defects
or deaths in a defined population.
O Such events properly recorded form the
eyes and ears of a public health or medical
administrator.
O What are the leading causes of death?

O What are the important cause of sickness?

O Whether a particular disease is rising or

falling in severity and prevalence? etc.
 Conclusion:
O Bio-statistical techniques can assure that
the results found in such a study are not
merely because of chance.

O In every case of our life, Statistics plays a major

role for better gaining and accurate results.

O A well-designed and properly conducted study is

a basic prerequisite to arrive at valid conclusions.
Thank You