1.

The Silk Road:

 Ancient trade network connecting East and West.
 Facilitated cultural exchange, commerce, and spread of ideas.
 Flourished during Han Dynasty in China and Roman Empire's peak.
2. The Battle of Hastings (1066):
 Marked Norman Conquest of England.
 William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II.
 Resulted in significant cultural and political changes in England.
3. The Renaissance:
 Cultural movement in Europe (14th-17th centuries).
 Rebirth of interest in art, literature, science, and humanism.
 Prominent figures include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Galileo.
4. The French Revolution:
 Period of radical social and political upheaval (1789-1799).
 Overthrew monarchy, established republic, followed by Reign of Terror.
 Led to rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and spread of revolutionary ideas.
5. The Industrial Revolution:
 Transition to new manufacturing processes (late 18th to early 19th century).
 Shifted from agrarian and handicraft economies to industrialization.
 Resulted in urbanization, technological advancements, and social changes.
6. World War I:
 Global conflict (1914-1918) involving major world powers.
 Sparked by assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
 Resulted in millions of deaths, redrawing of maps, and Treaty of Versailles.
7. The Cold War:
 Tension between Western Bloc (led by USA) and Eastern Bloc (led by USSR) post-
World War II.
 Dominated international relations (1947-1991).
 Marked by proxy wars, nuclear arms race, and ideological conflicts.
8. The Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989):
 Symbolized end of Cold War and division of East and West Germany.
 Resulted in reunification of Germany.
 Signaled collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.
9. The 9/11 Attacks:
 Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, in the United States.
 Carried out by al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden.
 Resulted in thousands of deaths, significant security measures, and War on
Terror.
10. The Arab Spring:
 Series of protests and uprisings (2010-2012) across Arab world.
 Demanded political reforms, economic opportunities, and social justice.
 Led to overthrow of several authoritarian regimes and civil conflicts.