Chapter 1 Pronouns

Pronouns
1- Case 2- Number 3- Antecedent

1- Case
Reflexive &
Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive case
Intensive pronouns
I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourself / yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself

Indefinite Pronouns
Singular Plural
someone everything all
anyone no one some
everyone one both
somebody each few
anybody neither many
everybody either most
something none several
anything much

Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular Plural
this that these those

Relative Pronouns
who whom which that whose

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

Subjective Case VS Objective Case

Subjective case VERB Objective case
Examples:

• My sister, my brother and I invited them to the party.

• The article cited Brown and her as the best examples.

Exercises:

1. He / him and his family are looking for a new home.

2. It is difficult to see how the rule will affect you and I / me.
3. My parents said that my sister had taken both my brother and they / them to the new
restaurant.
4. Ask whether, after all our hard work, Suzie and I / me are adequately prepared for the
competition.

SAT Question:
The owners hired my husband and I to manage the inn because we had more experience than the
other applicants.
A) No change
B) my husband and my
C) my husband and me
D) both my husband and I

Than / as + Subjective Case

Examples:

• He works harder than she.

• Nader is as fast as I

Exercises:

1. Now that they have won the lottery, they are as rich as we / us.
2. They received the news later than she / her.
3. John is as tall as Susan; she is younger than he / him.
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Chapter 1 Pronouns

SAT Questions:
My grandmother leads a more active life than many other retirees who are younger than her.
(A) No change
(B) them
(C) her or him
(D) she

Preposition + Objective Case

*Prepositions: (by – to – with – from – in – at – about – against – except, etc.)

Examples:

• Mother told father about Tom and me.

• I think Joan has an eye on her.

Exercises:

1. Everyone except he / him was well prepared for the test.

2. They received the news from the neighbor before they heard from my girlfriend and I /
me.
3. I gave the new book to a friend who promised to deliver it to we / us eager readers.
SAT Question:
By order of the Student Council, the wearing of slacks by we girls in school has been permitted.
(A) No change
(B) us girls
(C) ours girls
(D) most of we girls

Who VS Whom
*Both refer to persons
*Who / whoever + verb
*Whom / whomever + subject + verb
Examples:

• They will give the award to whoever deserves it.

• I watched the man whom you defeated yesterday.

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

Exercises:

1. We did not know who / whom would be able to repair the hard drive.
2. They will take the money from whoever / whomever they think most able to afford it.
3. The lawyer who / whom you chose to represent you is doing an excellent job.
SAT Questions:
The novelists who readers choose as their favorites are not always the most skilled writers.
(A) No change
(B) whom are reading
(C) whom readers
(D) who readers may

Who VS Which/That
*WHO refers to persons whereas WHICH & THAT refer to things
Examples:
• People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.
• Walden Pond, which was written in the mid 1800s, remains a popular book among
romantic and individualistic Americans.
Exercises:
1. She prefers to watch movies which / who make her cry.
2. He bought all the books that / who are required for the course.
3. Tashonda Viereck's children, which / who all graduated from college, came home for her
eighteenth birthday.
SAT Questions:
1- The volleyball players which arrived for the team picture in the uniforms that they had worn to
practice were irritable and tired.
(A) No change
(B) whom arrived
(C) which arrives
(D) who arrived

2- The advertisement for Neil Simon's play Rumors features three sets of mechanical false teeth who
appear to be talking to each other.
(A) No change
(B) which appear
(C) whom appear
(D) whom they appear

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

Its OR It's
*None of the possessive forms of pronouns have apostrophes.

Its  possessive case: My wallet was lost; its color is brown.

It's  it is: It will rain because it's cloudy.

Exercises:

1. Its / it’s my birthday today.

2. The cat carried it's / its kitten in it's / its mouth.
3. It's / its one of the hardest courses in it's / its history
SAT Questions:
1- The Watergate scandal may be a thing of the past but the Republicans will feel it's effects for a long
time to come.
(A) No change
(B) its effects
(C) their effects
(D) there effects

Their OR They're OR There

Their  possessive case:
The students are very worried waiting to know their score.
They're  They are + Adj / Gerund / Noun
The students are very worried because they're waiting to know their scores.
There  Adverb Or Pronoun
*Adverb: You cannot park your car here, but it is better to park it there.
*Pronoun: It may rain today because there is much fog.
SAT Question
Perhaps the most extra ordinary feature of the African elephants is there amazingly versatile trunk.
(A) No change
(B) their
(C) they're
(D) theirs

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

2- Number
• Pronoun/noun and pronoun/noun (plural)
EX: Ahmed and Ali are coming now.
• Pronoun/noun or pronoun/noun (singular)
EX: Ahmed or Ali is coming now.
• None of / no one / everyone / anyone / each,etc. (singular)

Exercises:
- Although Yara and Sara were sick, (she–they) came to work yesterday.
- The students jumped from (her or his–their) places after they had known the scores.
- Each of the applicants presented (his or her–their) required certificates.
SAT Questions:
1- I sincerely believe that a person intelligent enough to be in business by themselves should have the
ability to recognize a dangerous investment.
(A) No change
(B) by them
(C) by himself
(D) with his own skills

2- The survey indicated that workers in the United States hope that his or her wages will
keep pace with the rising cost of living.
(A) No change
(B) one's
(C) there
(D) their

• This / that + singular (This book–that dog, etc.)

• These / those + plural (These flowers / those boys, etc.)

SAT Questions:
Most students like to read these kind of books during their spare time.
(A) No change
(B) these kind of book
(C) this kind of books
(D) this kinds of books

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

3- Antecedent
(Ambiguous pronoun – Confusing pronoun – pronoun shifting)

Ambiguous Pronoun
Examples:
- They went to Alex in the previous vacation.
They this is a pronoun without clear reference
*To solve the AMBIGUITY remove the pronoun OR name it
SAT Questions:
1- The Socialist Party is now powerful enough to worry the governing Christian Democrats, and they
may win fifty seats in the next election.
(A) No change
(B) and they might win
(C) and the Socialists may win
(D) and the party
2- In the Trenton News, they report that there are as many as 10,000 homeless people in Washington
DC.
(A) No change
(B) In the Trenton News, they issued the report that
(C) The Trenton News reports that
(D) The Trenton News makes the report that

Confusing pronoun

• Singular noun, singular noun ……………. Singular pronoun ×

Example:
- Khaled waited for Sam in his car. ×

SAT Questions:
Neither Ms. Perez nor Ms. Tanaka believes that watching as much television as her son Sam does
will lead to anything productive.
(A) No change
(B) hers
(C) their son Sam
(D) Tanaka's son Sam

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

• Plural noun, plural noun ……………. plural pronoun ×

Example:

- I think bananas are better than apples because they have much Potassium. ×
SAT Questions:
Bears, mountain lions, beavers, dear, squirrels and coyotes inhabit Sequoia Park, and they may be
dangerous to campers.
(A) No change
(B) and it
(C) mountain lions
(D) and them

• Singular noun, Singular noun ……………. plural pronoun √

Examples:
- My cousin invited my brother to go on picnic, but they didn't ask me to come with
them. √

SAT Questions:
Neither Roger nor his sister was able to understand what the conductor was saying because they did
not know how to speak French.
(A) No change
(B) them
(C) one
(D) him

Pronoun shifting
Examples:

- Even after you have endured a cold winter in subzero weather, you find it possible to
become acclimated to tropical temperatures in the summer.
- If Tom wins the lottery jackpot, he will have enough money to pay off his debt.
- You will be able to get into the cinema even if you arrive before the film starts.
- The Ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens, and
they shaped them in many different styles.

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

Exercises: Find the mistake and correct it

- If we linked our ideas, you / we would get good results. ……………….
- Even though Bob studied very hard, we / he still failed in French tests. ……………

SAT Questions:
If we plan carefully and waste no time on irrelevant topics, you should be able to
finish the essay in twenty minutes.
(A) No change
(B) you
(C) he
(D) one

Walking on coral from their earliest years, the Kitawans develop soles as tough as
leather, and they find the tender feet of westerners very odd.
(A) No change
(B) them
(C) it
(D) one

NB:

 , Which √ , that ×
 Where & in which & in that refer to places.
- I went to The United States where I enjoyed my time.
 When refers to time.
- She wrote the first novel when she was twelve.

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

Practices
1- Therefore, I admire organizations that speak up 6- If westerners acknowledge that the eastern
for fairness and democratic principles, even if it United States has wilderness areas, one probably
is motivated by selfishness. thinks of the Blue Ridge Mountains or perhaps
(A) No change Maine.
(B) even when their motives are selfish. (A) No change
(C) even when the motive is to be for its own (B) one may think
selfish aims. (C) you probably think
(D) whether or not it's for their own selfish (D) they probably think
aims.
7- Many of the compounds that can be produced
2- Encouraged by the success of its weekly from the leaves of this plant are dangerous, but
Spanish-language programs, MTV will launch a the plant themselves cannot be called toxic.
twenty-four hour Spanish language cable (A) No change
network. (B) the plant itself
(A) No change (C) the plant oneself
(B) it's (D) the plant himself
(C) their
(D) them 8- If one digs beneath the snow in the garden, you
may find the scarlet flowers of the hardy
3- When the new ambassador first arrived cyclamen.
in the capital, though late in May, they found
(A) No change
that the large lakes were still frozen.
(B) you may come upon
(A) No change
(C) one may find
(B) them found
(D) we may find
(C) him found
(D) he found
9- Everywhere you look in New York City,
4- That Naomi, the book's main character and one sees the white brick apartment buildings
possibly its hero, is a mere child during the that sprang up after the war like mushrooms.
Revolution makes the story even more appealing (A) No change
to young readers. (B) one will see
(A) No change (C) they saw
(B) it's (D) you see
(C) their
(D) them 10- In English literature James Boswell is the prime
example of a biographer who, by ensuring the
5- If the election results are as Harris predicts, the immortality of another author, has achieved
new senator will be the man which the people immortality for himself.
believed made the better showing in the (A) No change
televised debate. (B) oneself
(A) No change (C) yourself
(B) whom people (D) themselves
(C) who people
(D) which is

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

11- In Hawaii, they are emphasizing the Hawaiian 16- Psychologists advise that before making any
language as a part of a renaissance in the native major changes in your life, a person needs to
culture, including music and dance. focus on one's goals.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) the emphasis on the Hawaiian language is (B) their life, a person needs to focus on their
part of goals.
(C) they are putting emphasis on Hawaiian as a (C) one's life, you should focus on your goals.
language as a part of (D) their lives, people should focus on their
(D) the emphasis on the Hawaiian language is to goals.
them a part of
17- As the mayor was evaluating the proposed tax,
12- Zookeepers have expanded one's definition of he was less interested in the revenue it
care to include concern for the animal's mental would generate than in whether they would
state as well as for its physical well-being. disproportionately affect certain income groups.
(A) No change
(A) No change (B) whether them would
(B) their (C) whether it would
(C) there (D) whether this would
(D) our
18- Ethel Payne, the tough investigative reporter
13- Last summer, when Mary's aunt and uncle which is well known for her coverage of the
flew from Turkey to visit their relatives and tour Civil Rights movement, first received critical
the United States, Mary invited Sandhya and I to acclaim for a diary she kept while living in
her house to meet them. Japan after the Second World War.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) and my (B) which are
(C) and me (C) who is
(D) and mine (D) whom are

14- Because the American Indian rodeo includes 19- The plans proposed by the students for the
games and exhibitations developed as early as home-combing celebration are perfectly clear
the seventeenth century, they predate by a few and it is well within our budget; however, the
hundred years the form of rodeo now seen on plans are not likely to be approved by the
television. administration.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) them predate (B) and they are
(C) this predate (C) and them are
(D) it predates (D) and one is

15- Hearing the unexpected loud noise, Cindy, 20- During rehearsals, the director praised the actors
Leroy, and me were so startled that we almost which had supporting roles more often than
jumped out of our seats. those with the most demanding roles.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) Cindy, Leroy, and me was (B) whom had
(C) Cindy, Leroy, and I were (C) which have
(D) Cindy, Leroy; and I was (D) who had

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

21- Our modern solar calendar, established in 1582, 26- The governor favored the new laws because
is based on the Julian calendar, Julius Caesar it would allow the state to save more than
introduced it in 46 B.C. ten million dollars.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) calendar; then Julius Caesar introduced it (B) its
(C) calendar, with an introduction by Julius (C) they
Caesar (D) them
(D) calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar 27- The success of the governor in attracting
new industry to the rural area can be
22- The African violet is among the most popular attributed to their low cost of living.
houseplants because their flowers bloom (A) No change
throughout the year and come in a wide array of (B) them
colors. (C) it
(A) No change (D) its
(B) it's flowers 28- It is believed that small fish cluster together
(C) its flowers when confronted by a predator in order to
(D) there flowers confuse them and thereby protect themselves
from harm.
23- Though delightful to the adult palate, the flavors (A) NO CHANGE
of the dishes are pungent and spicy, so Nadia (B) they
takes care not to feed it to very young children. (C) it
(A) No change (D) it's
(B) it's 29- Recently adapted as emblem of humanitarian
(C) they aid, the Red Crystal is, unlike its
(D) them counterparts the Red Cross and the Red
24- Biologists fear that if the northern snakehead Crescent, entirely devoid of religious
fish establishes itself in the United States, they connotation.
will join other introduced species that threaten (A) NO CHANGE
native plants and animals in and around water. (B) it's
(A) No change (C) their
(B) them (D) there
(C) it 30- France is well-known throughout the world
(D) this for their numerous mountain ranges, which
25- Perhaps the most extra ordinary feature of the include the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the
African elephant is their amazingly versatile Vosges.
trunk. (A) NO CHANGE
(E) No change (B) there
(F) there (C) its
(G) its (D) it's
(H) it's

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

Homework
1. Ocean currents that start in the warm waters of 5. Since it opened in 1956, The Zelinski restaurant
the Pacific and Indian Oceans are initially low in has become famous for their unusual fare and its
salt content but become more saline as it flows elaborately decorated dining room.
northward into colder regions. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) them
(B) it is flowing (C) it's
(C) they flow (D) its
(D) them flow 6. The codfish inhabits the shallow waters of the
2. In addition to having a theoretical understanding ocean; they are especially plentiful in such areas
of disease, medical students must have as the North American continental shelf, where
experience in treating patients if he or she is the depth is rarely greater than 200 or 300 feet.
to learn to diagnose illnesses accurately. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) them are
(B) them are (C) it is
(C) they are (D) its
(D) each are 7. Though I am acquainted with Mr. Bartholomew
3. Professor Corey, a man genuinely interested in and have long known of his interest in the
others ideas, told the students in his government painting that he has gone to such lengths
class that they were free to voice all of their to obtain it astonishes me.
opinions, no matter how controversial it was. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) them astonishes me
(B) it is (C) it astonishes I
(C) its was (D) them astonishes I
(D) they were 8. My mother always gave my sister and I the same
4. The United States Supreme Court is the treats when we were little so that neither of us
final interpreter of the constitution, and they have would be jealous of the other.
the power to declare a state law unconstitutional. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) my sister and me
(B) it has (C) my sister and they
(C) them have (D) my sister and my
(D) those have
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Chapter 1 Pronouns

9. Everyone who attends a concert at the sports 14. The Governor asked the attorney to head the
arena Knows that they will be searched for drugs committee because he was convinced that the
committee needed to start work immediately.
before entering.
(A) No change
(A) No change
(B) because he is
(B) they are
(C) because the attorney was
(C) he or she will be
(D) because of them
(D) you will be
15. As an incentive to attend the local college, our
10. Most gardeners like to cultivate these kind of father told my brother and I that we could use
flowers in the early spring. his company car for transportation.
(A) No change
(A) No change
(B) my brother and me
(B) these kind of flower
(C) both my brother and I
(C) those kind of flower
(D) we
(D) this kind of flowers
16. All the aspiring young writers submitted their
11. Its my opinion that learning the correct stories, each hoping that they would win first
pronunciation should precede attempt to learn prize.
the correct spelling of a word. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) their
(B) It's (C) them
(C) Those are (D) he or she
(D) They are 17. Since we first started high school, there has been
12. Every typist in the office except she was out sick great competition for grades between him and I.
at least one day during the past month. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) between he and I
(B) except her (C) between him and me
(C) but not her (D) between he and me
(D) apart from she 18. The man who Mexican authorities believe to be
13. I appreciate you offering to help me with my the country's number I drug trafficker
research project, but the honor system prevents has been arrested in a Pacific resort area.
students from giving and receiving assistance. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) whose
(B) yours (C) whom
(C) your (D) which
(D) you are

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

19. If you still due west from the city of Perth in 23. For much of the last century, the building
Australia, one will not encounter land until the industry relied heavily on the availability of
coast of Africa is reached. timber, but now that forest resources are being
(A) NO CHANGE depleted rapidly, builders must decide what to
(B) you do about it.
(C) we (A) NO CHANGE
(D) they (B) its
20. Scientists and researchers which are respected in (C) them
their fields have conducted studies indicating (D) they
that the good feelings produced by eating 24. The conscientious board of directors has done
chocolate may be attributed to its effect on a everything it can to address the issues raised by
brain chemical called an andamide. their critics.
(A) NO CHANGE (A) NO CHANGE
(B) whom are (B) your
(C) who are (C) one's
(D) who is (D) its
21. Although she knew that the seat was reserved 25. John and Bob had been friends since
for someone, Mary interrupted the conversation kindergarten because he was good at soccer
between John and I to ask if she could sit with
and ready to laugh at any joke.
us.
(A) NO CHANGE
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) between John and me
(B) he or she
(C) between John and myself (C) each
(D) between both John and I
(D) they
22. France is well-known throughout the world for 26. Although polls showed that many voters felt
their numerous mountain ranges, which include sympathetic toward the embattled politician, he
the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the Vosges. or she voted him out of office in the next
(A) NO CHANGE election.
(B) there (A) NO CHANGE
(C) its (B) them
(D) it's (C) they
(D) he

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

27. African grey parrots particularly noted for their 30. Users of advanced software often think that the
cognitive abilities, which are believed to have initial sections of their support manuals provide
evolved as a consequence of it's history of them with all the information you will ever
cooperative feeding on the ground. need.
(A) NO CHANGE (A) NO CHANGE
(B) it (B) I
(C) their (C) they
(D) one's (D) he or she
28. Before the election, there was a long period of 31. The tour guide warned us to lower their heads
disagreement among my friends and me, when entering the old castle, since the old
because we all had conflicting opinions from doorway was very low.
which we would not be swayed. (A) No changes
(A) NO CHANGE (B) one's heads
(C) your head
(B) they
(D) our heads
(C) he
(D) it
29. The first public buildings to have air-
conditioning were often movie theaters and
restaurants, whose owners tried to attract
customers by promising that you would be
cooler inside.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) your
(C) they
(D) he or she

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Chapter 1 Pronouns
Mini Exam
. 1 .. .
Dying Woman Seeks Home For Dogs
(A) NO CHANGE
This is What's Trending Today: (B) there
(C) their
Wednesday was National Puppy Day. Lots of (D) it's
people used social media to post adorable photos
. 2 .. .
of . 1 . our furry companions. Americans
(A) NO CHANGE
definitely love . 2 . there dogs. But what happens (B) their
(C) they
when dogs outlive . 3 . its owners? (D) them
That is going to happen to Kathleen
. 3 .. .
Zuidema, a dog-lover from the U.S. state of
(A) NO CHANGE
Washington. Zuidema has lung cancer and does (B) their
(C) it's
not expect to live much longer. . 4 . She has three (D) they
dogs, Australian shepherds. Zuidema is making
. 4 .. .
plans for the end of . 5 . their life, and . 6 . they
(A) NO CHANGE
wrote . 7 . these post on Facebook in March:"My (B) her
(C) they
heart is breaking and I'm sobbing as . 8 . me write (D) hers
this …. "
. 5 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) her
(C) our
(D) your

. 6 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) her
(C) she
(D) them

. 7 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) they
(C) this
(D) those

. 8 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) I
(C) my
(D) you

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 Chapter 1 Pronouns

Zuidema said . 9 . they needs someone to take

. 9 .. .
all three dogs, and not break .10. they up. The new
(A) NO CHANGE
owner must have a large yard for the dogs to run, (B) he or she
jump and play. The yard must have a fence so the (C) one
(D) she
dogs are safe and cannot get loose. But Zuidema
.10.. .
lives on a small island in the cold waters off the
(A) NO CHANGE
coast of Washington state. (B) her
There are few people on San Juan Island .11. (C) they
(D) them
who would be able to take in three full-grown
.11.. .
dogs together. For about three weeks, Zuidema′s
(A) NO CHANGE
post was passed from person to person. It was (B) which
shared more than 30,000 times. Neighbors being (C) that
(D) Delete the underlined portion.
neighbors, another islander, Danielle Cochran,
.12.. .
walked over to Zuidema′s home and asked if she
(A) NO CHANGE
could help. She did not know Zuidema, but .12. (B) her
they knew her dogs from seeing .13. them around (C) she
(D) hers
town.
.13.. .
Zuidema′s last wishes will not go
(A) NO CHANGE
unanswered. A local television station says (B) their
Cochran and .14. their husband will take the two (C) our
(D) your
younger dogs soon. But the third, and oldest, will
.14.. .
stay at .15. their side on .16. her deathbed until
(A) NO CHANGE
Zuidema dies. "I got everything I wanted ... except (B) her
for the dying part," Zuidema says. And that′s (C) they
(D) them
what′s trending today.
.15.. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) they
(C) these
(D) her

.16.. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) me
(C) my
(D) you

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Chapter 1 Pronouns

Answers
Explanation:
Page 5: He / me / them / I / C / we / she / he

Page 6: D / him / me / us / B

Page 7: Who / whomever / whom / C / which / that / who / D / B

Page 8: It's / its - its / it's - its / B / B

Page 9: They / their / his or her / C / D / C

Page 10: C / C / D

Page 11: C / A / we / he

Page 12: B / A

Practice:
1 B / 2 A / 3 D / 4 A / 5 B / 6 D / 7 B / 8 C / 9 D / 10 A / 11 B / 12 B / 13 C / 14 D / 15 C

16 D / 17 C / 18 C / 19 B / 20 D / 21 D / 22 C / 23 D / 24 C / 25 C / 26 C / 27 D / 28 C / 29 A / 30 C

Homework:
1 C / 2 C / 3 D / 4 B / 5 D / 6 C / 7 A / 8 B / 9 C / 10 D / 11 B / 12 B / 13 C / 14 C / 15 B / 16 D

17 C / 18 C / 19 B / 20 C / 21 B / 22 C / 23 C / 24 D / 25 C / 26 C / 27 C / 28 A / 29 C / 30 C / 31 D

Mini Exam:
1 C / 2 B / 3 B / 4 A / 5 B / 6 C / 7 C / 8 B / 9 D / 10 D / 11 A / 12 C / 13 A / 14 B / 15 D / 16 A

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Chapter 2 Modifiers

Modifiers
*Simply, MODIFIER is a phrase modifies a word in 3 ways:
A) Phrase ………… , Subject + Verb
The phrase here modifies the Subject after the Comma.
EX:
- Walking in the park, some photos were taken by Sara. X
Walking in the park, Sara t s e t s √

- A brilliant song writer who is able to adjust her style as she ages, the songs of
Madonna always seem to fit with the music of the time. X
- A brilliant song writer who is able to adjust her style as she ages, Madonna always
rites s ngs t t it it t e si t e ti e √

B) Subject , Phrase …………… , Verb

The phrase here modifies the Subject before the Comma.
EX:
- Some photos, walking in the park, were taken by Sara. X
- Sara, walking in the park, t s e t s √

- The songs of Madonna, a brilliant song writer who is able to adjust her style as she
ages, always seem to fit with the music of the time. X
- Madonna, a brilliant song writer who is able to adjust her style as she ages, always
rites s ngs t t it it t e si t e ti e √

C) Subject + Verb + Object Phrase ……………………

The phrase here modifies the Object (without comma).
- I saw some people riding horses smoking cigarettes. X

D) Subject + Verb + Object ( , or linker ) + Phrase ……………………

The phrase here modifies the Subject or the Object.
EX:
- I saw some people riding horses while smoking cigarettes. √
- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin used X-Ray to discover the chemical structures of
penicillin and vitamin B12, winning a Noble Prize for her work. √

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Chapter 2 Modifiers

- The domed shell of a box turtle is hinged at the bottom allowing the animals to close
their shell tightly to evade predators. X
- The domed shell of a box turtle is hinged at the bottom, allowing the animals to close
their shell tightly to evade predators. √
- Aunt Marian prepared her garden with unusual care disappointed by the results of
last year's plantings and determined to do better this year. X
- Aunt Marian prepared her garden with unusual care, disappointed by the results of
last year's plantings and determined to do better this year. √
- Aunt Marian, disappointed by the results of last year's plantings and determined to
do better this year, prepared her garden with unusual care √

- Frustrated and bored by rambling lectures, Professor Moore's introductory philosophy

course was dropped by many students before the middle of the semester.
(A)NO CHANGE
(B) Before the middle of the semester, many students, frustrated and bored by rambling
lectures dropped Professor's Moore's introductory philosophy course
(C) Before the middle of the semester, many students dropped introductory philosophy
course of Professor's Moore frustrated and bored by rambling lectures
(D)Before the middle of the semester, Professor Moore's introductory philosophy
course was dropped by many students frustrated and bored by rambling lectures

Kinds of Modifiers:
1. Gerund Phrase (A phrase beginning with GERUND):
- Having no additional funds to spend, the meeting of the budget committee was
promptly concluded.
(A) No change
(B) The conclusion of the budget committee meeting was prompt.
(C) The budget committee promptly concluded its meeting.
(D) The budget committee's meeting was promptly concluded.

2. Participle Phrase (A phrase beginning with past participle):

- Burdened with three pieces of luggage and a pair of skis, Sarah's search for a baggage
cart was desperate.
(A) No change
(B) Sarah's desperate search was for a baggage cart.
(C) A baggage cart was what Sarah desperately searched for.
(D) Sarah searched desperately for a baggage cart.

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Chapter 2 Modifiers

3. Prepositional Phrase (A phrase beginning with a preposition):

- By investigating Saturn's rings, it is hoped by scientists to achieve greater insight into
the composition of stars and planetary systems.
(A) No change
(B) Scientists hope to achieve greater insight
(C) It is hoped that scientists' insight will be achieved more greatly achieved
(D) The insight of scientists will be achieved more greatly, hopefully
- Of all the people playing roles in the musical, mine is the smallest part.
(A) No change
(B) the smallest part is mine
(C) I have a part smaller than theirs
(D) I have the smallest part

4. Definition:
EX: A / an + noun + who / which / that / where / gerund + verb
- A writer who well understood the plight of the underprivileged, many acclaim Richard
Wright as the novelist of the downtrodden.
(A) No change
(B) A writer who well understood the plight of the underprivileged, many have
acclaimed Richard Wright as the novelist of the downtrodden.
(C) Richard Wright, a writer who well understood the plight of the underprivileged,
has been widely acclaimed as the novelist of the downtrodden.
(D) Many, a writer who well understood the plight of the underprivileged, acclaim
Richard Wright as the novelist of the downtrodden.

The most / the best / the first + noun + to / once / as a / as an

- The most notorious quick-draw gunman of the Texas frontier, John Wesley Hardin's
exploits were written about in an autobiography published posthumously.
(A) No change
(B) John Wesley Hardin's exploits are recorded
(C) John Wesley Hardin wrote about his exploits
(D) the exploits of John Wesley Hardin were written about

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Chapter 2 Modifiers

- As a student at Penn State, where Julie grew to love history with a passion, ultimately
leading to a job as a historian at the United States Library of Congress.
(A) No change
(B) Julie grew to love history with a passion that ultimately led
(C) Where she grew to love history with a passion, as a result leading Julie ultimately
(D) Julie's love for history grew with a passion and it ultimately led her

5. Infinitive Phrase (To + the base of the verb: to go / to write / to

solve…..etc):
- To help freshman and sophomores in selecting their courses, candid reviews of
courses and instructors compiled by juniors and seniors.
(A) No change
(B) And to compile candid reviews of courses and instructors by juniors and seniors
(C) Juniors and seniors have compiled candid reviews of courses and instructors
(D) With juniors and seniors compiled candid reviews of courses and instructors

6. Adjective Phrase (A phrase beginning with adjective):

- Familiar with the terrain from previous visits, the explorer's search for the abandoned
mine site was a success.
(A) No change
(B) the success of the explorer's search for the abandoned mine site was assured
(C) the explorer succeeded in finding the abandoned mine site
(D) the explorer in his search for the abandoned mine site was a success

7. Linker + Phrase:
- When creating collections of new clothing, styles of the past have often influenced
contemporary fashion designers.

(A) No change
(B) styles of the past often have an influence on contemporary fashion designers.
(C) contemporary fashion designers have often been influenced from styles of the past.
(D) contemporary fashion designers are often influenced by styles of the past.

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Chapter 2 Modifiers

- After watching Jaws for the fifth time, the ocean looked incredibly menacing to
tourists Kathleen and Kevin.

(A) No change
(B) After watching Jaws for the fifth time, incredibly menacing the ocean looked to
tourists Kathleen and Kevin.
(C) The ocean looked incredibly menacing to tourists Kathleen and Kevin who had
just watched Jaws for the fifth time.
(D) Tourists Kathleen and Kevin, after watching Jaws for the fifth time, thought that
the ocean looked incredibly menacing.

8. Comparisons:
Using: like / unlike / similar to / compare to …..
EX:
- Compared to South Carolina, the climate of Arizona is drier. X
- Compared to the climate of South Carolina, the climate of Arizona is drier. √
- Unlike Egypt, the flag of Jamaica is more colorful. X
- Unlike that of Egypt, t e g i is re r √

- Unlike several decades ago, today's librarians teach students to evaluate the accuracy
and objectivity of online resources in addition to helping them find particular books.

(A) No change
(B) Unlike them of
(C) Unlike those of
(D) Contrary to

- My roommate, a drama major, claimed that Ibsen's plays, unlike Ionesco, are totally
conventional in their style.
(A) No change
(B) unlike that of Ionesco
(C) unlike with Ionesco
(D) unlike Ionesco's

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Chapter 2 Modifiers

Nota Bene
1- Gerund / Having + pp …………, the doer of the gerund
EX:
Bob, reviewing the notes he had taken at the meeting, prepared a report to be
distributed to all members of the council.
Having Reviewed the notes he had taken at the meeting, Bob prepared a report to be
distributed to all members of the council.

2- PP / Having + been + p.p …………., the receiver of the verb

EX:
Written in easy language, the book of Mr. Sam is the most important math book.

- After receiving critical acclaim for his abstract paintings, Philip Gaston surprised and
alarmed the art world in 1970 with an exhibition of stark and cartoonlike figurative
paintings.
(A) No change
(B) him receiving
(C) he receives
(D) he is receiving

- Despite watering it daily, the plant continued to shed its leaves, probably because it
had been placed in such a dimly lit corner of the room.
(A)No change
(B) watered
(C) he is watering it
(D)to water it

3- Verb to be + WH Word always INCORRECT

(is what / is why / was when / are how …….etc).
The economist is who studies or has a special knowledge of trade, industries, or money. X
The economist is a person who studies or has a special knowledge of trade, industries, or
money. √

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Chapter 2 Modifiers

4- Avoid all kinds of The Wordiness.

- Barely able to speak because of the cold, the communication among the two explorers
had to be done through the gestures.
(A) No change
(B) the two explorers had to communicate through the gestures
(C) the two explorers had to communicate between themselves from gestures
(D) gestures were used to communicate between the two explorers

5- Modifier………………, Noun's + been modified

- Having thought the problem through with some care, that the committee did not
understand her solution frustrated the chairperson extremely.
(A) No change
(B) Having thought the problem through with some care, the chairperson's extreme
frustration resulted from the committee not understanding her solution
(C) The chairperson's frustration at the committee's failing to understand her solution,
having thought the problem through with some care, was extreme
(D) The chairperson, having thought the problem through with some care, was
extremely frustrated by the committee's failure to understand her solution

- Failing to anticipate the sharp downturn in the economy, millions of dollars were lost
through the investment fund's managers' slowness to act.
(A) No change
(B) millions of dollars were lost due to the slowness of the investment fund's managers
to act
(C) the investment fund's managers were slow to act, millions of dollars were lost as a
result
(D) the investment fund's managers were slow to act and thus lost millions of dollars

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 Chapter 2
Practice
1- Although long considered a vestigial organ
that has no function in humans, the appendix,
some scientists believe, may have a significant
role as part of the body's immune system.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) The scientists, although long considered a
vestigial organ that has no function in
humans, believe that the appendix may
have a significant role as part of the body's
immune system.
(C) The appendix is believed by some
scientists as perhaps having a significant
role as part of the body's immune system,
although long considered a vestigial organ
that has no function in humans,
(D) Although long considered a vestigial
organ that has no function in humans,
some scientists believe the appendix may
have a significant role as part of the body's
5- Lecturing at the university, read the poetry of
immune system.
2- Looking down through the boat's glass bottom,
a school of yellow fish was seen swimming
along with the turtles.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) a school of yellow fish were seen
(C) we saw a school of yellow fish
(D) we seen a school of yellow fish
3- Among the most flavorful cuisines in the
United States, New Orleans has also
become one of the most popular.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) New Orleans has also become famous as
(C) the cuisine of New Orleans is also
(D) also the cuisine of New Orleans is
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Modifiers
4- An oversized men's suit popular in the late
1930s and 1940s, it was known as the zoot
suit, was a declaration of rebellious self-
assertion for its wearers.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) The zoot suit, an oversized men's suit
popular in the late 1930s and 1940s, was a
declaration of rebellious self-assertion for
its wearers.
(C) An oversized men's suit popular in the late
1930s and 1940s, they knew it as the zoot,
it was a declaration of rebellious self-
assertion for its wearers.
(D) The zoot suit was known as the zoot suit,
was a declaration of rebellious self-
assertion for its wearers, an oversized
men's suit popular in the late 1930s and
1940s
Margret Atwood was the advice professor
Clark gave her audience.
(A) No change
(B) Lecturing at the university, her audience
was advised by professor Clark Atwood
(C) Margaret Atwood's poetry, lecturing at the
university, advised professor Clark, was
what her audience should read
(D) Lecturing at the university, Professor
Clark advised her audience to read the
poetry of Margret Atwood
 Chapter 2
6- By simply entering an internet website or
calling a toll-free number, a catalog order can
be placed by you for almost anything from
cheesecakes to fully equipped desktop
computers.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) A catalog order can be placed for almost
anything from cheesecakes to fully
equipped desktop computers entering an
internet website or calling a toll-free
number
(C) They, by simply entering an internet
website or calling a toll-free number, will
place your catalog order for almost
anything from cheesecakes to fully
equipped desktop computers,
(D) By simply entering an internet website or
calling a toll-free number, you can place a
catalog order for almost anything from
cheesecakes to fully equipped desktop
computers.
7- In order to save money and offer competitive
ticket prices, meals are no longer being served
on many airlines, even on long flights.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) even on long flights, meals are not served
any longer by many airlines
(C) many airlines, even on long flights, no
longer serving meals
(D) many airlines are no longer serving meals,
even on long flights
8- Recalling how difficult it is to park a car at the
airport, our decision was taking the train.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) our decision was to take the train
(C) we decided to take the train
(D) taking the train is what we decided to do
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Modifiers
9- Spread by rat fleas, millions of people in
medieval Europe were killed by bubonic
plague.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) This led to the killing of millions of
medieval European by bubonic plague
spread by rat fleas
(C) Bubonic plague, spread by rat fleas, killed
millions of people in medieval Europe
(D) Bubonic plague in medieval Europe was
why millions of people were killed, spread
by rat fleas
10- Frustrated with the lack of fashionable
clothing at decent price in most retail stores,
a new discount store was opened on Main
Street by a local clothing designer.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) stores, a local clothing designer opened a
new discount store on Main Street
(C) stores; on Main Street a local clothing
designer opened a new discount store
(D) stores led a local clothing designer to
open a new discount store on Main Street
11- Feeling that their votes do not matter, the
number of young people going to the polls
are becoming increasingly smaller.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Feeling that their votes do not matter,
increasingly smaller number of young
people are going to the polls.
(C) Young people, feeling that their votes do
not matter, are going to the polls in
increasingly smaller numbers.
(D) Young people, who in increasingly
smaller numbers, are going to the polls
feeling that their votes do not matter.
 Chapter 2
12- Saying nothing further, the table was cleared
by the family in preparation for the evening
meal.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Nothing further was said, and the family
clears the table in preparation for the
evening meal
(C) The family said nothing further, the table
was cleared in preparation for the
evening meal
(D) Saying nothing further, the family
cleared the table in preparation for the
evening meal
13- When visiting the rain forest, the
preservation of the environment should be
the tourist's concern.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) When visiting the rain forest, the
environment and its preservation should
be the tourist's concern
(C) The tourist should be concerned with the
preservation of the environment when
visiting the rain forest
(D) The tourist, when visiting the rain forest,
should be concerned with the
preservation of the environment
14- While trimming his forsythia bush, an
overgrown mass of vegetation that had just
begun to flower, an indignant bee stung poor
Mr. Nettleworth on the wrist.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) there was an indignant bee that stung
poor Mr. Nettleworth on his wrist
(C) poor Mr. Nettleworth was stung on the
wrist by an indignant bee
(D) poor Mr. Nettleworth's wrist was stung
from an indignant bee
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Modifiers
15- Acting on a tip from an anonymous
informant, a cache of counterfeit money and
stolen credit cards were seized by federal
agents during a raid on a local nightclub
early yesterday morning.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Acting on a tip from an anonymous
informant, there was a cache of
counterfeit money and stolen credit cards
that federal agents seized
(C) Federal agents would seize a cache of
counterfeit money and stolen credit cards
acting on a tip from an anonymous
informant
(D) Federal agents seized a cache of
counterfeit money and stolen credit
cards, acting on a tip from an anonymous
informant
16- Finding the Baltimore waterfront fascinating,
all that there was to see was thoroughly
explored by Antonio.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Antonio found the Baltimore waterfront
fascinating, he thoroughly explored all
that there was to see
(C) Finding the Baltimore waterfront
fascinating, Antonio thoroughly explored
all that there was to see
(D) The Baltimore waterfront is fascinating
and is why Antonio thoroughly explored
all that there was to see.
 Chapter 2
17- Once a popular form of entertainment in
arcades, shops, and saloons across the United
States, collectors prize coin-operated
mechanical games as emblems of the nation's
past.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) collectors who prize coin-operated
mechanical games
(C) coin-operated mechanical games that are
prized by collectors
(D) coin-operated mechanical games are
prized by collectors
18- Sometimes called "the founder of art in
Texas", a sculpture of William Jennings
Bryan was completed by Elisabeth Ney in
her Austin studio in 1899.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Sometimes called "the founder of art in
Texas", William Jennings Bryan's
sculpture was completed by Elisabeth
Ney in her Austin studio in 1899
(C) in her Austin studio, Elisabeth Ney
completed a sculpture of William
Jennings Bryan called "the founder of art
in Texas" in 1899
(D) Elisabeth Ney, sometimes called "the
founder of art in Texas", completed a
sculpture of William Jennings Bryan in
her Austin studio in 1899
19- An orphan raised in humble surrounding
during the early nineteenth century, the novel
Great Expectations has a hero who is given a
fortune and sets out to become a gentleman.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Great Expectations is a novel the hero
(C) The hero of the novel Great Expectations
(D) The hero of the novel, that is Great
Expectations
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Modifiers
20- Once almost entirely devoted to pineapple
production, tourists, who enjoy its mountain
trails and nature preserves, are now attracted
to the island of Lanai
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) mountain trails and nature preserves,
once almost entirely devoted to
pineapple production, are enjoyed by
tourists, who are now attracted to the
island of Lanai
(C) it now attracts tourists, who enjoy the
mountain trails and nature preserves on
the island of Lanai once almost entirely
devoted to pineapple production
(D) Once almost entirely devoted to
pineapple production, the island of Lanai
now attracts tourists, who enjoy its
mountain trails and nature preserves
21- Seeking to reduce pollution from
conventional electricity plants, ways to
convert the energy of ocean waves into
usable power are being considered by the
state of Oregon.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Seeking to reduce pollution from
conventional electricity plants, the
conversion of the energy of ocean waves
into usable power has been considered
by the state of Oregon
(C) The state of Oregon is considering ways
of ocean wave energy being converted
into usable power seeking to reduce
pollution from conventional electricity
plants
(D) The state of Oregon is considering ways
of convert the energy of ocean waves
into usable power, seeking to reduce
pollution from conventional electricity
plants
 Chapter 2
22- Carried by the strong, dry winds of the
stratosphere, the 1980 eruption of Mount
Saint Helens caused dust that crossed the
United States in three days and circled the
globe in two weeks.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Mount Saint Helens' eruption in 1980
caused dust that carried by the strong,
dry winds of the stratosphere and crossed
the United States in three days and
circled the globe in two weeks
(C) Dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount
Saint Helens, carried by the strong, dry
winds of the stratosphere, crossed the
United States in three days and circled
the globe in two weeks
(D) Carried by the strong, dry winds of the
stratosphere, there was dust from the
1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens and
it crossed the United States in three days
and circled the globe in two weeks
23- In 1972, to reduce pollution in the Great
Lakes, limits having been set by the United
States and Canada in the amount of
phosphorus that could be discharged into
Lakes Erie and Ontario
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) to reduce pollution in the Great Lakes,
limits have been set by the United States
and Canada
(C) to reduce pollution in the Great Lakes,
the United States and Canada have set
limits
(D) the United States and Canada set limits
to reduce pollution in the Great Lakes
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Modifiers
24- Having spent seven years correcting errors in
the text, a new edition of James Joyce's
Ulysses has been published by Hans Walter
Gabbler.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Hans Walter Gabbler, having spent seven
years correcting errors in the text, has
published a new edition of James Joyce's
Ulysses
(C) Having spent seven years correcting
errors in the text, Hans Walter Gabbler's
new edition of James Joyce's Ulysses has
been published
(D) Having spent seven years correcting
errors in the text, James Joyce's Ulysses
has been published in a new edition by
Hans Walter Gabbler
25- Determined to locate the famous statue, the
museum's confusing map was scrutinized by
Howard and Christine.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Determined to locate the famous statue,
Howard and Christine scrutinized the
museum's confusing map
(C) Determined to locate the famous statue,
museum's map, which was confusing,
was scrutinized by Howard and Christine
(D) confused, Howard and Christine
scrutinized the museum's map
determined to locate the famous statue,
 Chapter 2
26- The chair of the school board announced a
plan to build two new elementary schools
during an interview with a local news
reporter.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) The chair of the school board announced
that two new elementary schools were
planned to be built during an interview
with a local news reporter
(C) During an interview with a local news
reporter, The chair of the school board
announced a plan to build two new
elementary schools
(D) During an interview with a local news
reporter, The chair of the school board
announcing a plan to build two new
elementary schools
27- By painting them this afternoon, the walls
would be completely dry by tomorrow
evening.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) The walls would be completely dry by
tomorrow evening, by painting them this
afternoon.
(C) After having been painted this afternoon,
the walls would be completely dry by
tomorrow evening.
(D) They would be painted, the walls would
be completely dry by tomorrow evening.
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Modifiers
28- In the Netherlands, a man found more than
100 ancient Celtic coins that were in a
cornfield using a metal detector.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Using a metal detector, more than 100
ancient Celtic coins were found by a man
in a cornfield in Netherlands.
(C) A metal detector in the Netherland was
used to find more than 100 ancient
Celtic coins in a cornfield by a man.
(D) A man using a metal detector found more
than 100 ancient Celtic coins in a
cornfield in the Netherlands.
29- Selected as an astronaut by NASA in 1990,
over 719 hours in space were spent by Dr.
Ellen Ochoa on three flights by 2001.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Selected as an astronaut by NASA in
1990, three flights and 719 hours were
spent by Dr. Ellen Ochoa in space by
2001
(C) Dr. Ellen Ochoa, by 2001 spending over
719 hours in space on three flights
selected by NASA in 1990 as an
astronaut
(D) Dr. Ellen Ochoa had spent over 719
hours in space on three flights by 200, an
astronaut who selected by NASA in 1990
Chapter 2
Homework
1- To satisfy her high school's community
service requirement, patients at a hospital
were visited by Jan three afternoons a week.
(A) No change
(B) To satisfy her high school's community
service requirement, Hospital patients
were visited by Jan three afternoons a
week.
(C) To satisfy her high school's community
service requirement, patients at a hospital
were visited by Jan three afternoons a
week.
(D) Jan visited patients at a hospital three
afternoons a week to satisfy her high
school's community service requirement
2- A beautifully written narrative of the author's
boyhood in South America, his descriptions
of animal life in the plains region are
fascinating
(A) No change
(B) his descriptions of animal life in the
plains region is fascinating
(C) he fascinatingly describes animal life in
the plains region
(D) the book contains fascinating
descriptions of animal life in the plains
region
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Modifiers
3- Traveling through Yosemite, the scenery of
waterfalls and granite peaks, which we
photographed, was beautiful.
(A) No change
(B) Traveling through Yosemite, the
waterfalls and granite peaks were the
beautiful scenery we photographed
(C) We, traveling through Yosemite,
photographed the beautiful scenery of
waterfalls and granite peaks
(D) What we photographed was the
beautiful scenery of waterfalls and
granite peaks traveling through
Yosemite
4- Agreeing upon it beforehand, the new
municipal budget passed with little
opposition when it was put before the city
council.
(A) No change
(B) They agreed upon it beforehand,
therefore
(C) It being agreed upon beforehand, so
(D) Having been agreed upon it beforehand,
5- Unable to see more than three inches in front
of her nose without corrective lenses, Mary's
search for her missing glasses was frantic.
(A) No change
(B) Mary's frantic search was for her
missing glasses was
(C) Mary frantically searched for her
missing glasses
(D) Her missing glasses was that for which
Mary frantically searched
Chapter 2
6- Examining the principal movement sweeping
through the world, it can be seen that they are
being accelerated by the war.
(A) No change
(B) Having examined the principal
movement sweeping through the world,
it can be seen by us that they are being
accelerated by the war
(C) Examining the principal movement
sweeping through the world can be seen
by us that they are being accelerated by
the war
(D) We can see that they are being
accelerated by the war, examining the
principal movement sweeping through
the world
7- Despite writing more than 1,700 poems, only
seven were published during Emily
Dickinson’s lifetime.
(A) No change
(B) Emily Dickinson, despite writing more
than 1,700 poems, published only seven
during her
(C) Despite writing more than 1,700 poems,
the only published seven during Emily
Dickinson’s
(D) seven of them were the only ones
published during Emily Dickinson’s
writing more than 1,700 poems
8- Standing on the bridge of the ship, there blew
the most strong winds that I had seen at sea
for at least a decade
(A) No change
(B) the strongest winds were blowing
(C) I experienced the most strong winds
(D) I observed the strongest winds
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Modifiers
9- Before going on the senior class trip, a
parental permission slip must be filled out
for each student.
(A) No change
(B) Before going on the senior class trip, a
student must have their parental
permission slips filled out
(C) Before going on the senior class trip,
their parents must fill out a permission
slip for each student
(D) Before going on the senior class trip, a
student must have a parental permission
slip filled out
10- While passing the fire department building,
the siren began to screech loud, which
scared me.
(A) No change
(B) While passing the fire department
building, the siren began screeching
loudly, which scared me
(C) I was scared by the loud screech of the
siren while passing the fire department
building
(D) I was scared by the loud screech of the
siren passing the fire department
building
11- Essential for doing business or just staying
in touch with family and friends, cell
phones, they are increasingly popular.
(A) No change
(B) cell phones are increasingly popular
(C) their popularity is growing
(D) they have become more popular
Chapter 2
12- While walking down Market Street, that
was when Clarissa sighted her old guitar in
the pawn shop window.
(A) No change
(B) Clarissa sighted her old guitar in the
pawn shop window walking down
Market Street
(C) Clarissa sighted her old guitar in the
pawn shop window while walking
down Market Street
(D) While walking down Market Street,
Clarissa's old guitar was sighted in the
pawn shop window
13- Having a mother who plays in a symphony
orchestra and a father who teaches in high
school, the violin and the piano are two of
the instrument that Rosie learned at an early
age
(A) No change
(B) Having a mother who plays in a
symphony orchestra and a father who
teaches in high school, violin and piano
were taught to Rosie at an early age
(C) Having a mother who plays in a
symphony orchestra and a father who
teaches in high school, the violin and
the piano were the two instruments
which Rosie learned to play at an early
age
(D) Rosie learned the playing of both violin
and piano at an early age, having a
mother who plays in a symphony
orchestra and a father who teaches in
high school
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Modifiers
14- Flying at a very low altitude in an effort to
avoid radar detection, the townspeople were
startled by the jet fighter’s supersonic
boom.
(A) No change
(B) Jet fighter, flying at a very low altitude
in an effort to avoid radar detection,
startled the townspeople with its
supersonic boom
(C) Flying at a very low altitude in an effort
to avoid radar detection, jet fighter’s
supersonic boom startled the
townspeople
(D) Jet fighter and its supersonic boom
startled the townspeople flying at a very
low altitude in an effort to avoid radar
detection
15- The octopus emits a cloud of ink acting as a
smokescreen when fleeing a predator.
(A) No change
(B) When fleeing a predator, the cloud of
ink emitted by an octopus acts as
smokescreen.
(C) The cloud of ink emitted by an octopus
acts as a smokescreen when fleeing a
predator.
(D) When fleeing a predator, the octopus
emits a cloud of ink that acts as a
smokescreen.
16- Having order the cup of black coffee at the
Starbucks counter, the fumes smelled
pleasing to Howard.
(A) No change
(B) the fume's smell pleased Howard
(C) smells from the fumes pleased Howard
(D) Howard smelled the fumes pleasingly
Chapter 2
17- When donating money to charity, a
nonprofit organization that will use your
gift wisely should be your priority.
(A) No change
(B) When donating money to charity, you
should make it your priority to choose a
nonprofit organization that will use
your gift wisely
(C) When donating money to charity, a
nonprofit organization should be your
priority that will use your gift wisely
(D) using your gift wisely should be your
priority when choosing a nonprofit
organization when donating money to
charity
18- Brought up in a homogeneous, all white
suburb, it was only when I moved to San
Francisco that I realized how exciting life in
an ethnically diverse community can be.
(A) No change
(B) I did not realize how exciting life in an
ethnically diverse community can be
until I moved to San Francisco brought
up in a homogeneous, all white suburb
(C) When I moved to San Francisco I,
brought up in a homogeneous, all white
suburb, realized how exciting life in an
ethnically diverse community can be
(D) Brought up in a homogeneous, all white
suburb, An exciting life in an ethnically
diverse community was unrealized by
me until I moved to San Francisco
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Modifiers
19- Renowned as an expert in linguistics,
modern intellectual also acknowledge
Pinker's many contributions to psychology.
(A) No change
(B) Pinker's many contributions have been
also acknowledged by modern
intellectual to psychology
(C) Pinker being also acknowledged for his
many contributions to psychology and
by modern intellectuals
(D) Pinker is also acknowledged by modern
intellectuals for his many contributions
to psychology
20- Although numbered among the most
technically demanding pieces ever created
for piano, Frederic Chopin wrote
compositions that emphasize nuance and
expressive depth over mere technical
display.
(A) No change
(B) Although numbered among the most
technically demanding pieces ever
created for piano, Frederic Chopin
wrote compositions emphasizing
nuance and expressive depth over mere
technical display
(C) Frederic Chopin’s compositions that
emphasized nuance and expressive
depth over mere technical display
although numbered among the most
technically demanding pieces ever
created for piano,
(D) Frederic Chopin’s compositions,
although numbered among the most
technically demanding pieces ever
created for piano, emphasized nuance
and expressive depth over mere
technical display
Chapter 2
21- One of the most important agriculture
resources of the Philippines, the coconut
tree faces the threat of extinction within
three years due to coconut leaf beetle
infestation.
(A) No change
(B) the coconut tree would face the threat
of extinction
(C) the threat of extinction faced by the
coconut tree is
(D) the coconut tree, facing the extinction
threat
22- Attracted by the movement of the red cape,
the matador starts the fight with a series of
passes as the bull charges.
(A) No change
(B) The matador starts the fight with a
series of passes as the bull attracted by
the movement of the red cape charges
(C) The bull charges as the matador
attracted by the movement of the red
cape starts the fight with a series of
passes
(D) Attracted by the movement of the red
cape, the fight with the bull s
started by the matador with the
series of passes
23- Taking time off from her job as an attorney,
it was Courtney's intention to teach math to
middle school students in Boston.
(A) No change
(B) The intention of Courtney was to teach
(C) Courtney had the intention for teaching
(D) Courtney intended to teach
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Modifiers
24- Without speaking so much as a syllable,
Chaplin's emotions and intentions were
clearly portrayed on the screen.
(A) No change
(B) Chaplin clearly on the screen portrayed
his emotional intentions
(C) Chaplin's emotions and intentions on
the screen were clearly portrayed by
him
(D) Chaplin clearly portrayed his emotions
and intentions on the screen
25- Having run with little effort for over an
hour, Jane was disheartened to feel a
sudden pain in his knee.
(A) No change
(B) It was disheartening for Jane to feel a
sudden pain in her knee
(C) Jane's sudden pain in her knee was
disheartening to her
(D) Jane's sudden pain in her knee
disheartened her
26- Receiving no advice to the contrary from
his brother, Timmy's decision was to take a
year off from medical school.
(A) No change
(B) Taking a year off from medical school
was Timmy's decision
(C) Timmy deciding to take a year off from
medical school
(D) Timmy decided to take a year off from
medical school
Chapter 2
27- Indicating their desire to extend free
enterprise, Canadians elected a member of
the Progressive Conservative Party, Kim
Campbell, as Prime Minister in 1993.
(A) No change
(B) Canadians' election of member of the
Progressive Conservative Party as
Prime Minister was Kim Campbell
(C) Kim Campbell of the Progressive
Conservative Party was elected Prime
Minister of Canada
(D) The Progressive Conservative Party's
Kim Campbell was elected Prime
Minister of Canadians
28- This legend about Admiral Nelson, like
other naval heroes, are based only partially
on fact.
(A) No change
(B) like those of other naval heroes, are
(C) like legends about other naval heroes,
are
(D) like legends about other naval heroes, is
29- Unlike her sister Heather, who would
always put spiders safely outside if she
found them in the house, Joanne's fear kept
her from going anywhere near the creatures.
(A) No change
(B) Joanne's fear is what kept her from
going anywhere near the creatures
(C) fear is why Joanne had not gone
anywhere near them
(D) Joanne was too afraid to go anywhere
near the creatures
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Modifiers
30- Unlike flying squirrels, which may leave
their young in a tree cavity while foraging,
the babies of flying lemurs are usually
carried with them.
(A) No change
(B) the flying lemur's babies are usually
carried
(C) flying lemurs usually carry their babies
(D) flying lemurs' babies are usually carried
31- Prized for their brilliance and durability,
people will spend thousands of dollars on
high-quality diamonds.
(A) No change
(B) Prized for their brilliance and
durability, thousands of dollars are
spent by people on high- quality
diamonds.
(C) Prizing them for their brilliance as well
as their durability, thousands of dollars
can be spent by people on high-quality
diamonds
(D) Prizing the brilliance and durability of
high-quality diamonds, people will
spend thousands of dollars for them.
32- Differing only slightly from the Greeks
were the Roman theatres, which were often
freestanding rather than part of a hillside.
(A) No change
(B) Differing only slightly from Greek
theaters, Roman theaters
(C) Differing only in the slightest from the
Greeks were the Roman theaters, which
(D) The Greeks differed only slightly from
the Romans, they
 Chapter 2
Mini Exam
Lucille-Clifton - The award winning poet
Lucille Clifton began writing poetry when she
was about ten years old. . 1 . Because of her
mother, she had developed an interest in poetry,
Thelma Sayles. Her mother was also a poet
although her poems were never published. . 2 .
Lucille would sit on her mother's lap and listen as
she read poetry as a child. She learned to love
words and the power of words. That stayed with
her as she grew.
There was another experience that stayed with
her, too. Once, her mother was offered a chance to
publish her poetry. But her husband, Samuel
Sayles, ordered her not to do it. . 3 . In anger, and
sorrow, Missus Sayles' poems were thrown into a
fire. That memory also stayed with Lucille. She
would write about it years later in her poem called
fury. . 4 . Similar to Lucille Clifton, fury is
personal. It deals with her own experiences.
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Modifiers
. 1 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Because of her mother, the interest in
poetry had developed, Thelma Sayles
(C) Her mother developed her interest in poetry,
Thelma Sayles
(D) She had developed an interest in poetry
because of her mother, Thelma Sayles
. 2 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Lucille, as a child, would sit on her
mother's lap and listen as she read
poetry
(C) On her mother's lap, Lucille would sit
and listen as she read poetry as a child
(D) As she read poetry, on her mother's lap,
Lucille would sit and listen
. 3 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Missus Sayles threw her poems, in
anger and sorrow, into a fire
(C) In anger and sorrow, Missus Sayles
threw her poems into a fire
(D) In angry way and sorrow manner, Missus
Sayles threw her poems into a fire
. 4 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) fury, like Lucille Clifton, is a personal
poem and it deals with her own
experiences
(C) Like Lucille Clifton, fury is a personal
poem and it deals with her own
experiences
(D) Like many of Lucille Clifton's poems,
fury is personal. It deals with her own
experiences
Chapter 2
Lucille Clifton believed that it was
important for poets to write about their own
memories. She said poetry comes out of the
life of the poet. That, she said, is the only way
that poetry can reach other people. . 5 . Lucille
Clifton's poems deal with life and death,
religion and politics, motherhood and family.
They tell stories of racism, sexism and
injustice. They tell of terrible things done to
humans by humans.
In one poem she calls it the extraordinary
evil in ordinary men. . 6 . She takes a different
look at violence in the poem Cruelty.
Lucille Clifton was born Thelma
Lucille Sayles in Depew, New York in ninety
thirty-six. She was named Thelma after her
mother. Lucille was the name of one of her
father's ancestors. Neither mother nor daughter
was happy with the name Thelma. When the
younger one got older, she chose to call
herself Lucille.
. 7 . Unlike her mother's, Lucille
Clifton’s poetry was anything but traditional.
Her poems do not rhyme or follow a special
kind of pattern. They do not use fancy words.
They do not deal in make believe. Her poetry
is known for being simple, truthful, and direct.
. 8 . After one year of publishing her
first book of poetry, the first children's books
were released in 1970. Her book “Some of the
Days of Everett Anderson” became the first in
a series of books about a young African-
American boy growing up in the city.
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Modifiers
. 5 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Deal with life and death, religion and
politics, motherhood and family, Lucille
Clifton wrote her poems
(C) There are many ideas related to life and
death, religion and politics, motherhood and
family included in Lucille Clifton's poems
(D) Lucille Clifton wrote poems and they deal
with life and death, religion and politics,
motherhood and family
. 6 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Different look was taken by her at violence
in the poem Cruelty
(C) In the poem Cruelty, she takes a different
look at violence
(D) In a different look at violence, she wrote the
poem Cruelty
. 7 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Unlike her mother, Lucille Clifton’s poetry
was anything but traditional
(C) Lucille Clifton’s poetry, unlike her mother,
was anything but traditional
(D) Similar to her mother, Lucille Clifton’s
poetry was anything but traditional
. 8 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) She released her first children’s books in
1970, a year after her first book of poetry
was published
(C) Her first book of poetry was published, one
year later, she released her first children's
books in 1970
(D) A year after her first book of poetry was
published, she released her first children’s
books in 1970
Chapter 2 Modifiers

Answers
Explanation:
Page 2: D / C / D

Page 3: B / D / C / C

Page 4: B / C / C / D

Page 5: D / C / D

Page 6: A / B

Page 7: B / D / D

Practice:
1 A / 2 C / 3 C / 4 B / 5 D / 6 D / 7 D / 8 C / 9 C / 10 B / 11 C / 12 D / 13 D / 14 C / 15 D
16 C / 17 D / 18 D / 19 C / 20 D / 21 D / 22 C / 23 D / 24 B / 25 B / 26 C / 27 C / 28 D / 29 D

Homework:
1 D / 2 D / 3 C / 4 D / 5 C / 6 D / 7 B / 8 D / 9 D / 10 C / 11 B / 12 C / 13 D / 14 B / 15 D / 16 D
17 B / 18 C / 19 D / 20 D / 21 A / 22 B / 23 D / 24 D / 25 A / 26 D / 27 A / 28 D / 29 D / 30 C
31 D / 32 B

Mini Exam:
1D/2B/3C/4D/5A/6C/7A/8B

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 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

Combining Sentences
Types of sentence:
Clause: Subject + Verb + Complement
- Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Noble Prize.
- The committee considered the proposals and made its decision.

Phrase: No Subject and no verb (review modifiers)

Issues of Combining Sentence:

A) Run-on Sentence:Run-on sentence ocures when two or more clauses are joined
without an appropriate punctuation or linker.

Cases of run-on sentence:

1- Clause (,) Clause OR Subject + Verb (,) Subject + Verb
- It was a hot summer day, Dina played in the pool.
- All of my friends went to the concert last Saturday, I couldn’t go.

2- Subject + verb + subject + verb (without comma)

- My uncle rang the doorbell our dog barked.
- He deserves a raise he completed the project on schedule and under budget.

Ways to revise the run-on sentences:

1- Subject + verb (;) the same Subject + verb
- We have paid our dues; we expect all the privileges listed in the contract.
2- *Subject + verb (:) Subject + verb (Colon = because)
- I have very little time to learn the language: my new job starts in five weeks.

*Subject + verb (:) List = , such as + List

- You may be required to bring many things: sleeping bags, pans, utensils, and warm
clothing.
- You may be required to bring many things, such as sleeping bags, pans, utensils, and
warm clothing.
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Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

*Explanation (:) what explained

- Arsenal bought a new perfect player: Sanchez
- The president will talk today about an important topic: the unemployment
*Sentence (:) Explanation "phrase"
- I hope that my son will be an economist: a person who studies or has a special
knowledge of trade, industries, or money.

NB:
- ; /: + preposition (in – on – with ….) / wh word (who – which – when – while – what)
/ gerund x
- Subject + such as + list + verb √ (Such as without using comma)
EX:
Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have
begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines.

- Subject + verb + object , such as + list (Such as with comma)

EX:
The spaces are usually stocked with standard office equipment, such as photocopiers,
printers, and fax machines.
: / ; + such as X , such as, X such as + ; / : X

Phrase; X /….. phrase X

Phrase: √ /….. phrase √
- The Ducal Palace is connected with the state prison by The Bridge of Sighs; a partially
enclosed bridge which built in Venice in the sixteenth century. X
- The Ducal Palace is connected with the state prison by The Bridge of Sighs: a partially
enclosed bridge which built in Venice in the sixteenth century. √
Decide which of the following is correct and which is incorrect.
- All of my friends went to the concert last Saturday; while I couldn′t go. ................
- Our next-door neighbor rang the doorbell, our dog barked. ................
- Tom realized he had no pen he asked Bob if he could borrow one. ................
- He deserves a raise: he completed the project on schedule and under budget…………
- Today is the most important day in my life; my wedding party…………..

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 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

SAT Question:
- Tickets are available at the box office they can be picked up one hour before the
performance.
(A) No change
(B) at the box office; they can be picked up one hour before the performance
(C) one hour before the performance, they can be picked up at the box office
(D) at the box office, one hour before the performance is when they can be picked up

- The students found field work in the state forest more exciting and dangerous than any of
them had anticipated; having to be rescued by helicopter during a fire.
(A) No change
(B) anticipated; when they had to be
(C) anticipated: they had to be
(D) anticipated: among which was their

- There are numerous other reasons to buy organic food, such as, a desire to protect the
environment from potentially damaging pesticides or a preference for the taste of
organically grown foods.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) food such as:
(C) food such as,
(D) food, such as
3- Dashes: — Definition…… — / — Definition…… .
*We use dashes as a super-comma or a set of super-commas to set off parenthetical
elements, especially when those elements contain internal forms of punctuation:
EX:
- Without dash: All four of them, Bob, Jeffry, Jason, and Brett, did well in college. X
- With dash: All four of them—Bob, Jeffry, Jason, and Brett—did well in college. √
- When I arrived to Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, I impressed by Petronas Twin
Towers, a pair of glass-and-steel-clad skyscrapers with Islamic motifs.
- When I arrived to Kuala Lumpur, I impressed by Petronas Twin Towers—a pair of glass-
and-steel-clad skyscrapers with Islamic motifs.

*We chose dash from choices only when we find dash in the sentence:
- When we think about animals depicted in well-known works of art, the image of dogs
playing poker—popularized in a series of paintings by American artist C. M. Coolidge,
may be the first and only one that comes to mind.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Coolidge—
(C) Coolidge;
(D) Coolidge

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Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

*We use dashes to give examples:

- The designer envisions the game′s fundamental elements: the settings, characters, and
plots that make each game unique, and is thus a primary creative force behind a video
game.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) elements: the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique—
(C) elements—the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique—
(D) elements; the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique;

4- Subject + verb (,) FANBOYS + Subject + verb

(for / and / nor / but / or / yet / so)
All of my friends went to the concert last Saturday, but I couldn’t go.
Our next-door neighbor rang the doorbell, so our dog barked.

- (,) FANBOYS + Subject + Verb (When the FANBOYS linkers are preceded by
COMMA, SUBJECT + VERB must follow them).
- FANBOYS + Verb (when the FANBOYS linkers aren’t preceded by COMMA,
ONLY VERB must follow them).
- ; or : FANBOYS ×

SAT Question
- Ulysses wants to play for U-Conn: but he has had trouble meeting the academic
requirements.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) U-Conn; but
(C) U-Conn, but
(D) U-Conn, but,

- Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) applications: and
(C) applications; and
(D) applications, and

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Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

5- Subject + verb (;) CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS (,) + Subject + verb

Subject + verb (;) Subject + verb (,) CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Run-on: Joan lived in Tokyo for ten years, she can't speak any Japanese.
Revised: Joan lived in Tokyo for ten years; nevertheless, she can't speak any Japanese.
Joan lived in Tokyo for ten years; she can't speak any Japanese, nevertheless.

NB:
SAT Question:
- The Basque language is not closely related to any other language in the world, its origins
therefore cannot be determined scholars.
(A) No change
(B) ;therefore, scholars cannot determine its origins
(C) :therefore scholars therefore not determining its origins
(D) , scholars therefore not determining its origins

- It has been raining for the last five day, therefore the drought predicted by experts has
averted, if only temporarily.
(A) No change
(B) ; therefore, the drought
(C) , the drought
(D) , therefore, the drought

- The swiftest animal on earth, the cheetah can reach a top speed of about 70 miles
per hour, it can maintain that speed for no more than 300 yards.
(A) No change
(B) hour but can
(C) hour, but they can
(D) hour, however, it can

- The Pony Express was an ingenious system for carrying mail; it was in existence only
briefly, however, before the telegraph system made it obsolete.
(A) No change
(B) mail, for it was in existence only briefly, however,
(C) mail; however, existing only briefly
(D) mail, but was existing only briefly

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Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

6- Conjunction + subject + verb (,) Subject + verb

Run-on: It rained every day, we enjoyed our camping holiday.
Revised: Although it rained every day, we enjoyed our camping holiday.
Run-on: our next-door neighbor rang the doorbell, our dog barked.
Revised: Because our next-door neighbor rang the doorbell, our dog barked.

SAT Question
- The Ancient Egyptians had a varied diet and ate no refined sugar, they did not suffer
from the tooth decay associated with the consumption of processed sugar.
(A) No change
(B) The Ancient Egyptians, who had varied diet and did not eat refined sugar, and
(C) With a varied diet and them not eating refined sugar, the Ancient Egyptians
(D) Because the Ancient Egyptians had a varied diet that was free of refined sugar, they

7- Subject + verb + Conjunction + subject + verb

We enjoyed our camping holiday although it rained every day.
Our dog barked because our next-door neighbor rang the doorbell.

NB:
; or : + LINKER ......... most likely INCORRECT
LINKER............................. (,) LINKER................................... IS INCORRECT
LINKER..............................(;)......................................... IS INCORRECT

Answer the following questions:

- Many psychologists do not use hypnosis in their practices, it is because they know very
little about it and are wary of it as a result
(A) No change
(B) practices because they know very little about it and are therefore wary of it
(C) practices because of knowing very little about it and therefore they are wary of it
(D) practices, their knowledge

- Sugar alcohols-sugar substitutes used in various brands of sugar-free chewing gum-do

not cause tooth decay, however, they contain calories.
(A) No change
(B) decay, they contain calories though
(C) decay; although they contain calories
(D) decay but do contain calories

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 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

- Although both birds are known for their distinctive songs, but the Rufus song lark has a
sweeter song than has the brown song lark.
(A) No change
(B) Both birds are known for their distinctive songs,
(C) Those birds are known for their distinctive songs;
(D) Many birds are known for their distinctive songs

- While females were not allowed to compete in the Olympic games of ancient Greece;
they were not even allowed to watch them.
(A) No change
(B) Even though females were not allowed
(C) Females were not allowed
(D) They did not allow females

8- Phrase (,) Clause OR Clause (,) Phrase (MODIFIERS CASE)

(We studied this point in the Modifiers chapter in details)

*To convert the CLAUSE into PHRASE:

1) Remove the SUBJECT AND THEN convert the VERB into GERUND or PP.

Example:

- Antonio found the Baltimore waterfront fascinating, Antonio thoroughly explored all that
there was to see. (there is a run-on sentence error, so to avoid it you can convert either
of the two sentences into a phrase).
- Finding the Baltimore waterfront fascinating, Antonio thoroughly explored all that there
was to see.
2) Start the second sentence with (, who / , which / , whom / , whose /, of which / ,
each Or that "without comma").
- Mr. Sam taught us some new lessons, these lessons were very hard. X
- Mr. Sam taught us some new lessons, which were very hard. √
- Mr. Sam taught us some new lessons, some of which were very hard. √
- Nick is very grateful for his grandfather, his grandfather taught him many things in life. X
- Nick is very grateful for his grandfather, who taught him many things in life. √

3) Convert the second sentence into definition: Revise Modifiers Chapter

- Yesterday I met Mr. Sam, he is a teacher who helped me is SAT in my high school. X
- Yesterday I met Mr. Sam, a teacher who helped me is SAT in my high school. √

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Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

SAT Question:

- I had never encountered such arrogance before, I did not know how to react.
(A) No change
(B) I never encountered
(C) Never had I encountered
(D) Never having encountered

- Textile production has a serious environmental impact, it consumes a significant amount

of all the water used worldwide.
(A) No change
(B) its consumption is
(C) this consumes
(D) consuming

- 1-MCP works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, it is a chemical that causes

fruit to ripen and eventually rot.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) being
(C) that is
(D) DELETE the underlined portion.

Which choice most effectively combines the two sentences at the underlined
portion?
- In neighborhoods throughout the United States, one can encounter hundreds of
different rope-jumping games. These rope-jumping games have their own rules.
(A) rope-jumping games; having their own rules.
(B) rope-jumping games, each with its own rules
(C) rope-jumping games, and the rope-jumping games have their own rules
(D) rope-jumping games, when they each have their own rules

COORDINATING
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
CONJUNCTIONS
(FAN BOYS)
For ……. F Therefore – thereby - thus Although - Even though
Though – Because – as
And……. A Consequently – hence
+ Clause
Nor……. N Subsequently – however because of - Despite –
But…….. B Nonetheless – nevertheless in spite of - due to + Phrase
Or……… O Instead – still After - before – When - If
Yet…….. Y Also – moreover While + Clause or Phrase
So………. S Furthermore - besides

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 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

B) Inappropriate linker: it is about the meaning of the linker.

Yesterday I was sick, so I went to my work. X
Yesterday I was sick, but I went to my work. √
Although the typhoon, my parents ended their trip one day early. X
Because of the typhoon, my parents ended their trip one day early. √

Exercises:
1. She is a graceful dancer, (but / and) people enjoy watching her.
2. Other dancers try to imitate her style, (yet / and) they have not succeeded.
3. This room is old (but / and) comfortable.
4. I was very tired, (and / so) I went to bed early yesterday.
5. This old woman spoke neither Polish (and / nor) Russian.
6. She tried to learn Chinese, (and / but) it was too difficult.
7. Last night I was very tired, (so / and) I went to sleep.
8. This is Mary. She is very rich, (so / but) she isn't happy.
9. She is good at maths, (and / yet) her favourite subject is history.
10. He easily passed the exams, (for / but) he studied quite thoroughly.
11. I'm Polish, (but / and) my mother is Russian.
12. Chris needed some money, (so / and) he borrowed some from his parents.

SAT questions:
The stoic school of thought was founded in the 4th century BCE, and its most well-known
follower lived and wrote much later.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) BCE, so its
(C) BCE, however its
(D) BCE, but its
The Stoics, unlike the Epicureans, believed that a divine will they called the logos influenced
all events.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) divine will, they called
(C) divine will: they called
(D) divine will–they called
Suspicious for not wanting to cause a false alarm, he did not say anything to the coachmen.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) nor
(C) but
(D) so

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 Chapter 3
Practice
1. Although some members of the jury
suspected that defendant was guilty, but
none of the evidence against him turned
out to be more than circumstantial.
(A) No change
(B) , therefore none
(C) , none
(D) ; none
2. One of only a few venomous mammals,
the Slow Loris coats the fur of its young
offspring with toxic saliva. This saliva
protects them from predators.
(A) No change
(B) saliva, it protects them
(C) saliva, protecting them
(D) saliva, they are protected
3. Because European filmmaking all but
shut down during the First World War, so
the film industry in the United States rose
to prominence.
(A) No change
(B) Because European filmmaking all but
shut down during the First World
War,
(C) European filmmaking all but shut
down during the First World War,
(D) The Fact that European
filmmaking nearly shut down
during the First
World War is why
4. Whereas the participating candidates
described the debate as vigorous, it
seemed downright hostile.
(A) No change
(B) but to some members of the audience
it seemed
(C) and it seemed to some members of the
audience
(D) and seemed to some members of
the audience
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Combining Sentences
5. Our modern solar calendar, established in
1582, is based on the Julian calendar, Julius
Caesar introduced it in 46 B.C.
(A) No change
(B) calendar, which is what was introduced
by Julius Caesar
(C) calendar, with an introduction by Julius
Caesar
(D) calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar
6. The new medical school is accepting
applications from around the world. There
will be 200 places in the entering class.
(A) world, there will be
(B) world, and there would be
(C) world; with
(D) world for the
7. A recent report indicates that sleep- deprived
drivers caused more than 100,000 accidents
last year, they fall asleep at the wheel.
(A) No change
(B) year, and they fall
(C) year by falling
(D) year, and falling
8. Alice Guy Blaché, an early filmmaker,
introduced close-ups and double exposures,
also she sets cars on fire, used rats in special
effects sequences, and ran film backward.
(A) No change
(B) exposures, and also she sets
(C) exposures, she sets
(D) exposures; she also set
9. The fabled city of Timbuktu was founded by
nomads, they were seeking shelter from the
Sahara desert on the cool banks of the Niger
river.
(A) No change
(B) nomads, seeking
(C) nomads; seeking
(D) nomads which sought
 Chapter 3
10. The charges against the organization are
being investigated by a committee. It
includes several senators.
(A) committee, it includes
(B) committee; it including
(C) committee, and it will include
(D) committee that includes
11. Although one might think that contact
lenses are a recent innovation, but in fact
were developed more than a century ago.
(A) No change
(B) but they were in fact
(C) they have in fact been
(D) they were in fact
12. A poetic form congenial to Robert
Browning was the dramatic monologue, it
let him explore a character's mind without
the simplification demanded by stage
productions.
(A) No change
(B) monologue, which let him explore
(C) monologue that lets him explore
(D) monologue; letting him explore
13. We generally think of Canada as the
northern neighbor of the United States.
More than half of the states extend farther
north than Canada’s southernmost point.
(A) No change
(B) States, and it is the case that more than
half of the states extend
(C) States, but more than half of the states
extending
(D) States; however, more than half of the
states extend
14. Scientists predict technological changes
in the next century, they will be as
dramatic as was the development of the
transcontinental railroad in the last
century.
(A) No change
(B) century, these changes will be
as dramatic as
(C) century; being as dramatic as was
(D) century will be as dramatic as
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Combining Sentences
15. Diamond is harder than any other naturally
occurring mineral, and the reason is
because its carbon atoms are arranged in a
strongly bonded crystal structure.
(A) No change
(B) mineral and because
(C) mineral because
(D) mineral by
16. Relatively little is known about Suminoe
Oyster, which is new to the
Chesapeake Bay, This has resulted in it
being difficult for scientists to decide
whether it may disturb the ecosystem there.
(A) No change
(B) Bay, which have resulted in difficulty
(C) Bay; they result in difficulty
(D) Bay; as a result, it is difficult
17. Which choice most effectively combines
the two sentences?
The visiting professor's application for an
extended appointment was dismissed rudely
and abruptly by the chancellor of
the university. The chancellor considered
the professor unfit for the job.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) university, who considered
(C) university, who considers
(D) university, and he considered
18. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin used X-Ray to
discover the chemical structures of
penicillin and vitamin B12, winning a
Noble Prize for her work.
(A) No change
(B) she then won a Nobel Prize for her
work
(C) this work won her a Nobel Prize
(D) she won a Nobel Prize for her work
 Chapter 3
Homework
1. The brains of infants have many more
neural connections than the brains of adults
do, but they are much less efficient.
(A) No change
(B) but it is much less efficient
(C) but the efficiency being lower
(D) their efficiency is much lower, though
2. Maya Lin is best known for designing the
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, but her work
also including buildings, furniture, and
sculptures in stone, wood, and glass.
(A) No change
(B) but her work also includes
(C) but her work also having included
(D) her work also includes
3. In his Star Wars films, director
George Lucas is a contemporary
mythmaker, Plus being a master of special
effects.
(A) No change
(B) Lucas, a contemporary mythmaker,
moreover
(C) Lucas is a contemporary mythmaker as
well as
(D) Lucas is a contemporary mythmaker,
he is also
4. Because its early history is not fully known,
Origami, the art of folding objects out of
paper without cutting, pasting, or
decorating, seems to have developed from
the older art of folding cloth.
(A) No change
(B) Since
(C) Although
(D) As
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Combining Sentences
5. Chipmunks do not technically hibernate,
but they do remain in their dens or burrows
during cold periods.
(A) No change
(B) hibernate, but remaining
(C) hibernate, but they remained
(D) hibernate, they remain
6. Though the Savannah was the first
steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, it
relied on its sail, rather than its steam
engine, for most of the voyage.
(A) No change
(B) they relied
(C) but it relied
(D) but relying
7. The film was full of suspense, this made
Riya keep her hands gripped tightly to her
seat.
(A) No change
(B) The film, which was full of suspense,
keeping Riya's
(C) The suspenseful film made Riya keep
her
(D) Being full of suspense, Riya found that
film made her keep her
8. Because many Szechuan recipes require for
one to cook without there having to be
interruption, it is a good idea to measure all
in gradients advance.
(A) No change
(B) Because many Szechuan recipes
require that one cook without
interruption,
(C) Being that many Szechuan recipes
require you to cook and not be
interrupted,
(D) Many Szechuan recipes require that
one cook without interruption and
 Chapter 3
9. We generally think of Canada as the
northern neighbor of the United States.
More than half of the states extend farther
north than Canada′s southernmost point.
(A)No change
(B) States, and it is the case that more than
half of the states extend
(C) States, but more than half of the states
extending
(D)States; however, more than half of the
states extend
10. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a
descent of John and Priscilla Alden, whose
romance he celebrated in the narrative
poem "The Courtship of Miles Standish".
(A) No change
(B) he celebrated their romance
(C) their romance was celebrated by him
(D) it was their romance he celebrates
11. A discovery in New Jersey actually
contributed to the early economic
development of America and, in 1714, a
worker uncovered a green rock containing
copper.
(A) No change
(B) America when, in 1714, a worker
uncovered
(C) America, thus, in 1714, a worker
uncovered
(D) America, that being a worker in 1714
uncovering
12. Nancy and Carlos will represent Central
High in the swimming competition, their
work in having been excellent this year.
(A) No change
(B) competition, they have done excellent
work this year in this
(C) competition, for their swimming has
been excellent this year
(D) competition, their work as swimmers
having been excellent this year.
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Combining Sentences
13. Because fiscal problems will force some
cities to lay off firefighters, and so the state
legislature must decide whether to provide
those cities with financial aid.
(A) No change
(B) firefighters is a matter
(C) firefighters,
(D) firefighters; this is a problem
14. At lunchtime, Kevin paid for
Anita′s hamburger; the reason is because he
owed her money.
(A) No change
(B) hamburger; the reason is because he
owed
(C) hamburger because he owed
(D) hamburger because of the fact of owing
15. Having already become famous for his
Arctic expedition, polar explorer Frid
Nansen won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922
for his humanitarian work.
(A) No change
(B) His having already become
(C) He had already been
(D) He was already
16. You cannot expect to treat your friends
badly and no one notice.
(A) No change
(B) and have no one notice
(C) without notice by someone
(D) without the result of somebody noticing
17. Increased competition in this market will
certainly lower prices, which some
economists are warning that it may also
lower the quality of service.
(A) No change
(B) however, some economists have
warned
(C) but some economists warn
(D) although some economists warning
 Chapter 3
18. The beaver is the largest rodent in North
America, it has a large, flat, nearly hairless
tail: webbed hind feet; and short front legs
with hairy claws.
(A) No change
(B) The beaver, the largest rodent in North
America, which
(C) The largest rodent in North America,
the beaver
(D) The largest rodents in North America,
the beaver
19. Although Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was far
from being the only eighteenth-century
scientist to propose temperature scale, but
he was one of the few that were widely
used.
(A) No change
(B) though he was one of the few that were
widely used
(C) whereas he was one of the few that
were widely used
(D) he was one of the few that were widely
used
20. A recent study by two professors at the
University of California, Santa Cruz, Chris
Wilmers and James Estes, suggests, that
kelp forests protected by sea otters can
absorb as much as twelve times the amount
of carbon dioxide.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Estes suggests—that
(C) Estes suggests, that
(D) Estes suggests that
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Combining Sentences
21. The television show Soul Train reached the
height of its popularity n the 1970s and
1980s, it was showcasing the latest songs
by outstanding rhythm-and-blues, soul, and
hip-hop artists.
(A) No change
(B) showcasing
(C) when it showcases
(D) when they showcased
22. We had never seen anything like this style
of architecture before, we thought we were
looking at giant sculpture, not buildings.
(A) No change
(B) We never saw
(C) Never having seen
(D) Never seeing
23. Many college students think that school
policies should not be dictated by
administrative officers but instead they
should be submitted to the approval of the
students.
(A) No change
(B) but they should have been submitted to
the approval of the students.
(C) but should be submitted to the students
for approval
(D) however, they ought to be submitted to
the students for their approval
24. As a choreographer, Judith Jamison has
enriched the world of dance, she uses as her
work inspiration African American culture.
(A) No change
(B) Jamison has enriched the world of dance
with works inspired by
(C) Jamison, who has enriched the world of
dance by works whose inspiration are
(D) Jamison enriches the world of dance
through works that had the inspiration of
 Chapter 3
Official Questions
*The heading of the question:
"Which choice most effectively combines the two sentences at the underlined portion?"
TIP 1: Choose the right type of linking, right linker, and concise answer "review Run-on Sentence"
Official Examples:
Typically, the ice sheet begins to show
evidence of thawing in late .13. summer. This follows
several weeks of higher temperatures.
Also, studies have found that those students
who major in philosophy often do better than students
from other majors in both verbal reasoning and
analytical .39. writing. These results can be measured
by standardized test scores.
The plainer rooms are more sparsely .18. furnished.
Their architectural features, furnishings, and
decorations are just as true to the periods they
represent.
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Combining Sentences
Which choice most effectively combines the
two sentences at the underlined portion?
A) summer, following
B) summer, and this thawing follows
C) summer, and such thawing follows
D) summer and this evidence follows
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
A) writing as
B) writing, and these results can be
C) writing, which can also be
D) writing when the results are
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
A) furnished by their
B) furnished, but their
C) furnished: their
D) furnished, whereas
 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

TIP 2: In the long sentence, when the sentence is very long and the question asks you to rearrange it, you
have to separate the sentence to parts, and find the same parts in the choices.
Let's see…..

In context, which choice best combines the

..7.. Artificial light sources are also costly aside from
lowering worker productivity. They typically
constitute anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a
building’s energy use.
underlined sentences?
A) Aside from lowering worker productivity,
artificial light sources are also costly, typically
constituting anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a
building’s energy use.
B) The cost of artificial light sources, aside from
lowering worker productivity, typically
constitutes anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a
building’s energy use.
C) Typically constituting 25 to 50 percent of a
building’s energy use, artificial light sources
lower worker productivity and are costly.
D) Artificial lights, which lower worker productivity
and are costly, typically constitute anywhere
from 25 to 50 percent of a building’s energy use.

First: We will separate the sentence to parts like that:

1- Artificial light sources are also costly
2- aside from lowering worker productivity
3- They typically constitute anywhere
4- from 25 to 50 percent of a building’s energy use
Second: Eliminate any choice which has different parts:
Choice (B): part 1 is different: The cost of artificial light sources
Choice (C): part 1 and 2 are different from the original: artificial light sources lower worker productivity
and are costly.
Choice (D): part 1 and 2 are different from the original: which lower worker productivity and are costly
Third: Find the nearest answer to the original:
Choice (A): Aside from lowering worker productivity / artificial light sources are also costly / typically
constituting anywhere / from 25 to 50 percent of an energy use.

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 Chapter 3
Official Examples:
.23. 1-MCP lengthens storage life by three to four
times when applied to apples. This extended life
allows producers to sell their apples in the off-season,
months after the apples have been harvested..
..8.. The result was an explosion of mural painting
that spread throughout California and the
southwestern United States in the 1970s. It was the
Chicano mural movement.
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Combining Sentences
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
A) When applied to apples, 1-MCP lengthens
storage life by three to four times, allowing
producers to sell their apples in the off-season,
months after the apples have been harvested.
B) Producers are allowed to sell their apples
months after they have been harvested—in the
off-season—because 1-MCP, when applied to
apples, lengthens their storage life by three to
four times.
C) 1-MCP lengthens storage life, when applied
to apples, by three to four times, allowing
producers to sell their apples months after the
apples have been harvested in the off-season.
D) Months after apples have been harvested,
producers are allowed to sell their apples, in the
off-season, because 1-MCP lengthens storage life
when applied to apples by three to four times.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
A) The result was an explosion, the Chicano mural
movement, of mural painting that spread
throughout California and the southwestern
United States in the 1970s.
B) The result was the Chicano mural movement, an
explosion of mural painting that spread
throughout California and the southwestern
United States in the 1970s.
C) The explosion of mural painting that spread
throughout California and the southwestern
United States in the 1970s was the resulting
Chicano mural movement.
D) An explosion of mural painting resulted and it
spread throughout California and the
southwestern United States in the 1970s; it was
the Chicano mural movement.
 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

Exercises:
An SLP who specializes in speech may work on
articulation or phonation, though some of these
specialists will also work with attention and memory.
In particular, they work with the components of those
practices that deal with language.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
A) NO CHANGE
B) memory; they work in particular with the
components
C) memory. Particularly the components
D) memory, particularly the components

Which choice most effectively combines the

Over twenty cities throughout the empire bear his underlined sentences?
name. Alexandria, Egypt, perhaps the most famous of A) thrive; it is
these cities, continues to thrive. It is the second- B) thrive, is
largest city in the modern nation of Egypt. C) thrive. It's
D) thrive and is

Which choice most effectively combines the

This time of great political and social change also saw
an artistic revolution. The Impressionist movement
arose to challenge the conventions of art.
underlined sentences?
A) Revolution, and in addition The
Impressionist movement also
B) Revolution, such as The Impressionist
movement that
C) Revolution, as The Impressionist movement
D) Revolution, but The Impressionist
movement

Which choice most effectively combines the

Echolocation thus enables microbats to hunt in the underlined sentences?
dead of night. This is a time when darkness keeps A) night, as
them safe from predators. B) night, being a time when
C) night, considering that
D) night, when

Which choice most effectively combines the

That's part of the appeal of this career. Each day underlined sentences?
offers unique opportunities and unique challenge. A) career each,
B) career each
C) career, each
D) career: each

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 Chapter 3
Vitamin C is important for good health. People
should make sure they get the recommended amount
by eating a balanced diet.
Critics argue that modern streetcars aren't any faster
than local buses. Critics argue that this is the reason
modern streetcars will never be cost-effective.
The critical impact to the environment must also be
taken into account. Proper regulations were either not
in place or not enforced.
It was signed in 1987. This document created
restrictions on chemicals that were known to be
dangerous to the protective barrier that the ozone
layer offers earth.
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Combining Sentences
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
A) good health., making sure
B) good health, but people should make sure
C) good health, and people should make sure
D) good health; however making sure
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
A) Critics argue that modern streetcars aren't
any faster than local buses and therefore
will never be cost-effective.
B) Critics argue that modern streetcars aren't
any faster than local buses and that they will
never be cost-effective.
C) Critics argue that modern streetcars aren't
any faster than local buses and Critics argue
they will never be cost-effective.
D) Critics argue that modern streetcars aren't
any faster than local buses, so critics say
they will never be cost-effective.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
A) be taken into account, and proper
regulations
B) be taken into account since without proper
regulations
C) be taken into account, as proper regulations
D) be taken into account; however, proper
regulations
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
A) Signed in 1987, this document
B) Because it was signed in 1987, this
document
C) It was signed in 1987, and this document
D) It was signed in 1987 so this document
 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

Mini Exam
Seeking Support at Emory University
. 1 .. .
Ruofei Chen’s family is from China . 1 .for
she grew up in Lima, Peru. She knew those (A) NO CHANGE
(B) and
parts of the world . 2 . and studied for (C) so
(D) nor
her undergraduate degree in Asia and Latin
America. . 2 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
. 3 . However, Ruofei Chen chose to start (B) , and, studied
a master’s degree program in 2015, she says (C) and—studied
(D) ,and studied
she wanted something really different.
Ruofei Chen chose a new field of study . 3 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
called development practice. This field tries to (B) Although
(C) When
explain how economic development can help
(D) Delete the underlined portion
solve poverty and other issues around the
. 4 .. .
world. (A) NO CHANGE
As this field is so . 4 . new, but only a few (B) new; only a few
(C) new: only a few
universities around the world offer a degree
(D) new, only a few
program for it. For Ruofei Chen, it has also
. 5 .. .
meant new challenges. (A) NO CHANGE
Because the U.S. is involved in (B) world, therefore Ruofei Chen wanted
(C) world; Ruofei Chen wanted
development around . 5 . world: Ruofei Chen
(D) world, Ruofei Chen wanted
wanted to study at a U.S. university. She
. 6 .. .
chose . 6 . Emory University; a private (A) NO CHANGE
research university just outside of Atlanta, (B) Emory University:

Georgia. (C) Emory University—

(D) Emory University and
Founded by the Methodist Episcopal . 7 .
Church in 1836, the school is now home to . 7 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
over 14,700 students. The founders of the (B) Church in 1836; the school
Coca-Cola Company helped build the current (C) Church in 1836: the school
(D) Church in 1836 and the school
campus in 1914.

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 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

. 8 . She had no idea what to expect and. . 8 .. .

This caused some problems for her right away
when Ruofei Chen arrived at Emory.
"Grad school in (the) U.S. can be really
busy - like, really busy, depending on how
much elective classes you are enrolled in."
Ruofei Chen studies in the hours between
her classes, at night and on the weekends. She
also has to make connections with people and
work on group projects.
She is also planning a trip to Nicaragua in
the summer of 2016 to help prevent . 9 .
diseases. The diseases affect people in .10.
poverty; This is part of an Emory Global
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) When Ruofei Chen arrived at Emory,
This caused some problems for her
right away and the reason is she had no
idea what to expect
(C) When Ruofei Chen arrived at Emory,
she had no idea what to expect: This
caused some problems for her right
away.
(D) Some problems were caused immediately
once Ruofei Chen arrived at Emory and
she had no idea what to expect

Health Institute project. . 9 .. .

All of this happens in English, .11. and it is (A) NO CHANGE

(B) diseases that affect people
not her native language. But Ruofei Chen has
(C) diseases ,and these diseases affect
found that Emory wants her to succeed. For people
over 20 years, Emory’s Laney Graduate (D) diseases which can also affect people
School English Language Support . 10 .. .

Program has offered special English lessons. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) Poverty,
Once a week Ruofei Chen meets one-on-
(C) Poverty—
one with .12. Peggy Wagner—a teacher with (D) Poverty:
the program. Together, they work on more . 11 .. .
than just English grammar or vocabulary. (A)NO CHANGE
Wagner helps Ruofei Chen examine how her (B)who
voice sounds and how to use the language in (C)which
(D)Delete the underlined portion
different ways.
12
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Peggy Wagner; a teacher with the
program
(C) Peggy Wagner. A teacher with the
program
(D) Peggy Wagner, a teacher with the

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 Chapter 3 Combining Sentences

Answers

Explanation:
Page 2: √ / X / X / X / √ / X
Page 3: B / C / D / B
Page 4: C / C / A
Page 5: B / B / B / A
Page 6: D / B / D
Page 7: B / C / D
Page 8: D / B
Page 9: and / yet / but / so / nor / but / so / but / yet / for / but / so / D / A / C

Practice:
1 C / 2 C / 3 B / 4 A / 5 D / 6 D / 7 C / 8 D / 9 B / 10 D / 11 D / 12 B / 13 D / 14 D / 15 C / 16 D
17 B / 18 A

Homework
1 A / 2 B / 3 C / 4 C / 5 A / 6 A / 7 C / 8 B / 9 D / 10 A / 11 B / 12 C / 13 C / 14 C/ 15 A / 16 B
17 C / 18 C / 19 D / 20 D / 21 B/ 22 C / 23 C / 24 B

Official Questions
Page 1: A / A / B
Page 2: A
Page 3: A / B
Page 4: D / D / C / D / D
Page 5: C / A / D / A

MINI EXAM
1 B / 2 A / 3 C / 4 D / 5 D / 6 B / 7 A / 8 C / 9 B / 10 D / 11 C / 12 D

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

Parallelism
1) Lists
All items in a list or series should be in the same grammatical form. Look for items separated by
commas.
er nd, ger nd, nd ger nd √
Gerund, gerund, but infinitive x
Verb, verb, or noun x
Examples:
- I am interested in studying geology, playing chess, and going to the theatre.

SAT Questions:
- All year round, tourists come to Oregon to hike the tree-covered hills, explore the pine forests,
ski on the snowy mountains, visit the sandy coast, and swimming in the chilly ocean.
(A) No change
(B) and to swim
(C) and swam
(D) and swim

- Joseph’s weekend plans so far included finishing his research paper, paying his rent and utilities,
stopping in for a visit with his grandparents, and to make out a new class schedule.
(A) No change
(B) and make out
(C) and making out
(D) and made out

- After the tree was cut down, the workers spent the next few hours cutting off the numerous
branches, sweeping up the debris, and pick up the piles of leaves left on the ground.
(A) No change
(B) and picking up
(C) and picked up
(D) and to pick up

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

2) Correlative linkers
NOT ONLY + structure + BUT ALSO + the same structure

- The process known as thermal conversion is advantageous because it not only breaks down plastic
waste and also converts it into oil.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but converts
(C) but also converts
(D) and also converting
- Like her nonfiction, Jean Craighead George's fiction draws extensively not only from published
material but also she had firsthand observations of animals and ecological systems.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also from
(C) and also from
(D) but also having

NOT JUST / MERELY + structure + BUT ALSO + the same structure

- The book is useful because it offers not just philosophy and theory but also tells you what and how
to live every day.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also it gives ways of everyday living
(C) but also advice for everyday living
(D) but also it gives practical advice for everyday life

NEITHER+ structure + NOR + the same structure

EITHER+ structure + OR + the same structure
1- Although Marion had made a commitment to painting by September, she had neither the energy or
the inclination continue working on it.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) or she had the inclination
(C) nor the inclination
(D) and the inclination

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

2- Travel writing often describes a journey and endurance, a trip that is risky either because of natural
hazards but also because of political unrest.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also due to
(C) or because there was
(D) or because of

BETWEEN + structure + AND + the same structure

When I learned that both events were scheduled for the same evening, I found it difficult to choose
between goings to the basketball game or attend the rock concert
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) or to attend
(C) and attending
(D) and to attend

SO MUCH + structure + AS + the same structure

- The article praised Isaac Dinesen not so much for her genius as a storyteller but because she was
remarkably defiant of society's expectations of women during the early twentieth century.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but because of her remarkable defiance
(C) as for her remarkable defiance
(D) as it did her remarkable defiance

BOTH + structure + AND + the same structure

- In contemporary fiction, ambiguous endings both allow readers to imagine their own stories and it
forces them to recognize life's complexity.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) force them to recognize
(C) forcing them to recognize
(D) to force them to recognize

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

THAT + structure + AND + the same structure

- The German choreographer Pina Bausch Created dances that incorporated every day Human
gestures and alternating between highly stylized, precise movement and more flowing, expressive
ones.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) and to alternate
(C) and alternated
(D) and also alternating

TO+ structure + AND + the same structure

- In their search for ways to extend the human life span and warding off diseases, scientists find
themselves focusing not on expanding the diet but rather on limiting it.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) ward
(C) to ward
(D) also ward

MUST + structure + OR / AND + the same structure

- Unlike bears and some other carnivorous animals that can survive on plants when meat is scarce,
wild cats must capture prey or to go hungry.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) going
(C) went
(D) go

Structure + THAN / RATHER THAN + the same structure

- In a study published in 2010, Japanese scientists found that people experience greater health
benefits from walking in the forest than if they walk in the city.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) than from walking in the city
(C) compared to a walk in the city
(D) than walks in the city

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

- When being interviewed for a job, you should emphasize what you can do for the employer rather
than what can the employer do for you.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) does the employer do for you
(C) the employer can do for you
(D) did the employer do for you

JUST AS + structure + SO + the same structure

- Many environmentalists think that it is just as important to use existing energy sources efficiently
than it is to develop pollution-free means of generating energy.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) so
(C) but
(D) but also

Structure + LINKER + the same structure

- Explaining modern art is impossible, partly because of its complexity but largely because of it
rapidly changing.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) it makes rapid changes
(C) of the rapidity with which it changes
(D) changing it is rapid

Gerund + FANBOYS + gerund

- In addition to cutting hair, barbers in Europe during The Middle Ages had the special function of
performing surgery and they pulled teeth.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) they pulling
(C) pulled
(D) pulling

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

3) Clear Comparisons
Noun of / in / at /Noun – compared to – Noun of / in / at / Noun
Noun of / in / at / Noun – compared to – that/those of /in/at/ Noun

The climate of Arizona is drier than South Carolina. (The sentence incorrectly compares a climate to a
state.)
 The climate of Arizona is drier than the climate of South Carolina.
 The climate of Arizona is drier than that of South Carolina.
Exercises: Correct the following sentences
1. Fresh vegetables at a farmers’ market are sometimes lower in price than a grocery.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Muscles in the leg are stronger than the arm.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SAT Question:
- In some species of birds, such as the peafowl, the plumage of the male is more colorful and more
variegated than the female.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) than are the females
(C) than that of the female
(D) compared to the female

Noun's noun – Compared to – Noun's noun / Noun’s

Noun's noun – Compared to – that / those of noun
This year s drought was much worse than last year. (The sentence incorrectly compares
drought to a last year)
 This year s drought was much worse than last year's drought.
 This year s drought was much worse than last year's.
 This year s drought was much worse than that of last year.
SAT Question:
- It is thought that a dog's sense of smell is generally 10,000 to 100,000 times better than humans.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) humans' are
(C) humans have
(D) a human's
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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

Subject + verb – compared to – subject + verb / do + subject

I wrote to Sally more often than Carlos. . (The sentence incorrectly compares wrote to Carlos)
 I wrote to Sally more often than did Carlos.

Exercises: Correct the following sentences

I finished my assignment earlier and more perfectly than Sara.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAT Question:
- Modern discus throwers use much the same technique of Ancient Greece.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) of Ancient Greece
(C) as Ancient Greece did
(D) as they did in Ancient Greece

V+ing – compared to – V + ing

Running outdoors burns about five percent more calories than running on a treadmill.
SAT Question:
- Eating food that has a high concentration of fat causes essentially the same reaction in the stomach
than if you eat too fast.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) than to eat
(C) as if one eats
(D) as eating

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

Practice
1- Hiroko was sitting at the breakfast table, 5- Although Marion had made a commitment to
engrossed in a novel, when the telephone painting by September, she had neither the
rang and abruptly recalling her to the energy or the inclination to continue working
present. on it.
(A) NO CHANGE (A) NO CHANGE
(B) recalled (B) and
(C) to recall (C) but
(D) she recalled (D) nor
2- The ancient Sumerians wrote on clay tablets 6- Unlike Thomas, neither Leslie or her
which were either hardened to preserve the younger brother Philip has an interest in a
writing and left unhardened so that they career in law.
could be inscribed again. (A) NO CHANGE
(A) NO CHANGE (B) nor
(B) or (C) but also
(C) nor (D) and
(D) but also
7- The charm of Lofting's book lies in the
3- The flowers that Jane and Jonathan ordered humorous reversal of roles—the animals
to be sent to their mother were less fresh and guide, assist, and generally they take care of
much more expensive than Carr's flower the helpless humans.
shop. (A) NO CHANGE
(A) NO CHANGE (B) to take
(B) than Carr (C) taking
(C) than that of Carr (D) take
(D) than Carr's flowers
8- When people gave up the hunter—gatherer
4- From its modest beginnings as a series of way of life and began to cultivate the soil
brief vignettes to its establishment as the and grow their food they often became less
longest running prime-time series on mobile, built more substantial residences,
television, The Simpsons transformed the and they developed more effective means of
way both the audiences and television storage.
programmers view the animated sitcom. (A) NO CHANGE
(A) NO CHANGE (B) developed
(B) both the audience and the television (C) developing
(C) both audience and the television (D) to develop
(D) both the audience plus the television

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 Chapter 4
9- The introduction of elevators in hotels meant
that previously undesirable rooms on the top
floors, away from the bustle and noise of the
street, became sought and more expensive
than the lower floors.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) rooms on the lower floors
(C) that of lower floors
(D) those of lower floors
10- The flavor of a Meyer lemon, a fruit native
to China, is sweeter and less acidic than that
of a common lemon, and a Meyer lemon's
skin is edible.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) a common lemon
(C) those of a common lemon
(D) any flavors
11- The proposed environmental legislation
would devote billions of dollars in federal
grants to conservation activities such as
acquiring new public lands, preserving
coastal habitats, and to establish urban parks.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) established
(C) also establish
(D) establishing
12- Experts who decipher ancient written
languages report that the Indus civilization's
script is more difficult to decode than other
civilizations.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) any other civilizations' scripts
(C) many civilizations
(D) any scripts
13- The revolt against Victorianism was perhaps
even more marked in poetry than either
fiction or drama.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) either fiction or in drama
(C) either in fiction or drama
(D) in either fiction or drama
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Parallelism
14- Used in sculpture, carving is the process of
reducing substances such as stone, wood, or
ivory to a desired shape by cutting or to chip
away unnecessary parts.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) chip
(C) chipping
(D) when chip
15- Studies have suggested that eating nuts—
almonds in particular—might help to lower
blood cholesterol levels in humans and
reducing the risk of heart disease by
protecting the blood vessels.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) to reduce
(C) by reducing
(D) reduce
16- The hummingbird may appear to be a
delicate creature, but its body is
proportionately more muscular than any
bird.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) more muscular than the other birds
(C) more muscular than that of any other
bird
(D) the most muscular of any other bird
17- According to some critics, the title character
of the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex saw
himself as the savior of his people and
believing erroneously that he could do no
wrong.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) believed
(C) believes
(D) to believe
 Chapter 4 Parallelism

18- The Arctic ringed seal employs its sharp- 23- When a steel mill is shut down because its
flippers not only to carve breadline holes in production methods have become antiquated
the thick sea ice and also to build its lair in what is lost is not only jobs and also a piece
snowdrifts over such holes. of industrial history.
(A) NO CHANGE (A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also building (B) but also
(C) but also to build (C) than
(D) but to build (D) or
19- It is thought that a dog's sense of smell is 24- Born around 46 C.E. in Greece, Plutarch is
generally 10,000 to 100,000 times better known primarily for parallel Lives, a series
than humans. of biographies in which he paired famous
(A) NO CHANGE Romans with famous Greeks and then
(B) humans' are comparing them in short essays.
(C) humans have (A) NO CHANGE
(D) a human's (B) to compare
20- Learning a foreign language is difficult not (C) by comparing
only because most languages contain an (D) compared
enormous number of words and because 25- Members of the Alvin Ailey Dance
people need to a language often to become Company have once again shown how the
comfortable with it. combination of strength and being agile can
(A) NO CHANGE produce beautiful movements.
(B) and also because people (A) NO CHANGE
(C) or because people (B) to be agile
(D) but also because people (C) agility
21- The computer company has increased sales (D) how to be agile
for three consecutive years, both by lowering 26- A museum in Cologne Germany, not only
prices on its personal computers and it added has exhibits on the history of chocolate and
new product lines. it offers a view of a factory floor where
(A) NO CHANGE visitors can watch a chocolate bar being
(B) adding made
(C) by adding (A) NO CHANGE
(D) to add (B) chocolate but also offers
22- Eating food that has a high concentration of (C) chocolate, they also offers
fat causes essentially the same reaction in the (D) chocolate and offers
stomach than if you eat too fast. 27- Because of its innovativeness and its
(A) NO CHANGE effective presentation, Mary's science project
(B) than to eat received more judges than did Jim.
(C) as if one eats (A) NO CHANGE
(D) as eating (B) Jim's
(C) did those of Jim
(D) did Jim's science project

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 Chapter 4
28- Lynn Margulis's theory that evolution is a
process involving interdependency rather
than competition among organisms differs
dramatically from most biologists.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) most biologists' theories
(C) that of most biologists
(D) any other biologists
29- The primatologist has argued that sustained
observation of a few animals provides better
behavioral data than does intermittent
observation of many animals.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) provides better behavioral data than
many animals are observed
intermittently
(C) providing better behavioral data than
does intermittent observation of many
animals
(D) do provide better behavioral data than
intermittent observation of many animals
do
30- Hubble's law has great significance not only
because it describes expansion of the
universe, it can also be used to calculate the
age of the cosmos.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) universe, but it also can
(C) universe but also because it can
(D) universe but because it also can
31- The owner's manual for the refrigerator
explained how to connect the ice maker,
replacing the light bulb, and positioning the
shelves.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) both replacing the light bulb as well as
positioning the shelves
(C) with replacing the light bulb and then
positioning the shelves
(D) replace the light bulb, and position the
shelves
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Parallelism
32- Because the high-altitude where it lives has
cold temperatures, dry soil, and growing
seasons are short, the bristlecone pine grows
slowly.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Short growing seasons
(C) Short seasons are growing
(D) Short seasons
33- In some species of birds, such as the
peafowl, the plumage of the male is more
colorful and more variegated than the
female.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) than are the females
(C) than that of the female
(D) compared to the female
34- Gustave Eiffel is famous not only for
building the Eiffel Tower but also for
designing the internal structure of the statue
of liberty.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Building the Eiffel Tower but also that
he designed
(C) Building the Eiffel Tower, he also
designed
(D) Having Build the Eiffel Tower and also
for designing
35- For many a brilliant architect, being free to
innovate is more important than being well
paid.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) having freedom of innovation is more
important than
(C) there is more importance in the freedom
to innovate than
(D) freedom to innovate has more
importance than
 Chapter 4
Homework
1- Both Dorothy Sayers plus Carolyn
Heilbronn have written scholarly works as
well as popular murder mysteries,
demonstrating a diversity of talents and
interests.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also
(C) and
(D) to
2- The bookstore sold three times as many
textbooks this week as they ordinarily do in
an entire month.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) as they ordinarily sell
(C) as it ordinarily sells
(D) than they ordinarily sell
3- The nineteenth-century lying of the first
telegraph cables between Europe and
America was a project plagued by cable
breakage, financial setbacks, and
overcoming logistical problem.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) plagued by cable the breakage and
financial setbacks, and by overcoming
logistical problems
(C) that was plagued by the occurrence of
cable breakage and s financial setbacks,
with logistical problems
(D) plagued by cable breakage, financial
setbacks, and logistical problems
4- One reason that an insect can walk on walls
while a human cannot is that the mass of its
tiny body is far lower than humans.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) far lower than that of the human's body
(C) lower by far than humans
(D) far lower than a human
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Parallelism
5- Meals prepared by the Algonquin Indians,
who were farmers as well as hunters,
included more maize and pumpkin than
other Indian tribes.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) pumpkin than did those prepared by
other Indian tribes
(C) pumpkin than that which other Indian
tribes did
(D) pumpkin; and other Indian tribes did not
prepare meals in this way
6- The current generation of high school
students has more educational opportunities,
job training possibilities, and career options
to consider before entering the work force
than any other generation has had
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) do any generation
(C) for other generations
(D) would any generation
7- The landscape artist who designed Central
Park New York City's central park believed
that providing scenic settings accessible to
all would not only benefit the public's
physical and mental health and also foster a
sense democracy.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) and would foster a sense of democracy
also
(C) but also foster a sense of democracy
(D) and foster a sense of democracy also
 Chapter 4
8- A fine orchestral performance will exhibit
the skills of the musicians, their abilities to
work as an ensemble, and how he or she
responds to the conductor.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) their responding
(C) their responses
(D) they respond
9- The bristlecone pine has a maximum life
span of about 5000 years, which is much
longer than almost any other tree.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) and this is much longer than
(C) much longer than that of
(D) much the longest of
10- Studying dance for many years, practicing
difficult steps every day, and frequent
performances has enabled the young dancer
the leading role in the spring production.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) a frequent performances, the young
dancer being enabled
(C) frequent performances, these enabled the
young dancer
(D) Performing frequently enabled the
young dancer
11- The furnace exploded, blowing off the door,
spraying greasy soot all over the basement
floor, and it would rattle furniture and
windowpanes throughout the building.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) it rattled
(C) causing the rattling of
(D) rattling
12- The development of an all-electric airplane
is more problematic and complex than an all-
electric car, several aeronautical companies
are working to design and build all electric
airplanes.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) all-electric cars
(C) those of an all-electric car
(D) the development of an all-electric car
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Parallelism
13- Confident that she was fully prepared, Ellen
decided to spend the night before the recital
reading and relaxing but not be practicing.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) more than to practice
(C) rather than practicing
(D) rather than having practiced
14- During the 1920s many Cuban painters who
had traveled abroad returned to their
homeland to produce paintings that were
more angular and stylized than conventional
Western painters.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) west painters who were conventional
(C) conventions of Western painting
(D) conventional Western paintings
15- When, after bleak and lonely years in an
English public school, he returned to India,
there was suddenly perceived by himself a
strong to write about the people and land he
love.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) suddenly the feeling that came to him
being
(C) he suddenly felt
(D) suddenly he had had the feeling of
16- I read recently that classical music is more
popular among European high school
students than students in America.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) than among American high school
students
(C) than the same music is among American
high schools
(D) than is its popularity among American
students
 Chapter 4
17- When chronological order is followed too
mechanically, they are obscuring rather than
clarifying important relationships.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) chronological order, if too mechanically
followed, obscures rather than it
clarifying important relationships
(C) chronological order, if followed too
mechanically, obscures rather than
clarifies important relationships
(D) if you follow a too mechanical
chronological order, it obscures rather
than clarifying important relationships
18- In his book on the Harlem Renaissance,
Huggins makes clear determination not only
to emulate his intellectual forebears and
recognizing that their challenges were
unique.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) while recognizing that
(C) but also to recognize that
(D) but also his recognition of how
19- The study found that the environmental costs
of producing and recycling paper cups were
as high as to produce and recycle
polystyrene cups.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) producing and recycling
(C) the production and recycling of
(D) those of producing and recycling
20- The survival of many species of marine life
may depend both the enforcement of waste-
disposal regulations and the education of the
public about the fragility of ocean resources.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) educating the public
(C) and the public being educated
(D) in combination with public education
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Parallelism
21- The judge ruled that the magazine must not
publish or in any way profiting from the
illegally obtained photographs
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) should they profit
(C) to profit
(D) profit
22- The art classes at the village museum are
more important for their social value than for
their educational contribution.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) than in the contribution they make
educationally
(C) rather than for the contribution they
make educationally
(D) instead of for their educational
contributions
23- To persuade his parents to let him study
abroad, Kenneth described other students'
positive experiences, explains how foreign
study would benefit his future career, and
assured them that he could get financial aid.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) explained how foreign study would
benefit his future career, and assured
(C) explaining how foreign study is
beneficial to his future career, and
assures
(D) he explained how foreign study would
benefit his future career, and assuring
24- The paintings by the junior high students
displayed more sophisticated color schemes
than the elementary school students.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) schemes than did those by the
elementary school students
(C) schemes as that which the elementary
school students did
(D) schemes, not like the elementary school
students
 Chapter 4
25- Through his novels Thomas Wolfe reveals to
us both the pain and the beauty of his
boyhood in the American south.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Not only the pain is revealed to us in
Thomas Wolfe's novels but he also
describes
(C) Thomas Wolfe, though the medium of
his novels , reveals to us both the pain
with
(D) As a novelist, Thomas Wolfe thus
revealing to us the pain and
26- Most famous for her record-breaking trip
around the world, Nellie (1864-1922) also
pioneered a new type of undercover
investigative journalism and inventing a type
of steel barrel.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) invents a type of steel barrel
(C) invented a type of steel barrel
(D) a type of steel barrel was invented by her
27- The underside of the starfish is covered
hundreds of tube feet, which it uses to walk
around, for attaching tightly to rocks, and
holding on to prey.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) to walk around, for its tight attachment
to rocks, and to hold
(C) for walking around, to attach tightly to
rocks, and holding
(D) for walking around, attaching tightly to
rocks, and holding
28- William Dalrymple's book is not only a
gripping tale of politics and power and also
evidence of the complexity of cross- cultural
relationships.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also
(C) as well as
(D) and
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Parallelism
29- To complete the music program, a student
must present one vocal performance, one
instrumental performance, and composing
one original work.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) and one original composition
(C) with one original composition
(D) and to compose one original work
30- Some Tibetan monks consider butter to be
not only a delicacy and also a substance of
spiritual value.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) as well as
(C) but also
(D) besides being
31- Daring a conference with Pravika's parents,
the teacher mentioned that Pravika had
demonstrated considerable ability in math
and to learn foreign languages.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) considerable ability in math and that she
could do it well in
(C) ability that was considerable math as
well as in learning
(D) considerable ability in math and in
32- Lorena Ochoa has been recognized not only
as a champion golfer but also being a
humanitarian, having created a foundation to
support young people in Mexico.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also as
(C) she also is
(D) also that she is
 Chapter 4
33- The 1922 silent film the toll of the sea is
notable both for being the first commercial
movie shot entirely in Technicolor and
Chinese American actor Anna Wong was
starring in it.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Chinese American actor Anna Way
Wong was starred in the film as well
(C) for starring Anna May Wong, a Chinese
American actor
(D) its star was Chinese American actor
Anna May Wong
34- The mansion house, once home to a thriving
utopian community, remained closed to the
public for over a century and reopening as a
museum in 1987.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) century it reopened
(C) century but reopened
(D) century, when reopening
35- After she won a gold medal in figure skating
at the 1956 Olympic Games, Tinley Albright
attended medical school and becoming a
surgeon.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) school and became
(C) school, she became
(D) school; also becoming
36- Veterans of World War II received greater
support from the public than the Korean and
Vietnam Wars.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) than did
(C) than did veterans of
(D) than from the support of
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Parallelism
37- A hot-air balloon rises when the air inside it
becomes warm, drops when that air cools
and moves sideways when blown by the
wind.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) moving sideways when the wind blows
(C) when the wind blows, the movement is
sideways
(D) caused to move sideways when blown
by the wind
38- A promising food source, the winged bean is
rich in protein, needs no fertilizer, and even
enriches the soil in which it grows.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) enriching the soil where they grow
(C) where they grow they enrich the soil
(D) the soil is enriched where they grow it
39- Running outdoors burns about five percent
more calories than if you are running on a
treadmill, in part this is because there is
greater wind resistance outdoors.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) if you run on treadmill, in part because
of the
(C) when running on a treadmill, in part
because of the
(D) running on the treadmill, in part because
there is
40- Between 1508 to 1512, Michelangelo,
working on a scaffold 60 feet above the
floor, painted the vaulted ceiling of the
Sistine chapel in Rome with hundreds of
giant figures that represented his vision of
the word's creation.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) or
(C) and
(D) but
 Chapter 4 Parallelism

Mini Exam
Making Bamboo a Common Building Material . 1 .. .

Bamboo is one of the world's most useful (A) NO CHANGE

(B) to building material
plants. For thousands of years bamboo has been
(C) building material
used in many different ways-from food to (D) also building material
medicine, to clothing and, in small ways. 1 . as a
. 2 .. .
building material.
However, bamboo is not often used as a (A) NO CHANGE
building material or . 2 .as food in the developed (B) to feed
(C) it used as food
world. It is not made according to officially set
(D) for food
measurements, or . 3 . in standardized way. It
simply grows in the ground. A professor at the . 3 .. .
University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania is trying (A) NO CHANGE
to change that. (B) standardizing
The professor and his students are testing and (C) to standardize
. 4 . to measure the strength of bamboo. They are (D) standards
testing its radial load, or how much pressure or . 4 .. .
. 5 . weigh it can take before breaking. That
(A) NO CHANGE
pressure was too much. (B) for measuring
First, it is strong. The strength of at least (C) measuring
three species of bamboo is . 6 . similar to steel. (D) measure
Besides its strength, Harries says that bamboo has . 5 .. .
other features that make it a great building
material. He says it is resilient, meaning it keeps (A) NO CHANGE
(B) weight
not only its shape . 7 . and also its strength even
(C) to weigh
under pressure. (D) its weight
"It's a remarkably strong material,
. 6 .. .
remarkably resilient. It's optimized to be very tall.
Obviously bamboo material, something like this, (A) NO CHANGE
might grow 20 meters and it supports its own (B) similar to those of the steel
(C) similar to the strength of the steel
weight, and, of course, it also supports huge wind
(D) than that of the steel
loads ... ."
. 7 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also its strength
(C) and its strength
(D) but also being strong

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

Bamboo also grows quickly. Bamboo . 8 .. .

that is suitable for construction needs (A) NO CHANGE
much less resources than . 8 . that of wood. (B) wooden objects
The harvest cycle of bamboo is about 3 (C) any kind of woods
(D) does wood
years. Softwoods such as cedar, pine and
. 9 . spruce have a harvest cycle of about 10 . 9 .. .
years. And hardwoods that come from
(A) NO CHANGE
flowering plants such as oak, maple and (B) what called spruce have a harvest cycle
walnut need more than 30 years. (C) spruce have a harvest cycle
(D) that of spruce have a harvest cycle

. 10 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) standardizing
(C) to standardize
(D) standards

. 11 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) for measuring
(C) measuring
(D) measure

. 12 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) weight
(C) to weigh
(D) its weight

. 13 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) similar to those of the steel
(C) similar to the strength of the steel
(D) than that of the steel

. 14 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) but also its strength
(C) and its strength
(D) but also being strong

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 Chapter 4 Parallelism

Answers
Explanation:
Page 1: D / C / B

Page 2: C/ B / C / C / D

Page 3: C / C / B / C / B

Page 4: D / B / C / B / C

Page 5: D / C / Fresh vegetables at a farmers’ market are sometimes lower in price than fresh vegetables
at a grocery / Fresh vegetables at a farmers’ market are sometimes lower in price than those at a
grocery / Muscles in the leg are stronger than muscles in the arm / Muscles in the leg are stronger than
those in the arm / C

Page 6: D / I finished my assignment earlier and more perfectly than Sara did OR did Sara / C / D

Practice:
1 B / 2 B / 3 D / 4 B / 5 D / 6 B / 7 D / 8 B / 9 B / 10 A / 11 D / 12 B / 13 D / 14 C / 15 D / 16 C / 17 B / 18 C / 19 D / 20
D / 21 C / 22 D / 23 B / 24 D / 25 C / 26 B / 27 D / 28 B / 29 A / 30 C / 31 D / 32 B / 33 C / 34 A / 35 A

Homework:
1 C/ 2 C/ 3 A / 4 B / 5 B / 6 A / 7 C / 8 C / 9 C / 10 D / 11 D / 12 D / 13 C / 14 D / 15 C / 16 B / 17 C / 18 C / 19 D / 20 A /
21 D / 22 A / 23 B / 24 B / 25 A / 26 C / 27 D / 28 B / 29 B / 30 C / 31 D / 32 B / 33 C / 34 C / 35 B / 36 C / 37 A / 38 A /
39 D / 40 C

Mini Exam:
1B/2A/3D/4C/5B/6C/7B/8D/9C

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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

Verb-subject Agreement
Quick Revision:

Verb to be
Plural Singular
are / were is / was

Verb to have
Plural Singular
Have has

Verb to do
Plural Singular
Do does

Present simple
Plural Singular
Infinitive Infinitive + s

Examples:
1- Martina has / have her breakfast early.
2- Leaf, flower, and seedpod were / was glimmering with frost.
3- My cousin always arrives / arrive home at five o'clock.
4- Benito doesn't / don't know the answer.
5- George and Tamara doesn't / don't want to see that movie.
6- The committee debates / debate these questions carefully.

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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

1) Subject + prep phrase + Verb

 Singular noun + prep phrase + singular verb
 Plural noun + prep phrase + plural verb
NB: Prep: {of / from / about / to / with / as well as / along with / in addition to / together with, etc.}
Examples:
The murmur of bees buzzing around the grassy meadows sounds delightful.
The talks about burning of the embassy aren't true.

Exercises:
The independence of both Jerusalem and Golan was / were our best dream.
The harmful effects of excessive alcohol intake on the hepatic system is / are extensively
documented by medical studies.
The movement to establish women's issues as important subjects of study have / has had a
profound impact on the curricula offered in colleges today.
The cardamom, along with the cinnamon and apple, give / gives the dish its unusual flavor.

SAT Question:

- The theories of planetary motion espoused by Galileo was seen as heretical by members of the
Inquisition, who used their power to force Galileo to recant and spend the last years of his life under
house arrest.
(A) No change
(B) were seen
(C) are seen
(D) has been seen

- The relationship between goby fish and striped shrimp are truly symbiotic, for neither can survive
without the other.
(A) No change
(B) were
(C) have
(D) is
- A study by two marketing professors has found that the best way for a newspaper to increase profits
is to spend more of its budget on improving news coverage.
(A) No change
(B) have found
(C) were found
(D) are found
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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

2) Subject + P.P / Gerund...+ Verb

Examples:
The plans proposed by the students for the home-combing celebration are perfectly clear.
The people sitting behind me in the movie theater were talking throughout the film.
SAT Question:
- The light emitted by high-intensity- discharge car headlights are very effective in activating the
reflective pains of road markers, thereby making driving at night safer.
(A) No change
(B) were
(C) was
(D) is
- Biologists working to rescue the giant condor from extinction uses radio telemetry and satellite
signals to track banded birds.
(A) No change
(B) using radio telemetry and satellite signals to track
(C) use radio telemetry and satellite signals to track
(D) to track, by use of radio telemetry and satellite signals,

3) Subject + Relative Clause…+ Verb

 The relative clause is a sentence which starts in relative pronoun: (which / who /
whose / whom / that).
Examples:
John Moffet and Paolo Morales, who were swimmers on the United States team, set world
record.
Exercises:
James and Maria who had been studying for an exam need / needs a break.
Each player on the team that wins the tournament receives / receive a trophy.
The bowl which was full of gravy has / have slipped off the table and broke.
The goods that imported from China is / are very cheap.
SAT Question:
- Paule Marshall, whose Barbadian background has influenced her writing, describes many details of
life in the Caribbean Islands vividly in her novels and short stories.
(A) No change
(B) describe
(C) have described
(D) were described

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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

4) Subject, Appositive, Verb

Examples:
Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian born immigrant to the United States and an innovator in the
field of popular Journalism, establishes the Pulitzer Prize in journalism and literature.
Exercises:
The newly elected Prime Minister, to the dismay of opponents from other parties, has / have
argued for the strict regulation of campaign financing.
SAT Question:
- A sweetener, normally either sugar or syrup, are used in almost all bread for taste or as an aid yeast
growth.
(A) No change
(B) is used
(C) are using
(D) have used

5) Compound subjects linked by "and"

 Noun, noun, and noun…Plural verb

Examples:
The television set and the washing machine were damaged by the short circuit.

Exercises:
A diamond necklace and an emerald ring was / were stolen from the hotel safe.
Interviews with prominent activists and a letter from the Prime Minister form / forms the
core of the objections to the plan.
Mistletoe and the fir tree appear / appears on innumerable cards every Christmas.
SAT Question:
- Turquoise-inlaid frog and bird figurines seems to have played an important role in prehistoric
ceremonies in what is now the southwestern United States.
(A) No change
(B) seems to have played important roles
(C) seem to have played important roles
(D) seeming to be playing important roles

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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

6) Singular indefinite pronouns

The singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs, even if followed by a plural noun.
(Someone / anyone / everyone / either / neither / no one / none / each, etc.)
Examples:
Neither of the students is prepared for the interview.
Each of the supervisors wants to leave early.

Exercises:

I am not convinced that either of your excuses pass / passes the test.
Anybody foolish enough to go near the hot lava is / are likely to get burned or to inhale
noxious fumes.
The survey shows that none of the respondents wants / want to live close to the radio
antenna.

SAT Question:
- In neighborhoods throughout the United States, one can encounter hundreds of different rope-
jumping games, each with its own rules.
(A) No change
(B) each having their own rules
(C) when they each have their own rules
(D) which has its own rules

- The Empire State Building, the Sears Tower, the Canadian National Tower - each of these structures
was the tallest in the world at the time they were built.
(A) No change
(B) it was
(C) it is
(D) they have been

7) Neither…nor / Either…or
 In these sentences the verb agrees with the subject that follows nor/or.
Examples:
Either your parents or your sister is required to attend.
Either your sister or your parents are required to attend.
Neither the passengers nor the driver was hurt.
Neither the driver nor the passengers were hurt.
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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

Exercises:
Neither black pepper nor pimento has / have the pungency of green chili.
Either the two beds or the wardrobe has / have to be left behind as the removal van is too
full.
The surgeon insisted that neither he nor his nurses was / were responsible for the error.
SAT Question:
- Of the two options, neither the system of appointing judges to the bench nor the process of electing
judges are entirely satisfactory.
(A) No change
(B) have
(C) is
(D) were

8) Collective nouns
 Collective nouns such as jury, team, army, orchestra, equipment, etc. ...normally take
singular verbs.
Examples:
The orchestra performs best in the new auditorium.
Exercises:
An army march / marches on its / their stomach.
The new group, consisting of just four young but talented musicians, makes / make the old
school band seem out-dated.
The jury, as directed by the judge, was / were sequestered for four days.
SAT Question:
- The math team, which included Tom and me, was stuck at the airport overnight because of inclement
weather.
(A) No change
(B) were
(C) are
(D) have

9) A number of / the number of

 The expression the number of takes a singular verb.
 The expression a number of takes a plural verb.
Examples:
A number of artists are now using this technique.
The number of children contracting these dangerous diseases is falling.

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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

Exercises:
I wonder whether the number of philosophy students is / are about to increase.
A number of the trainees that we recruited has / have already dropped out.
The number of blogs commenting on international affairs has / have continued to rise, but at
a lower rate.
The number of students taking standardized tests increase / increases every year.
SAT Question:
- In a nearby resort community fewer accidents have been reported that the number of speeding tickets
to be issued have decreased since speed bumps were installed.
(A) No change
(B) issued have been on the decreased
(C) issued has decreased
(D) that were issued have now decreased

10) Latin and Greek plurals

 Certain words of foreign origin are so often used in the plural that we forget they have
singular forms.
Latin and Greek Plurals
Singular Plural
Memorandum memoranda
Datum data
Criterion criteria
Phenomenon phenomena
Medium Media
Analysis Analyses
Radius radii
Atrium atria

Examples:
Your data are not sufficient to justify your conclusion.
Exercises:

The phenomena currently under investigation by scientists concerns / concern the

interactions of laser light with biological materials.
The criteria used to select the finalist was / were unclear to the audience.
Our research failed because the data on Etruscan antiquities was / were impossible to obtain
in the time available.

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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

SAT Question:
- Careful analysis of pictures of the Moon reveal that parts of the Moon's surface are markedly similar
to parts of the Earth's.
(A) No change
(B) reveals that
(C) reveals that:
(D) revealed, that

11) Gerund subject is singular

Example:
Reading stories is my favorite hobby.

Exercises:
Eating a lot of sugary foods results / result in tooth decay.
SAT Question:
- Some doctors believe that taking vitamins on a daily basis help decrease a patient's susceptibility to
infection.
(A) No change
(B) believes that taking vitamins on a daily basis help
(C) believe that taking vitamins on a daily basis helps
(D) believes that taking vitamins on a daily basis helps

12) Inverted subject and verb

 There is + singular / There are + plural / Here is + singular / Here are + Plural
Examples:
In the corner there are some red balls.
Here are your books, Sam.
SAT Question:
- Although science offers the hope of preventing serious genetic diseases, there is difficult ethical
questions raised by the possibility of altering human heredity.
(A) No change
(B) there was
(C) there are
(D) there were
 When the sentence begins the prepositional phrase:
(In–on–at–with–for–across–alongside–throughout–above–from, etc.)

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Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

 Prep phrase + verb + subject

 Prep phrase (,) subject + verb
Examples:
For the lunch went the girl with her dad.
For the lunch, the girl went with her dad.
SAT Question:
- In the central courtyard was over a dozen different varieties of lilies, meticulously maintained by the
gardener.
(A) No change
(B) were
(C) has
(D) have
- Not until the recent scandal has the newspapers published anything even vaguely negative about the
company or its executives.
(A) No change
(B) have
(C) are
(D) were
- Also supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics and the proposed center to
distribute information on job-training opportunity.
(A) No change
(B) were
(C) has
(D) is
 Comparisons:
Subject + Verb THAN Verb + Subject
- Venezuela devotes a higher percentage of its budget to education than do other large Latin American
countries such as Mexico and Brazil.
(A) No change
(B) than doing
(C) than does
(D) than did

NB:
 All Italic words, even if in Plural form, are singulars.
 Names of the countries (Emirates / Netherlands), organizations (United Nations), or
subjects and sciences (Mathematics–Cryonics–News)
Exercises:
The Great Expectations, which written by Charles Dickens, is / are the one of the greatest
novel in the history.
Faroe Islands is / are an archipelago and autonomous country within the Kingdom of
Denmark.

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 Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

Practice
1- At the 1984 Olympic Games, John Moffet and 5- Innovative use of computers in the classroom
Paolo Morales, who were swimmers on the allows students to undertake projects that
United States team, set world record. encourages them to be both analytical and
(A) No change intellectually adventurous.
(B) have been (A) No change
(C) was (B) encouraging them
(D) is (C) encourage they
(D) encourage them
2- A newly formed organization of homeowners
and business people have met with the 6- Freedom of action and expression are at the
transportation department to voice its concerns foundation not only of government but also of
about plans for a shopping mall in the our expectations concerning human relations at
community. all levels of society.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) has met (B) is
(C) were met (C) have
(D) was met (D) were
3- No one of the students in the advanced chemistry 7- Absent from the speech were any mention of the
class have passed a single test with a grade better students and laboratory technicians upon whose
than a C, but the second half of the course will contributions the chemist had depended heavily.
be easier. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) was
(B) have managed to pass a single test with (C) are
better than a C grade (D) have
(C) have passed a single test any better than a
8- Never before had a group of artists been as
grade of C
isolated from society and from official patronage
(D) has passed a single test with better than a C
as was the so called Impressionists.
grade
(A) No change
4- A flurry of do-it-yourself books on the market (B) than was
today are inspiring homeowners to do their own (C) as were
repairs. (D) as has
(A) No change
9- After carefully studying of both the articles, Dr.
(B) is inspiring homeowners into doing their own
Rodriguez and Nurse Alba found that the only
repairing
difference between them were their titles.
(C) is inspiring homeowners to do their own
(A) No change
repairs
(B) them were the titles
(D) inspiring homeowners to repair their own
(C) the articles were the titles
homes
(D) the articles was their titles

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 Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

10- Decorative arts, art forms that have a mainly 14- No two of the specimens was sufficiently alike
practical or ornamental purpose, and include to warrant them being called members of a
ceramics, basketry, furniture making and single species.
(A) No change
glassblowing.
(B) was sufficiently alike to warrant the calling
(A) No change of them
(B) including (C) was sufficiently alike to warrant their
(C) includes being called
(D) include (D) were sufficiently alike to warrant calling
them
11- The credit for making Franz Kafka
internationally famous as a writer belong to his 15- The uncompromising tone of a recent city hall
friend, novelist Max Brod, who edited Kafka's ordinance concerning the blocking of
unpublished manuscript and then had them emergency vehicles in traffic jams carry a stern
published, despite Kafka's dying wishes to the warning to motorists.
contrary. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) are carrying
(B) belonging (C) have carried
(C) belongs (D) carries
(D) to belong 16- Experts agree that permanently modifying
12- Cryonics—the technique used to store human eating and exercise habits rather than merely
dieting for brief periods are the key to
bodies at extremely low temperatures with the
controlling weight.
hope of one day reviving them—are being
(A) No change
performed today, but their technology is still in
(B) were the key controlling
its infancy.
(C) have been the key controlling
(A) No change
(D) is the key to controlling
(B) are being performed today, while the
technology 17- The scientific writings of Edward O. Wilson,
(C) is being performed today, but their Stephan Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins,
technology which has continued the discussion of genetic
(D) is being performed today, but the issues raised by Charles Darwin, are familiar to
technology many high school and college student.
(A) No change
13- The governor's aides are convinced that the
(B) which have continued
announcement of the investigation, coming just
(C) which was continued
days before the filing deadline, were calculated
(D) which is continued
to discourage the governor from running for
reelection. 18- Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has
(A) No change been studied for years, but only recently has the
(B) was calculated harmful effects of noise pollution become
(C) have been calculated known.
(D) are calculated (A) No change
(B) but only recently have the harmful effects
(C) but only recently have the harmful effect
(D) but only recently is the harmful effects

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 Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

19- The main reasons students give for failing to 24- Ongoing research by several scientists suggest
participate in the political process is that they that regular periods of meditation reduce blood
have demanding assignments and work at part- pressure and are likely to contribute to other
time jobs. improvements in health.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) is demanding assignments and they work (B) suggest, that
at (C) suggests that
(C) are that they have demanding assignments (D) suggesting that
and that they work at
25- The theory that the mass extinctions of 250
(D) is having demanding assignments and
million years ago were caused by increased
having to work at
volcanic activity and a warming climate are
20- Evidence from surveys and interviews show based around newly discovered evidence.
friendships made in high school tend to last (A) No change
longer than those made in college. (B) climate were based around
(A) No change (C) climate is based on
(B) show high school friendships that tend to (D) climate they based this on
last
26- Inscribed on the wall is the names of those who
(C) shows that friendships made in high school
left their homes in the village to travel to the
tend to last
United States.
(D) shows friendships in high school tends to
(A) No change
last
(B) was
21- The newly elected Prime Minister, to the (C) has been
dismay of opponents from other parties, have (D) are
argued for the strict regulation of campaign
27- Jason is the only one of the three people I knew
financing.
well in middle school who still write to me
(A) No change
regularly.
(B) has argued
(A) No change
(C) were argued
(B) writing
(D) are argued
(C) writes
22- Only by tapping their last reserves of energy (D) are writing
were the team members able to salvage what
28- There is, in spite of the large bay window and
was beginning to look like a lost cause.
the new floors, many reasons, such as the poor
(A) No change
location and the small basement, for Nancy not
(B) was the team members
to buy the house.
(C) has been members
(A) No change
(D) is the members
(B) There was
23- In those cities in which public transportation is (C) There are
adequate, fewer traffic problems occur and (D) There has been
pedestrians are rarely involved in accidents.
(A) No change
(B) was rarely involved in
(C) is rarely involved in
(D) has been rarely involved in

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 Chapter 5
Homework
1- All the talk about controlling noise, keeping
rivers clean, and planting trees have not
impressed people enough to be bringing about
major changes in laws and lifestyles.
(A) No change
(B) have not made enough of an impression on
people to bring
(C) has not impressed people enough to bring
(D) has not made enough people impressed for
bringing
2- The opposing opinion expressed were that the
school should be torn down and, on the other
hand, to keep it as a historical landmark.
(A) No change
(B) was that the school should be torn down pr
kept
(C) were that the school should be torn down and
that it should be kept
(D) were if they should tear the school down and
keeping it
3- The loyalty of British families to specific brands
of toothpaste have been cited by historians as
evidence of the growing influence of advertising
during the early Twentieth Century.
(A) No change
(B) has been cited
(C) were cited
(D) are cited
4- Some parents believe that a weekly allowance
help children to appreciate the importance of
good money management skills.
(A) No change
(B) help children appreciating
(C) helping children to appreciate
(D) helps children to appreciate
5- Michael Jordan, Wayne Gretzky and Jim Brown,
each of these athletes was considered to be the
best at his sport at the time they were playing.
(A) No change
(B) they are
(C) they have been
(D) he was
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Verb-subject Agreement
6- Ronald Takaki, grandson of Japanese
immigrants who worked as plantation laborers
in Hawaii, have been recognized as an expert in
the field of multicultural studies.
(A) No change
(B) and has been recognized to be an expert in
the field of multicultural studies
(C) is recognized as an expert in the field of
the multicultural studies
(D) he is recognized in the field of
multicultural studies as an expert
7- The pace at which industrial and
communications technologies are progressing
in developing countries are so rapid that many
governments cannot anticipate the harm these
technologies may do to the environment.
(A) No change
(B) is progressing in developing countries are
(C) are progressing in developing countries is
(D) is progressing in developing countries is
8- Yet to be discussed in the conference is more
than a dozen proposals for changes in the
procedural rules for choosing new officers.
(A) No change
(B) was more than a dozen proposals
(C) are more than a dozen proposals
(D) are most than a dozen proposals
9- The validity of IQ tests as accurate measures
of human intelligence have been the subject of
much debate.
(A) No change
(B) are often the subject of much debate
(C) has been the subject of much debate
(D) are a debate that is frequently held
10- Bob hope, long considered a hero by many
members of the military, were very patriotic.
(A) No change
(B) are
(C) was
(D) have been
 Chapter 5
11- The harmful effects of excessive alcohol intake
on the hepatic system is extensively
documented by medical studies.
(A) No change
(B) is documented more extensively by
medical studies
(C) are extensively documented by medical
studies
(D) has documented extensively by medical
studies
12- The surgical method of inserting the valve,
which includes making a small incision
between the ribs, are intended to shorten
recovery time and reduce complications
associated with traditional open-heart surgery.
(A) No change
(B) include making a small incision between
the ribs, are intended
(C) includes making a small incision between
the ribs, is intended
(D) include making a small incision between
the ribs, is intended
13- Neither Roger nor his sister was able to
understand what the conductor was saying
because they did not know how to speak
French.
(A) No change
(B) were able to understand what the
conductor was
(C) was able to understand what the conductor
were
(D) was able to understand what the conductor
is
14- The reluctant of the top ambassadors to initiate
diplomatic exchange with neighboring
countries were baffling to many observers.
(A) No change
(B) was baffling to many observers
(C) are baffling to many observers
(D) have been baffling to many observers
15- The change in seasons, while beautiful, often
cause people to fall ill.
(A) No change
(B) often causing
(C) often causes
(D) therefore causes
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Verb-subject Agreement
16- The same theory that allows linguists to explain
why certain verbs take only transitive or
intransitive forms also help psychologists to
explain how the human mind processes sensory
information from the everyday world.
(A) No change
(B) helps psychologists to explain
(C) helping psychologists to explain
(D) to help psychologists to explain
17- A careful reading of Galileo's written work and
correspondence, which include dozens of
letters to his daughter, suggest that his
experiment testing the theory of gravitation was
in fact conducted at the leaning Tower of Pisa.
(A) No change
(B) includes dozens of letters to his daughter,
suggests
(C) include dozens of letters to his daughter,
suggests
(D) include dozens of letters to his daughter,
suggesting
18- Most linguists are convinced that the ability to
speak, while uniquely human, is simply a
combination of cognitive skills that have been
passed on to our species through evolution.
(A) No change
(B) the ability to speak, while uniquely human,
are simply
(C) the ability to speak, while uniquely human,
being simply
(D) the ability to speak, while uniquely human,
have been simply
19- Many existentialistic works, such as Samuel
Becket's Malone dies, which subordinates the
role of plot to the role of introspection.
(A) No change
(B) which subordinate
(C) subordinate
(D) subordinates
20- Although there is a lot more than twenty copies
of the book left in the storeroom, they will sell
out quickly, so I recommend that we order
more now.
(A) No change
(B) their are
(C) there are
(D) there have been
 Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

21- The effort required to study for seven final 27- Traditional Jamaican music, enriched with
exams within the span of four days are far more rock, jazz and other modern rhythm from
than the typical student can manage. American, were the basis for reggae.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) is far more (B) have been a basis for
(C) were far more (C) become the basis of
(D) being far more (D) was the basis for
22- The investment required to develop new 28- In the Nineteenth Century, reproductions of
technologies are often so enormous that very cathedrals or castles made entirely of ice was
few energy companies are able to undertake often a popular feature in North American
innovative ventures. winter carnivals.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) were often so enormous (B) often were popular features
(C) is often so enormous (C) often was featured popularly
(D) having been so enormous (D) often being popular features
23- The rapid growth in the rate of construction of 29- Early rock and roll music, like jazz and the
private homes and apartment buildings have blues, celebrated characteristics of urban life
been stimulated by low interest rates. that was only disparaged: loud, repetitive city
(A) No change sounds were reproduced as raucous melodies
(B) private homes and apartment buildings has and insistent rhythms.
(C) private homes and apartment buildings are (A) NO CHANGE
(D) private homes and apartment buildings (B) is
having (C) were
24- Noam Chomsky has long argued that the media (D) has
plays a large role in skewing our perception of 30- The Bridge of Sighs, a partially enclosed bridge
reality, presenting images and framing stories built in Venice in the Sixteenth Century,
in such a manner as to misrepresent the truth. connect the Ducal Palace with the state prison.
(A) No change (A) NO CHANGE
(B) playing a large role (B) have connected
(C) is playing a large role (C) connecting
(D) play a large role (D) connects
25- Each of the stories end with a moral but some 31- Angered by the administrator's recent refusal to
of these lessons are more obvious than others, address their concerns about working
spelled out so as to make them impossible to conditions, most members of the hospital staff
overlook. is expressing their discontent by showing up
(A) No change late for work.
(B) ends with a moral (A) NO CHANGE
(C) ending with a moral (B) are expressing
(D) to end with a moral (C) expressing
26- Having such acute senses of hearing, smell and (D) has been expressing
sight, zebras often provide early warning to 32- After extensive remodeling, each of the historic
other grazers that predators are approaching. hotel's 75 rooms have an Internet connection
(A) No change for use by guests.
(B) providing (A) NO CHANGE
(C) provides (B) having
(D) is providing (C) has
(D) is having

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 Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

Mini Exam
Prisma App Makes Art Out of Photos . 1 .. .

Pokemon GO is the most popular app in (A) NO CHANGE

(B) adding
the world right now. But another new app is also (C) add
(D) has added
getting a lot of attention. And it’s free. Prisma lets
users . 1 . adds filters to photos to interesting, . 2 .. .

beautiful and strange effect. The app is going (A) NO CHANGE

(B) adds
viral this summer with over 1 million daily users (C) adding
in its first month. Prisma is a free app that . 2 . (D) to add

add filters to your photos to turn them into . 3 .. .

beautiful works of art. The app . 3 . has 35 filters (A) NO CHANGE

(B) having
to use with your photos. . 4 . All of the filters is (C) have
included free with the app. (D) is having

Each filter . 5 . give a different look to . 4 .. .

photos. Many of the filters . 6 . is in the style of (A) NO CHANGE

(B) Each of the filters are
famous artists. They range from pencil drawings (C) All of the filters are
to modern art to classic art with many styles in (D) Many filters is

between. Filters have names such as Colored Sky, . 5 .. .

Tokyo, Papered Art, Heisenberg, Mosaic, Illegal (A) NO CHANGE
(B) have given
Beauty, Dreams and Running in the Rain.
(C) gives
Using Prisma is about as easy as an app (D) gave

can get. Download the Prisma app to your phone . 6 .. .

or tablet and give it permission to use your photos (A) NO CHANGE
(B) are
and camera. No need to set up an account. Users
(C) were
. 7 . do not have to log in or link any social media (D) being
accounts to use the app. The phone must be . 7 .. .
connected to the Internet for Prisma to work. The (A) NO CHANGE
app works in the Cloud, not on your phone. Users (B) did
(C) does
who . 8 . has a limited data plan may want to use (D) doing
Prisma when connected to a Wi-Fi network. . 8 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) were
(C) is
(D) have

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 Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement
Another settings possibility . 9 . are to . 9 .. .
save every photo automatically, although this is a
(A) NO CHANGE
bad idea. You will likely try many filters and if (B) were
you save every photo you create, you will be (C) is
(D) have been
filling up your phone fast. Better
.10.. .
to manually save the photos you like. If you
forget, you can always create the artwork easily (A) NO CHANGE
(B) suggest that
again. (C) suggest's that
Prisma's privacy policy and terms of use (D) suggest, that

.10. suggests that the app may add advertising in .11.. .

the future. Prisma .11. do not gain ownership of (A) NO CHANGE
the images users .12. creates through the app. (B) did
(C) doing
But Prisma does get an unlimited license to use
(D) does
those images. Be sure to read the privacy policy
.12.. .
and terms of service if these issues concern
(A) NO CHANGE
you.
(B) created
(C) creating
(D) create

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 Chapter 5 Verb-subject Agreement

Answers
Explanation:
Page 1: has / were / arrives / doesn't / don't / debates

Page 2: was / are / has / gives / B /D /A

Page 3: D / C / receives / has / are / A

Page 4: has / B / were / form / appear / C

Page 5: passes / is / wants / A / B
Page 6: has / has / were / C / marches / its / makes / was / A

Page 7: is / have / has / increases / C / concern / were / were

Page 8: B / results / C / C

Page 9: B / B / B / A / is / is

Practice:
1 A / 2 B / 3 D / 4 C / 5 D / 6 B / 7 B / 8 C / 9 D / 10 D / 11 C / 12 D / 13 B / 14 D / 15 D / 16 D / 17 B / 18 B
/ 19 C / 20 C / 21 B / 22 A / 23 A / 24 C / 25 C / 26 D / 27 C / 28 C

Homework:
1 C / 2 B / 3 B / 4 D / 5 D / 6 C / 7 C / 8 C / 9 C / 10 C / 11 C / 12 C / 13 A / 14 B / 15 C / 16 B / 17 C / 18 A /
19 C / 20 C / 21 B / 22 C / 23 B / 24 D / 25 B / 26 A / 27 D / 28 B / 29 C / 30 D / 31 B / 32 C

Mini Exam:
1 C / 2 B / 3 A / 4 C / 5 C / 6 B / 7 A / 8 D / 9 C / 10 B / 11 D / 12 D

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Chapter 6 Number Agreement

Number Agreement
Plural + V. to be + Plural
Singular + V. to be + Singular
My friend and his wife from England are a member in House of Common. X
My friend and his wife from England are e ers in se n √
NB:
The articles "a" and "an" are used only for singular nouns.
So, "are a…." X / "were a…." X / "are an…." X / "were an…." X
Exercises:
- Fairness, freedom and equality are an important requirement for any developed country.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- When they were children, Ali and Nader dreamed to be a doctor.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- I think that traveling with friends will be good chances.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
SAT Question:
Most fashion designers agree that diligence, creativity, and a keen understanding of popular
tastes are a requirement for sustained success in their profession.
(A) No change
(B) is a requirement
(C) are requirements
(D) being requirements
Plural + as + plural
Singular + as + Singular
As + plural………., plural
As + singular ………., singular
Exercises:
- As a volunteer, Lily and Cecilia contributed in a charity.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Mark and Sam are working as an engineer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- We treat each manager in the firm as normal employees.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Chapter 6 Number Agreement

SAT Question:
- As a witness to the signing of the new bill, - In the aggressive society created by William
the two delegates were required to take an Golding in Lord of the Flies, both Ralph and
oath of loyalty. Jack emerge early on as the leader of the lost
(A) No change boys.
(B) As witnesses to the signing (A) No change
(C) Being a witness to the signing (B) as the leaders
(D) To be the witness for the signing (C) to be a leader
(D) being a leader

Plural + to become/becoming + plural

Singular + to become/becoming + Singular

- My brother and I promised our parents that we will become a doctor or an engineer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- The determination of Chad and Niger of becoming a developed country is achievable.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Susan and Peter were inspired to become a professional writer after hearing a famous
journalist speak about the challenges of investigative reporting.
(A) No change
(B) one of the professional writers
(C) as professional writer
(D) professional writers

Their / our + Plural

The students brought out their book.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
We have to be patient to achieve our dream.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- The tour guide warned us to lower our head when entering the old castle, since the old
doorway was very low.
(A) No changes
(B) to lower us heads
(C) in lowering our heads
(D) to lower our heads

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Chapter 6
Practices
1. The people sitting behind me in the movie
theater were talking throughout the film
and would not keep their voice down even
after being asked to do so.
(A) No change
(B) his or her voice
(C) their voices
(D) the voice of them
2. As quiet, stuffy place where people just
borrowed books, libraries have been
changing their images dramatically over the
last few years.
(A) No change
(B) places where people
(C) place when people
(D) places when people
3. Throughout the season the coach
would often remind us that the best
teammates are not those who strive to set
individual records but those who fit in as a
member of a cohesive unit.
(A) No change
(B) as members of
(C) as a members of
(D) being a member of
4. The Stegosaurus, plant-eating dinosaurs
with protective bony plates and tail spikes,
was once common in what is now
Colorado.
(A) No change
(B) plant-eating dinosaur
(C) a dinosaurs which eating plant
(D) having been a plant - eating dinosaurs
5. People sharing housing with others often
find that cooking and cleaning are a
difficult task to coordinate, especially when
housemates have very different schedules.
(A) No change
(B) which are a difficult task
(C) is a difficult task
(D) are difficult tasks
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Number Agreement
6. Amusement parks, particularly those
featuring water rides, are a fun place for
families to visit during the hot summer
months.
(A) No change
(B) is a fun place
(C) are fun places
(D) and are fun places
7. A significant factor to include in the budget
when buying a car are the costs of fuel
maintenance and the insurance payments.
(A) No change
(B) A significant factors
(C) Significant factors
(D) As a significant factor
8. A majority of the students who attended the
job fair expressed interest in becoming
a doctor or lawyer.
(A) No change
(B) doctors and lawyers
(C) a doctor and lawyers
(D) doctors and also lawyers
9. Many of the senator's speeches, which were
enthusiastically received by the large
crowds that came to see him, addressed an
important topic, including health care and
global warming.
(A) No change
(B) addresses an important topic
(C) addressing an important topic
(D) addressed important topics
10. No matter where they came from or what
their previous lifestyle is, the refugees were
grateful for having been granted political
asylum in the United States.
(A) No change
(B) their previous lifestyle are
(C) their previous lifestyles are
(D) their previous lifestyles were
Chapter 6
11. Growing up in a family where music was
a daily part of life, Steve and Rick shared
a determination to become singing duos
known nationwide.
(A) No change
(B) to become a singing duo
(C) of becoming singing duos
(D) that they would become singing duos
12. In the early Twentieth Century, telephone
companies supported the cause of
financial independence for women by
providing many with respectable jobs as a
switchboard operator.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) as a switchboard operators
(C) as switchboard operators
(D) to be a switchboard operator
13. As a proponent of school budget cuts, the
district's superintendent and budged
director have had to face probing, often
hostile, questions from teachers and
parents.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) As a proponents
(C) While proponent
(D) As proponents
14. Much of the success of both Jack Benny
and Bob Hope as a master of comic
monologues can be attributed to the
creative work of their talented joke
writers.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) as a master of comic
(C) as masters of comic
(D) to be a master of comic
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Number Agreement
15. Carla and Gideon are taking a course that
is supposed to help them both become a
safer driver.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) to be a safer driver
(C) become safer drivers
(D) becoming a safer driver
16. The transformation of an animal into a
person, or the reverse, are parts of many a
folktale.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) reverse, are a part
(C) reverse, is part
(D) reverse, they are parts
17. The museum experienced a greatly
increased number of visitors in one year,
and analysts cited the museum's
expansion, free admission, and new
family-oriented education center to be
reasons for they appeal.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) to be a reason for their
(C) as reasons for its
(D) as reason for its
18. All of these cats have a kink in their tail.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) All of these cats have a kink in its tail
(C) Each of these cats has a kink in its tail
(D) Each of these cats has a kink in their
tail
19. Little Rock and Memphis have a museum
commemorating the important roles these
cities played in changing the social
landscape of the United States.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) has a museum commemorating
(C) commemorating with a museum
(D) have museums commemorating
Chapter 6
Homework
1. Knowing the roots of words that are hard to
spell helps students to become a better
speller.
(A) No change
(B) is helpful to students who want to be a
better speller
(C) helps students to become better spellers
(D) helps a student be better spellers
2. Cattle ranchers often view the prairie dog
as pests, eating pasture grasses and digs
holes that can injure cattle.
(A) No change
(B) pests, they eat
(C) pests that eat
(D) a pest because it eats
3. A big vegetable salad is generally more
nutritious than a low-fat pasta dish, but
either meal would be good choices for the
health - conscious eater.
(A) No change
(B) are good choices
(C) is a good choices
(D) would be good choice
4. As a child growing up on a farm, my sister
and I visited many county fairs, where my
parents would exhibit their prize livestock.
(A) No change
(B) A child who grew up on a farm
(C) Farm children and growing up
(D) Growing up on a farm
5. It appears that either Jane or Marek will be
elected to be presidents of the student
union.
(A) No change
(B) as presidents
(C) presidents
(D) president
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Number Agreement
6. In the book, dancers from various
backgrounds talk about their very different
paths to success as a performer in ballet and
modern dance productions, Broadway
shows, and music videos.
(A) No change
(B) for succeeding as a performer
(C) to success as performers
(D) to success as to perform
7. A porcupine's loosely attached quills
easily break away from the porcupine and
become embedded in the bodies of any
animal that is foolish enough to attack
such a well - defended creature.
(A) No change
(B) and becoming embedded in the bodies
(C) and becomes embedded in the body
(D) and become embedded in the body
8. Howard Gardner, an observer of Chinese
elementary education, has questioned the
view that requiring young children to copy
models prevents them from becoming a
creative artist later in life.
(A) No change
(B) prevent them from becoming a
creative artist
(C) prevents them from becoming creative
artists
(D) preventing them from becoming a
creative artists
9. In this production of Hamlet, the actors
periodically turn their back to the real
appear to address an imaginary audience
on the other side of the stage.
(A) No change
(B) their backs to the real appear
(C) his or her back to the real appear
(D) his or her backs to the real appear
Chapter 6
10. The second-year students at this college
have evolved into insightful, critical
thinkers from an inexperienced and
uncertain teenager just a year before.
(A) No change
(B) from the inexperienced and uncertain
teenagers they were just a year ago
(C) even though just a year before they
were an inexperienced and uncertain
teenager
(D) in just a year from an inexperienced
and uncertain teenager
11. Although Debussy and Ravel are
generally considered as impressionist
composer, their compositional styles are
quite distinct from one another.
(A) No change
(B) to be an impressionist composer, their
compositional style is
(C) impressionist composers, their
compositional styles are
(D) impressionist composers, whose
compositional styles are
12. Many adults today consider themselves
a member of a special group of caretakers
who care for both their teenage children
and their aging parents.
(A) No change
(B) the member of
(C) members of
(D) as a member of
13. Sui Sin Par and Edith Eaton are both
a name used by an early Twentieth-
Century writer whose psychological
realism continues to bring her diameters to
life for today's readers.
(A) No change
(B) names
(C) the name
(D) two names
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Number Agreement
14. All morning long my friend and
I waited patiently in the courtroom to hear
whether we would be selected as a juror in
the upcoming trial.
(A) No change
(B) will be selected as juror
(C) will be selected as jurors
(D) would be selected as jurors
15. Preparing to be a foreign service officer
after graduation, both Mary and Keisha
have decided to major in international
affairs.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Because they wanted to prepare to be
a foreign service officer
(C) When preparing to be a foreign
service officer
(D) Preparing to be a foreign service
officers
16. Horse psychology, a science that
investigates the reasons for the behavior
of horses, helps trainers both motivate
their charge and prevent problems.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) their charges
(C) his or her charges
(D) a charges
17. Some people are convinced that dowsing,
a method of finding underground water
with a Y- shaped stick, is effective, but
others condemn the procedures as mere
superstition.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) mere superstitions
(C) a mere superstitions
(D) some superstitions
Chapter 6 Number Agreement

Mini Exam
Scientists in Poland Work to Save Honeybees . 1 .. .
Honeybees are in danger worldwide. (A) NO CHANGE
Their . 1 . homes - known as . 2 . (B) home's
(C) homes'
"colony's" - are suffering from what scientists call (D) home
Colony Collapse Disorder. Scientists have linked . 2 .. .
the disorder to infections from harmful (A) NO CHANGE
microorganisms and pesticides - products meant (B) “colonies”
(C) “colonies'”
to kill other insects. Researchers also have (D) “colony”
blamed a sharp . 3 . drops in the honeybee
. 3 .. .
population to loss of . 4 . the bees’ natural habitat.
(A) NO CHANGE
Polish researchers are working on ways to (B) drops'
(C) drop
save honeybees. One of the . 5 . diseases' that
(D) drop's
affect honeybee colonies in Poland is nosemosis,
. 4 .. .
also called nosema. It is a common fungi-based
(A) NO CHANGE
. 6 . diseases that affects adult bees. (B) the bee's
(C) the bees
Aneta Ptaszynska is a . 7 . researchers
(D) the bee
with Maria Curie-Sklodowska University.
. 5 .. .
"Infected worker bees live for a very short
(A) NO CHANGE
time in the summer, about eight to 12 days, while (B) diseases
(C) disease
they normally live 36 days. So the productivity of
(D) disease's
the whole bee family decreases and bees also
. 6 .. .
have problems with passing (the) winter... ."
(A) NO CHANGE
Scientists believe some pesticides weaken (B) disease's
the bees’ natural resistance against disease. This (C) disease
(D) diseases'
makes it difficult for them to fight parasitic
. 7 .. .
organisms. After eating food or drinking water
(A) NO CHANGE
containing pesticides, the bees begin to act (B) researcher
strangely and soon die. Scientists believe nosema (C) researcher's
(D) researchers'
is one of the main . 8 . reasons' the number of
. 8 .. .
bees has dropped by 50 percent in Poland over
(A) NO CHANGE
the past 15 years. (B) reason
(C) reason's
(D) reasons

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Chapter 6 Number Agreement
. 9 .. .
Polish scientists say they have found a
natural . 9 . substances in flowers that is more (A) NO CHANGE
(B) substances'
than 90 percent effective in saving bees. They (C) substance
have created .10. drug's from it. The drug is now (D) substance's

being tested. Scientists are warning .10.. .

that insecticides designed to kill mosquitoes (A) NO CHANGE
carrying the Zika virus can also harm bees. They (B) a drugs
(C) drugs
say such products should be used in affected
(D) a drug
areas only when it is dark - after bees are asleep.
.11.. .
And they say only chemicals that kill the
(A) NO CHANGE
mosquito larvae should be used. (B) beekeepers
Michael Steinkampf is a .11. beekeeper's. (C) beekeeper
(D) beekeepers'
"This particular .12. strains are
very toxic to mosquito larva but when it's put in .12.. .

the water it doesn't hurt the bees at all." (A) NO CHANGE

(B) strain is
(C) a strains are
(D) strain's is

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Chapter 6 Number Agreement

Answers
Explanation
Page 1: are important requirements / are good players / dreamed to be doctors / will be good chance
/ C / As volunteers / as engineers / as normal employee / of becoming developed countries / D /

Page 2: B / B / become doctors or engineers / their books / our dreams / D

Practices
1 C / 2 B / 3 B / 4 B / 5 D / 6 C / 7 C / 8 B / 9 D / 10 D / 11 B / 12 C / 13 D / 14 C / 15 C / 16 C / 17
C / 18 C / 19 D

Homework
1 C / 2 D / 3 D / 4 D / 5 D / 6 C / 7 D / 8 C / 9 B /10 B / 11 C / 12 C / 13 B / 14 D / 15 D / 16 B

17 B

Mini Exam
1 A / 2 B / 3 C / 4 A / 5 B / 6 C / 7 B / 8 D / 9 C / 10 D / 11 C / 12 B

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Chapter 7 Fragment

Fragment
Fragment is a group of words lacks one of its elements: Subject, verb, or object.

Subject + gerund………. X

Biologists working to rescue the giant condor from extinction to track.

e t ger nd er √

The people sitting behind me in the movie theater were talking throughout the film.
SAT Questions
- Most of the world's sharks living in temperate and tropical regions though the Greenland shark lives
in the cold Arctic waters and the huge basking shark is at home in the seas around Antarctica.
(A) No change
(B) lives
(C) live
(D) being living
- It has long been known that the sea otters living along the West Coast of North America help keep
kelp forests in their habitat healthy and vital.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) living along the West Coast of North America, they help
(C) that live along the West Coast of North America and help to
(D) that live along the West Coast of North America, where they help

Subject (,) Appositive (,) Verb

- That Naomi, the book's main character and possibly its hero, is a mere child during the Revolution
makes the story even more appealing to young readers.
Subject (,) Appositive (,) /. /which/who/and/but/pronoun + Verb ×

Example

- Ethel Payne, the tough investigative reporter which is well known for her coverage of the Civil
Rights movement, and received critical acclaim for a diary she kept while living in Japan after the
Second World War. X
SAT Question
- Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian born immigrant to the United States and an innovator in the field of
popular Journalism. He established the Pulitzer Prize in journalism and literature.
(A) No change
(B) , establishing
(C) , established
(D) , establish

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Chapter 7 Fragment

Subject (,) Appositive (,) Gerund ×

Example

- American Sign Language, which comprises hand signs, facial expressions, and finger spelling,
including many regional differences and slang.
SAT Question
- James Houston, whose glass sculptures often depict Arctic scenes such as fishing or kayaking,
drawing his inspiration from Inuit stone carvings he saw while living on Baffin Island.
(A) No change
(B) drew
(C) draw
(D) being drawing

Subject + who/which/that + Verb + Verb √

- The man who has no control on his temper is under control at all times is likely to think clearly and
to accomplish more in his business and social relations.
- At the 1984 Olympic Games, John Moffet and Paolo Morales who were swimmers on the United
States team set world record. √

Subject (,) who/which/that + verb ……….. . ×

Examples

- The man who followed me along the day yesterday. X

- The Indus scripts which are very difficult to decode. X
SAT Question
- Besides publishing ten poetry collections for - Medical insurance coverage that requires high
adults, Gary Soto, who is writing numerous monthly premiums and that is beyond the
collections of shorts stories and novels for financial means of many people
children (A) No change
(A) No change (B) that requires high monthly premiums and it
(B) Soto, the writer of is
(C) Soto writing (C) requiring high monthly premiums are
(D) Soto has written (D) that requires high monthly premiums is

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Chapter 7 Fragment

Linker + Subject + Verb (,) Subject + verb √

Linker + Subject + gerund (,) Subject + gerund ×

Example

- After Ali had studied English for about 10 years, he finding that French is so easier.
SAT Question
- Because they build nests on telephone poles as readily as they do in trees, Ospreys adapting well to
various environment.
(A) No change
(B) adapt
(C) is adapting
(D) adapts

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 Chapter 7 Fragment

Practices
1. America's first roller coaster ride, which opened 6. Ken Alice N'doye, who earned a reputation as
in 1884 at Coney Island, Brooklyn, and capable caterer and then opened her own bakery, but first
of a top speed of only six miles per hour. learned to cook by preparing food for her own
(A) No change family.
(B) are capable (A) No change
(C) is capable (B) who first learned
(D) being capable (C) first learned
2. After studying plants that thrive in warm (D) and first learned
climates and those that do not, scientists
concluding that a plant's heat tolerance is 7. The meteor shower being best seen from the
determined by a particular gene. naval observatory on Saturday just before dawn.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) concluded (B) was
(C) has concluded (C) were
(D) who concluded (D) having been
3. Used primarily in the United States and Canada, 8. The Navajo code talkers, recruited by the United
American Sign Language, which comprises hand States Marine Corps during the second World
signs, facial expressions, and finger spelling, War, they designed a secret code that was used
including many regional differences and slang. to transmit military messages.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) include (B) designs
(C) which include (C) designed
(D) includes (D) who designed
4. Visitors are quick to notice that the main
building of the critically acclaimed Denver Art 9. An increased concentration of carbon dioxide
Museum consisting of geometric, titanium - clad and certain other gases in the Earth's atmosphere,
projections that resemble Rocky Mountain contributing to global warming.
peaks. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) atmosphere, they contribute to
(B) consists (C) atmosphere, which contributes to
(C) which consists (D) atmosphere contributes to
(D) being consisting 10. Legendary Nineteenth Century endurance rider
5. Many years after Ernest Just received the Frank T. Hopkins, who rode an American
NAACP's Spingam medal for his mustang to victory in a 3000 mile race across
groundbreaking discoveries in cell biology, the the Arabian desert, and the hero of Disney
nation issuing a postage stamp to honor him. movie Hidalgo.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) have issued (B) and who has become
(C) which issued (C) also has become
(D) issued (D) is

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 Chapter 7
11. Richard Rodriguez pointed out that Mission
San Luis Rey, a Spanish church with an Arabic
dome getting its name to honor a French King.
(A) No change
(B) Mission San Luis Rey, a Spanish church
with an Arabic dome, was named to honor
a French king
(C) Mission San Luis Rey's being, a Spanish
church with an Arabic dome got named to
honor a French king
(D) the name mission San Luis Rey having
been a Spanish church with an Arabic
dome honoring a French king.
12. Since scientific advances are central to
progress, basic research deserving continuing
support.
(A) No change
(B) basic research being what deserves
continuing support
(C) basic research deserves continuing support
(D) continuing support is deserved by basic
research
13. All the demand on soprano Kathleen Battle for
operatic performances, solo concerts, and
special guest appearances, tempting her to sing
too often and straining her voice.
(A) No change
(B) appearances not only tempt her to sing too
often plus they strain
(C) appearances, tempting her into singing too
often and she therefore strains
(D) appearances tempt her to sing too often
and strain
14. Althea Gibson, the first African American
tennis player to be recognized as a world
champion, beginning to play amateur tennis in
the 1940s
(A) No change
(B) began playing
(C) and she began playing
(D) she had began playing
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Fragment
15. The poet Claude McKay was a native of
Jamaica who spent most of his life in the
United States but writing some of his poems in
the Jamaican dialect.
(A) No change
(B) Although a native of Jamaica, the poet
Claude McKay spent most of his life in the
United States, he wrote
(C) Although the poet Claude McKay spent
most of his life in the United States, he
was a native of Jamaica and wrote
(D) Because he was a native of Jamaica who
spent most of his life in the United States,
the poet Claude McKay writing
16. Abidjan, a port city, no longer the capital of
Ivory coast, but still the country's economic
center
(A) No change
(B) A port city, Abidjan, is no longer the
capital of Ivory coast, it is still the
country's economic center
(C) Although it is no longer the capital of the
Ivory coast, the port city of Abidjan is still
the country's economic center
(D) No longer the capital of Ivory coast, but
the port city of Abidjan is still the
country's economic center
17. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, and the first
scientist that made systematic studies of how
children learn
(A) No change
(B) as a Swiss psychologist, it was Jean Piaget
who was the first scientist making
(C) Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, the first
scientist in having made
(D) The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was
the first scientist to make
 Chapter 7
18. Digital technology, like every marketer knows,
it is synonymous with speed, precision, and the
future.
(A) No change
(B) technology, similar to what every marketer
knows as
(C) technology, as every marketer knows, is
(D) technology is what every marketer knows
as
19. Clara Barton, an American nurse, whose
influence as a reformer in the field of health
care almost equals that of Florence Nightingale
(A) No change
(B) Clara Barton, who was an American nurse
and whose influence as a reformer
(C) Clara Barton was an American nurse
whose influence as a reformer
(D) An American, Clara Barton who was a
nursing reformer and whose influence
20. Hawaii's Haleakala, being more than 10,000
feet high, and the world's largest dormant
volcano
(A) No change
(B) Haleakala which is more than 10,000 feet
high, being
(C) Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high, is
(D) Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high; it is
21. The port city of Shanghai, which along with
Hong Kong is a leading Chinese banking and
manufacturing center.
(A) No change
(B) Shanghai is, along with Hong Kong,
(C) Shanghai, along with Hong Kong being
(D) Shanghai and Hong Kong are
22. The first African American woman to win the
Pulitzer Prize for poetry, Gwendolyn Brooks
with her special interest in encouraging young
poets
(A) No change
(B) had a special interest in encouraging
(C) who had a special interest in encouraging
(D) she had a special interest to encourage
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Fragment
23. Because of geothermal changes beneath Old
Faithful, the frequency and duration of the
geyser's eruptions are now more predictable.
(A) No change
(B) eruptions, they are now more predictable
(C) eruptions are predicted more easier now
(D) eruptions, they can now be predicted more
easily
24. The Olmec people, widely regarded as the
creators of the first civilization in
Mesoamerica, the area encompassing much of
Mexico and Central America
(A) No change
(B) people, which are widely
(C) people, they are widely
(D) people are widely
25. Numismatics, or coin collecting, and becoming
popular in the United States around 1857, when
the replacement if the large cent by the new
flying - eagle cent led enthusiasts to start
collecting the earlier coin
(A) No change
(B) becoming
(C) will become
(D) became
26. Decorative arts, are forms that have a mainly
practical or ornamental purpose, and include
ceramics, basketry, furniture making and
glassblowing
(A) No change
(B) including
(C) includes
(D) include
27. Because the United States in the early 1800s
was largely rural, many invention by women of
that period relating to agriculture.
(A) No change
(B) related to
(C) is related for
(D) relates for
28. Below the bend, the river, flowing more
swiftly, as it cuts through sand hills covered
with pine trees.
(A) No change
(B) river, flowing more swiftly, cutting
(C) river flows more swiftly as it cuts
(D) river flows more swiftly, it cuts
 Chapter 7
Homework
1- While studying mutations in corn, biologist
Barbara McClintock discovered that certain
genes that were able to move their positions on
chromosomes and control the activity of other
genes.
(A) No change
(B) that had been
(C) were able
(D) able
2- George Orwell's term doublespeak referring to
the intentional use of language to confuse or to
mislead, as when one says revenue
enhancement instead of tax increase.
(A) No change
(B) which refers to intentionally using
language
(C) refers to the intentional use of language
(D) is when it refers to language used
internationally
3- One might expect global warming to cause
plants to bloom earlier in the spring, but a
recent study was shown that plants in northern
latitudes blooming later as the plant warms.
(A) No change
(B) that plants in northern latitudes they are
blooming later.
(C) that plants in northern latitudes are
blooming later
(D) plants in northern latitudes that bloomed
more later
4- Some of the Smithsonian Institution's most
prized items, from Duke Ellington's musical
transcripts to First Ladies gowns, coming from
unsolicited donations.
(A) No change
(B) they come from
(C) came from
(D) which came from
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Fragment
5- In 1911 the Great Blue Norther, a massive
storm in the mid western United States, it
caused temperatures in some cities to drop
more than 60 degrees in a single day
(A) No change
(B) caused
(C) causing
(D) having caused
6- Although she spoke only Chinese at the time
and had to memorize her English lines
phonetically, Gong Li gave a memorable
performance in the film Memoirs of a Geisha.
(A) No change
(B) Gong Li, whose performance in the film
Memoirs of a Geisha was memorably
given
(C) But the performance in the film Memoirs
of a Geisha given by Gong Li was
memorable
(D) The film Memoirs of a Geisha had a
memorable performance, it was given by
Gong Li
7- The National Film Registry established by
Congress in 1988 in an effort to protect the
artistic integrity of motion pictures.
(A) No change
(B) having been established
(C) was established
(D) whose establishment
8- The foundation planning to bring together
scholars and industrial experts to evaluate new
approaches to manufacturing and trade
efficiency.
(A) No change
(B) The foundation is planning
(C) The foundation, which plans
(D) As planned, the foundation
 Chapter 7
9- Iceland, known for its colorful tales, which
poetically depict the dangerous, complex lives
of the country's earliest settlers.
(A) No change
(B) Iceland is known for its colorful tales, they
(C) Iceland is known for its colorful tales,
which
(D) Iceland, its colorful tales are known to
10- The new political science curriculum at some
high schools in India, encouraging teachers to
use cartoons and news paper clippings to
provoke classroom debate on contemporary
issues.
(A) No change
(B) India, which encourages teachers to use
cartoons and news paper clippings, and
provokes
(C) India is encouraging teachers to use
cartoons and news paper clippings and
then provoking
(D) India, so encourages teachers to use
cartoons and news paper clippings as
provoking
11- Critics often equate the popular appeal of work
of an with inferiority, forgetting that
Shakespeare wrote his extraordinary plays
primarily to please his audience.
(A) No change
(B) Critics often equate the popular appeal of
work of an with inferiority, they forget
(C) Often equaling the popular appeal of a
work of art with inferiority are critics, they
forget
(D) The popular appeal of a work of art often
equated by critics as being the same as
inferiority, they forget
12- To encourage young people to read, a number
of authors, who sell their books with
companion video games that require player to
use information from the books to advance in
the games?
(A) No change
(B) authors, they sell
(C) authors selling
(D) authors are selling
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Fragment
13- The Four Comers Monument in the
southwestern region of the United States,
marking the place where the boundaries of
Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah
intersect.
(A) No change
(B) States marks the place
(C) States, the place
(D) States, it marks
14- Sandra Cisneros, she was born in Chicago but
lived intermittently in Mexico as a child and so
grew up between two cultures.
(A) No change
(B) born in Chicago, she
(C) though born in Chicago,
(D) though born in Chicago, she
15- Since civilization began, some cities have been
built according to a deliberate plan, whereas
others have developed naturally.
(A) No change
(B) some cities being built
(C) there has been cities built
(D) they have built some cities
16- In a nearby resort community fewer accidents
have been reported that the number of speeding
tickets to be issued have decreased since speed
bumps were installed.
(A) No change
(B) issued have been on the decreased
(C) issued has decreased
(D) issued decreasing
17- Josephine Baker (1906 -1975), one of the most
versatile performers of the Twentieth Century,
and who acquired fame as a dancer, singer,
Broadway actress, and movie star.
(A) No change
(B) she has acquired
(C) and she has acquired
(D) acquired
 Chapter 7
18- Medieval Icelandic sagas, which range from
epic tales about legendary figures to factual
accounts of Icelandic history.
(A) No change
(B) Sagas, they range
(C) Sagas ranges
(D) Sagas range
19- It being agreed by world leaders that there
should be a major organized effort to address
poverty, illiteracy, and disease; they then set
goals by which progress could be measured.
(A) No change
(B) World leaders agreed
(C) World leaders who should agree
(D) World leaders, in agreement
20- Before he was elected governor of New
Mexico in 1918, Octaviano Larrazolo had
helped to ensure that the constitution of this
new state guaranteed equal rights for Hispanic
Americans.
(A) No change
(B) Larrazolo has helped
(C) Larrazolo, helped
(D) Larrazolo, helping
21- Some experts think that the rise of multi-
language Internet forums has made learning a
foreign language easier than ever before.
(A) No change
(B) Forums have made
(C) Forums, which have made
(D) Forums, having made
22- One of the most influential philosophers of the
Twentieth Century, W.V.O. Quine, who was
known for both his analytic precision and his
great wit
(A) No change
(B) Quine, he was known both for
(C) Quine was known for both
(D) Quine was both known for
23- Maria Merian, who undertook an expedition to
study insects in Suriname in 1699, when she
was fifty-two years old.
(A) No change
(B) Merian undertook an expedition to study
(C) Merian undertaking an expedition to study
(D) Merian has undertaken an expedition to
study
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Fragment
24- Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindications of the
Rights of Woman, published in 1792, being one
of the first texts that addresses women's rights.
(A) No change
(B) published in 1792, was one of the first
texts to address
(C) published in 1792 as one of the first texts
that address
(D) it was published in 1792, one of the first
texts to address
25- Sir Ronald Ross, winner of the 1902 Nobel
Prize for physiology or Medicine, and who
identified the Anopheles mosquito as the
transmitter of human malaria.
(A) No change
(B) he has identified
(C) and who is identifying
(D) identified
26- Home fuel cells, already available in Japan,
which is a compact, pollution - free device that
produce electricity at a fraction of the regular
cost.
(A) No change
(B) a compact, pollution - free device
(C) is a compact, pollution - free device
(D) are compact, pollution - free devices
27- The Medieval Warm Period was a lime of
unusual mild temperatures in the North
Atlantic region, it lasted from approximately
800 to 1300 C.E.
(A) No change
(B) Period had been a lime of unusual mild
temperatures in the North Atlantic region,
it lasted
(C) Period, a time of unusual mild
temperatures in the North Atlantic region
and lasting
(D) Period, a time of unusual mild
temperatures in the North Atlantic region,
lasted
 Chapter 7 Fragment

28- Formed by volcanic eruption over the last five 29- Crude oil, often called petroleum, which means
million years, the Hawaiian Islands containing "rock oil".
an incredibly wide variety of species many (A) NO CHANGE
found nowhere else on Earth. (B) oil, which is often called
(A) No change (C) oil is often called
(B) contain (D) oil, that is,
(C) contains
(D) would contain

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Chapter 7 Fragment

Mini Exam
Rio Olympic Games Open This Weekend . 1 .. .
Olympic athletes, high - level officials, (A) NO CHANGE
and . 1 . other people, have been arriving in Rio (B) other people have been
de Janeiro for the opening of the 2016 summer (C) other people who have been
games. The opening ceremony is Friday night, (D) other people having been
local time, but some events already . 2 . starting.
The first medals . 3 . which will be awarded on . 2 .. .
Saturday. (A) NO CHANGE
The Rio Olympics . 4 . officially beginning (B) starts
Friday, when the Olympic torch is carried into (C) started
Maracana Stadium to light the Olympic cauldron. (D) to start
The cauldron will stay lit for over two weeks until
the closing ceremony on August 21. During that . 3 .. .
period, 301 gold medals will be awarded to the
(A) NO CHANGE
winners. (B) who will be awarded
At the last summer Olympics, the 2012 (C) being awarded
London Games, the United States won 46 gold (D) will be awarded
medals and 104 medals in all. China was second,
with 38 gold medals and a total of 88. Britain . 4 .. .
finished in third place, with Russia in fourth.
(A) NO CHANGE
One major question this year is: How (B) which officially begin
many medals will Russia win at the Rio Games? (C) which officially begins
Just before the Olympics started, the (D) officially begin
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
. 5 . considered banning every member of . 5 .. .
Russia’s team because of a doping scandal.
(A) NO CHANGE
Investigators for the World Anti - Doping (B) considering
Agency (WADA) . 6 . but found evidence of (C) which considered
Russian athletes using unapproved substances at (D) to consider
the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. And the
. 7 . agency which accused the Russian . 6 .. .
government of being involved and covering up
(A) NO CHANGE
the activity.
(B) and
But in the end, the IOC decided not to ban (C) so
all 387 Russian qualifiers for the Rio Games. (D) Delete the underlined portion.
Many Russian athletes will have a chance to
compete. But most of the country′s track and field . 7 .. .
athletes . 8 . banned by the International
(A) NO CHANGE
Association of Athletics Federation.
(B) agency who
(C) agency
(D) agency was

. 8 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) were banned
(C) was banned
(D) who banned

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Chapter 7 Fragment
At a meeting in Rio this week, WADA . 9 .. .
and the IOC . 9 . and criticized each other.
(A) NO CHANGE
WADA officials said the IOC .10. should have (B) but criticized
banned all the Russian Olympians. The IOC said (C) criticized
WADA should have acted faster on (D) criticizing
the allegations of Russian cheating. .10.. .
More than 10,000 men and women from
over 200 nations .11. and will compete at Rio de (A) NO CHANGE
(B) which should have
Janeiro. The first medals, in men’s cycling and (C) which have
women’s shooting, .12. which will be awarded on (D) having
Saturday. .13. Chris Froome, who won the Tour
.11.. .
de France last month, will be representing Britain.
American swimmer Michael Phelps has (A) NO CHANGE
won the most Olympic medals ever. He has 22 (B) competing
(C) who will compete
medals, including 18 gold. He will carry the flag (D) will compete
of the United States at the opening ceremony on
Friday. Aside from the question of which country .12.. .
will win the most medals, some people are (A) NO CHANGE
worried about the health of the competitors. (B) will be awarded
Athletes are being careful .14. about the (C) was awarded
(D) awarding
time which they spend out of doors because of
concerns about the Zika virus. Zika spreads when .13.. .
mosquitos bite human skin. The virus is linked to
(A) NO CHANGE
microcephaly, a birth defect in which a baby’s (B) Chris Froome won the Tour de France last
head is smaller than the heads of other children of month,
the same age and sex. (C) Chris Froome which won the Tour de
France last month,
Olympic organizers say they are not
(D) Chris Froome who won the Tour de
overly concerned about Zika since the games take France last month and
place during Rio de Janeiro′s winter. Athletes
competing in water events, like open-water .14.. .
swimming, rowing and sailing are concerned (A) NO CHANGE
about polluted water. The Associated Press (B) about the time they spend
reports that those athletes run a high risk of (C) about the time spending
getting sick. (D) about the time and spend
Water at some of the competition areas is
polluted by untreated waste water. It contains
bacteria and viruses carried by human waste.
While some athletes will wear gloves or other
protection, it will be hard for the open - water
swimmers to keep water from getting into their
mouths. Yet Olympic organizers say athletes will
not get sick.

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Chapter 7 Fragment

Answers
Explanation
Page 1: C / A / C
Page 2: B / D / D
Page 3: B

Practice:
1 C / 2 B / 3 D / 4 B / 5 D / 6 C / 7 B / 8 C / 9 D / 10 D / 11 B / 12 C /13 D / 14 B / 15 C / 16 C / 17 D / 18 C
/ 19 C / 20 C / 21 B / 22 B / 23 A / 24 D / 25 D / 26 D / 27 B / 28 C

Homework
1 C / 2 C / 3 C / 4 C / 5 B / 6 A / 7 C / 8 B / 9 C / 10 C / 11 A / 12 D / 13 B/ 14 C / 15 A / 16 C / 17 D / 18 D
/ 19 B / 20 A / 21 A / 22 C / 23 B / 24 B / 25 D / 26 D / 27 D / 28 C / 29 C

Mini Exam
1 B / 2 C / 3 D / 4 D / 5 A / 6 D / 7 C / 8 B / 9 C / 10 A / 11 D / 12 B / 13 A / 14 B

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense

Verb Tense
One tense for all verbs in one sentence
EX: As the mayor was evaluating the proposed tax, he was less interested in the revenue they
would generate than in whether they would disproportionately affect certain income groups.

SAT Question:
- Few people could have guessed, as they watch Anna win the tennis match with apparent case,
how pessimistic she had been about her chances of beating her opponent.
(A) No change
(B) as they have watched
(C) as they watched
(D) as he or she watched
Subject + P.P is INCORRECT:
EX: John told me that Mark broken my car. (Decide the error)
SAT Question:
- One subject of Felipe Alfau's second novel, published more than 40 years after it written, is the
illusory nature of the passage of time.
(A) No change
(B) after it was written
(C) after it is written
(D) after it being written
Present Perfect: Subject + Have / Has + P.P
Time markers: (since / for / over the past time/ now that)
EX: I haven't met my cousin since his birthday.
Over the past year, our company has published many projects in the area.
SAT Question:
- Since 1980's, most people entering politics feel that loss of privacy was a fair price to pay for the
chance to participate in policy making.
(A) No change
(B) entering politics have felt that
(C) entering politics has felt that
(D) entering politics having felt that

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense

V. to Have + Third Conjugation NOT Second Conjugation

EX: The Olympic Games have began for more than three weeks. (Decide the error)

SAT Question:
- In 1988 a Soviet icebreaking ship helped free three gray whales that had become trapped in the
Arctic ice after they had swam into the coastal water of Alaska to feed.
(A) No change
(B) have swum
(C) had swum
(D) has swum

Past Simple: Second Conjugation of the verb

Time markers: (Yesterday / in the past / early / last…… / …..ago / past date / any old event "World
War"/ another verb in the past)
SAT Question:
1) After 1986, trading on the London Stock Exchange has been computerized to such an extent that
personal contact between buyers and sellers became unnecessary.
(A) No change
(B) have been computerized
(C) was computerized
(D) having been computerized
2) Nellie Lutcher did not achieve success quickly: she had been giving live performance for over a
decade before she will record her first hit song.
(A) No change
(B) she records
(C) she recorded
(D) she has recorded

3) In the years following the Second World War, millions of soldiers returned to civilian life, the
demand for housing will cause a massive expansion of suburb.
(A) No change
(B) caused
(C) have caused
(D) causes

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense

Present simple: The first Conjugation of the verb

Time markers: (always / usually / often / sometimes / rarely / seldom / never / facts / conclusion of
fiction story)
- At the conclusion of the novel The Great Gatsby, Nick Caraway, a young Midwesterner recently
arrived to New York, moodily watches the blinking green light at the tip of Long Island.
(A) No change
(B) arrives to New York, moodily watched
(C) arrives to New York, moodily watches
(D) had arrived to New York, moodily watches
- Linker + Tense…………………., the same Tense
- Tense…………………..Linker + the same Tense
SAT Question:
1. Although the author has presented her book to the publisher as a fact-based memoir, she later
confessed that it had been entirely fabricated.
(A) No change
(B) the author had presented their book
(C) the author presented her book
(D) the author have presented her book
2. A passion fruit, which is about the size of an egg, has a brittle outer shell that became slightly
wrinkled when the fruit is ripe.
(A) No change
(B) that becomes
(C) that become
(D) that will become

If Conditionals
a) If + present simple…….., will / may / can / shall / should + infinitive
If you feel hot, you may have a soft drink.
SAT Question:
- If hordes of insects attack crops, growers will not make any profits.
(A) No change
(B) growers would not make
(C) growers will have not made
(D) growers will not to make

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense

b) If + past simple…….., would / might / could / should + infinitive

If you were informed how to fix it, you would finish your work on PC.
OR Were you to be informed how to fix it, you would finish your work on PC.
SAT Question:
- If you can acquire the necessary calories by drinking gasoline instead of by eating food, you
would be able to run 26 miles on about one-twelfth of a gallon gas.
(A) No change
(B) we can acquire
(C) you will acquire
(D) you acquired

- Were they to be told the purpose of the study, the participants might find it difficult to answer
the questions spontaneously.
(A) No change
(B) If they would have been told
(C) With it being told them
(D) Telling them

c) If + past perfect (Had + p.p)………, would have + p.p

If she had studied hard, she would have gotten higher scores.
OR Had she studied hard, she would have gotten higher scores.
SAT Question:
- If the bridge did not become treacherous in the aftermath of an ice storm, the bus would not
have had to take the long detour instead of the main highway.
(A) No change
(B) had not become
(C) had not became
(D) would not become

NB:
If + modal verb x

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense

Practice
1. Nora Ephron first became known in the late 1960s 6. We had initially planned to remove all of the old
as magazine journalist who has wrote feature furniture from the storage area, but we decided
articles about culture institutions and media against doing so because it would have took too
personalities. much time.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) have wrote (B) will have took
(C) had written (C) have took
(D) has written (D) would have taken
2. In 1936 mathematician Alan Turing proved that a 7. After the prince characterized modern architecture
digital computer, which at the time exists only in as ugly, he has been severely criticized for having
theory, could be programmed to perform the been so outspoken in public.
function of any other information-processing (A) No change
device. (B) have been
(A) No change (C) was
(B) existed (D) is
(C) has existed 8. Until time zones were standardized in the United
(D) to exist States, each railway station will have to keep
3. Katherine felt that she has not had several clocks, each showing the time of day
any understanding of the highly intricate workings according to a different railroad company.
of the stock market until her uncle took her to the (A) No change
New York Stock exchange. (B) would have to
(A) No change (C) had to
(B) have not had (D) have to
(C) had not had 9. Twenty-five years after Alex Haley's Roots
(D) having not had stimulate many people to research their family
4. Those who defend sequoia trees from loggers histories; new technology has been developed to
justified doing so on the ground that such trees make the task easier.
irreplaceable. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) after Alex Haley's Roots have stimulate
(B) justify to do so (C) after Alex Haley's Roots stimulated
(C) justify doing so (D) after Alex Haley's Roots stimulates
(D) justified to do so 10. By the beginning of 1755, events are reaching a
5. Whenever Umberto sang in the shower, his voice stage that made war between Britain and France
rings throughout the house. all but inevitable.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) rang (B) will reach
(C) ringing (C) reached
(D) has rung (D) had reached

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Chapter 8
11. From 1566 until 1576 Santa Elena, now an
excavation site in South Carolina, was the capital
of Spanish Florida; however, it has become a
settlement by 1735.
(A) No change
(B) ; however, it had become
(C) ; however, it becomes
(D) ; however, it is becoming
12. At first we panicked when we discovered we had
missed our flight, but then we took a bus to
another airport, where there are several planes
leaving for Denver that evening.
(A) No change
(B) were several
(C) is several
(D) was several
13. Only after the flood water had rose two feet was
the mayor willing to order the evacuation of some
homes.
(A) No change
(B) had risen two feet was the mayor
(C) had risen two feet were the mayor
(D) had rose two feet were the mayor
14. Although he had never played organized sports,
whenever Justin, who was uncommonly tall,
attends a basketball game, fans would ask him
autograph.
(A) No change
(B) attends a basketball game, fans will ask him
(C) attended a basketball game, fans will ask him
(D) attended a basketball game, fans would ask
him
15. Something about the project must have
energized bureaucrats; only six month after plans
are submitted, the playground was complete.
(A) No change
(B) only six month after plans were submitted
(C) only six month after plans will be submitted
(D) only six month after plans was submitted
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Verb Tense
16. As the price of petroleum rises and concern about
the environmental effects of petrochemicals
mounted, the plastics industry is racing to create
plastics not made from petroleum.
(A) No change
(B) mounts
(C) mounting
(D) having mounted
17. According to a recent study, the domestication of
cats had began in the Middle East over 100,000
years ago.
(A) No change
(B) have begun
(C) has begun
(D) had begun
18. After 1986, trading on the London Stock
Exchange has been computerized to such an
extent that personal contact between buyers and
sellers became unnecessary.
(A) No change
(B) have been computerized to such
(C) having been computerized to such
(D) was computerized to such
19. The prevailing attitude in Seventeenth-Century
England was that schools and universities should
teach nothing that would discredit the established
religion or the authority of kings and magistrates.
(A) No change
(B) should teach nothing that will
(C) should only teach that which will not
(D) shall teach nothing that will
20. During television's early years, many stations
broadcast programming only until midnight, after
which television screens will display a static
image known as a test pattern.
(A) No change
(B) after which television screens displayed
(C) after which television screens had displayed
(D) television screens display at that time
Chapter 8 Verb Tense

21. Since last September Patricia has been working at 26. Alain Lock's 1925 book on the African American
the convenience store down the road. art movement in New York City's Harlem
(A) No change described artist who were living in Harlem and
(B) works the exceptional works they produce.
(C) will be working (A) NO CHANGE
(D) worked (B) it produces
22. At the age of seventy-one legendary country (C) they produced
music artist Johnny Cash astonished his fans by (D) they are producing
performing a song that the rock group Nine Inch 27. Professor Brown started yesterday's lecture by
Nails originally has recorded. suggesting that if Benjamin Franklin were alive
(A) NO CHANGE today, he probably worked for an advertising
(B) have recorded agency.
(C) recorded (A) NO CHANGE
(D) records (B) probably will work
23. Next Monday a committee chosen by the school (C) probably would work
board met to review the final list of applicants for (D) probably works
the position of principal at the new high school. 28. Although Duke Ellington did not collaborate with
(A) NO CHANGE other composers on many of his jazz
(B) will meet compositions, he works closely with pianist and
(C) has met composer Billy Strayhorn on a number of
(D) meets successful works over the years.
24. If we have knowledge of the future, our lives (A) NO CHANGE
would be more predictable but less interesting. (B) has worked
(A) NO CHANGE (C) worked
(B) Were we to have (D) working
(C) If we have had 29. Last month a committee created in response to
(D) If we would have employees' demands for safer working conditions
25. By the end of the day, the recruiter for the new has sponsored a workshop on industrial safety.
internship program had spoke to each senior who (A) NO CHANGE
wanted to pursue a career in city government. (B) have sponsored
(A) NO CHANGE (C) had sponsored
(B) has spoke (D) sponsored
(C) had spoken
(D) having spoken

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 Chapter 8 Verb Tense

Homework
1. If every nation were completely self-sufficient and
operated under a free-market economy, the world’s
food supply will be governed solely by the
economics of supply and demand.
(A) No change
(B) would have been
(C) was
(D) would be
2. After the most popular surfboard designer in the
United States retires, many surfers were
convinced of having no alternative but to ride
boards of inferior design.
(A) No change
(B) retiring, many surfers were convinced that
they would have
(C) retired, many surfers are convinced that they
would have
(D) retired, many surfers were convinced that they
would have
3. After each of the architects have finished to
present a plan for the building’s renovation, the
committee considered the proposals and made its
decision.
(A) No change
(B) have finished presenting
(C) has finished presenting
(D) had finished presenting
4. Mr. Lee and his grandchildren practiced
traditional Chinese calligraphy together so that the
children would be knowing an art cherished by
earlier generations of their family.
(A) No change
(B) would know
(C) will know
(D) will be knowing
5. Now that Michiko finished the research, she feels
reasonably confident about writing her paper on
the rise of the progressive movement in the
United States.
(A) No change
(B) has finished
(C) had finished
(D) was finished
6. After Morris spent ten minutes giving an answer,
Claudette found he had given her only one item of
information beyond what she already knew.
(A) No change
(B) what she knows already.
(C) beyond her knowledge at the current time
(D) to add to what she knew already presently
7. Over the past two years, apparel manufacturers
have worked to meeting the revised federal
standards for the design of uniforms.
(A) No change
(B) apparel manufacturers worked to meet
(C) apparel manufacturers have worked to meet
(D) apparel manufacturers work to meet
8. When Marie Curie shared the 1903 Nobel Prize
for Physics with two other scientists-her husband
Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel-she had been
the first woman to win the prize.
(A) No change
(B) has been
(C) was
(D) is
9. Winslow Homer, one of America's foremost
artists, spent his last 27 years and painted on the
scenic Maine coast.
(A) No change
(B) spent his last 27 years having painted
(C) spent his last 27 years painting
(D) spending his last 27 years painting

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Chapter 8
10. Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu has disproved a widely
accepted theory of physics when she showed that
identical nuclear particles do not always act alike.
(A) No change
(B) having disproved
(C) disproved
(D) disproves
11. The candidate called for medical insurance
reform, but to me he seemed less interested in the
plight of uninsured citizens than in whether
enough is registered to vote.
(A) No change
(B) enough registered to vote
(C) enough was registered to vote
(D) enough has been registered to vote
12. Jerome often referred to art history textbooks
while he was sculpting; whenever he learned a
new method in art class, he seeks out the work of
sculptors who had used it in the past.
(A) No change
(B) is seeking
(C) sought
(D) has sought
13. Many admire Louisa May Alcott for her
detailed descriptions of Nineteenth-Century
domestic life in novels such as little woman, but
few have read the lurid thrillers she writes early in
her career.
(A) No change
(B) has written
(C) wrote
(D) will write
14. When one debates the merits of the proposed
reduction in our tax base, you should take into
consideration the effect it will have on the schools
and the other public services.
(A) No change
(B) you should consider the effect
(C) one should take the effect
(D) one takes into consideration the affect
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Verb Tense
15. Samuel Adams was by no means the first
American to espouse the democratic cause, but
he has been the first who conceived the party
machinery that made it practical.
(A) No change
(B) had been the first who conceived
(C) was the first to conceive
(D) having been the first to conceive
16. Born of Ibuza parents in Nigeria, novelist Buchi
Emecheta moved to England in 1962, since which
she has lived in North London.
(A) No change
(B) 1962 and has lived since then in North
London.
(C) 1962 and lived since then in North London.
(D) 1962, and living in North London since that
time.
17. Despite its cultural importance, the Daily Gazette
lost 70 percent of its subscribers since 1920 and,
by 1955, was losing as much as $200,000 a year.
(A) No change
(B) have lost
(C) has lost
(D) loses
18. During television's early years, many stations
broadcast programming only until midnight, after
which television screens will display a static
image known as a test pattern.
(A) No change
(B) after which television screens displayed
(C) after which television screens had displayed
(D) television screens display at that time
19. After the prince characterized modern architecture
as ugly, he has been severely criticized
for having been so outspoken in public.
(A) No change
(B) he is severely criticized
(C) he will be severely criticized
(D) he was severely criticized
Chapter 8 Verb Tense

20. By the end of 1945, Alice, thirty years old but 25. Evidence from several sources suggests that the
already an expert in the field of family dynamics, poet Emily Dickinson, when young, is quite
had begun writing her memories. sociable, although she was later deemed a
(A) NO CHANGE reclusive eccentric.
(B) has begun writing (A) NO CHANGE
(C) began writing (B) being
(D) beginning writing (C) has been
21. By the beginning of 1755, events are reaching a (D) was
stage that made war between Britain and France
all but inevitable. 26. Only after the fierce winds of the blizzard had fell
(A) NO CHANGE to occasional gusts did the bus driver feel
confident that she would navigate the snow-
(B) could reach
covered back roads.
(C) having reached (A) NO CHANGE
(D) had reached (B) been fell
22. If they would have been painted this afternoon, (C) fallen
the walls would be completely dry by tomorrow (D) falling
evening.
(A) NO CHANGE 27. In May, construction began on a second building
that will be attaching to the existing one.
(B) Were they to be painted
(A) NO CHANGE
(C) After painting them
(B) would be attaching
(D) They would be painted
(C) attaches
23. In 1882 there were only seven female doctors (D) to attach
practicing in France, when in 1903 the number
rising to 95. 28. If not for bees, which are responsible for
(A) NO CHANGE pollinating the vast majority of Earth’s flowers,
many plants were unable to produce fruits or
(B) but by 1903 the number had risen
seeds.
(C) there 1903 the number rose (A) NO CHANGE
(D) however, in 1903 when the number had risen (B) have been unable
24. Yesterday Robin and John would use a computer (C) are unable
presentation to illustrate the highlights of their (D) unable
report on alternative energy sources for heating 29. In 1961 Rita Moreno gained fame and won an
and cooling our homes. Academy Award for her portraying Anita in the
(A) NO CHANGE film adaptation of the groundbreaking Broadway
(B) used musical West Side Story.
(C) will use (A) NO CHANGE
(D) had used (B) gained fame and win
(C) gaining fame and winning
(D) gained fame and wins

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense

Mini Exam
. 1 .. .
Solar Impulse 2, an aircraft powered only by (A) NO CHANGE
(B) taken off
the sun's rays, . 1 . took off from Cairo on last
(C) have taken off
Sunday morning on what should be the last leg of (D) is taking off
its history-making flight around the world.
. 2 .. .
If all . 2 . went as planned, pilot Bertrand (A) NO CHANGE
(B) goes
Piccard will steer the plane across the Arabian
(C) had gone
Peninsula and land in Abu Dhabi early Tuesday, (D) will go
completing the first global airplane flight using . 3 .. .
only energy from the sun — not a single drop of (A) NO CHANGE
(B) took
aviation fuel.
(C) taken
Piccard and the project's co-founder, Andre (D) been took
Borschberg, have . 3 . taking turns flying Solar . 4 .. .
Impulse 2 since departing from the United Arab (A) NO CHANGE
(B) begin
Emirates in March 2015 to . 4 . beginning their (C) began
35,000-kilometer journey around Earth. The (D) begun
plane . 5 . could have carried only one pilot. . 5 .. .
Piccard says circling the world in the (A) NO CHANGE
(B) can
pioneering aircraft . 6 . was both an adventure and (C) could
a project that can lead to a better world: "If we (D) carried

want to protect the environment, if we want to . 6 .. .

fight climate change ... if we want to give access (A) NO CHANGE
(B) has been
to energy to the poorest people in the world, to (C) is
the most remote villages, we . 7 . needed (D) being

renewable energy." . 7 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) would need
(C) will need
(D) to need

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense
Solar Impulse 2, built of lightweight . 8 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
materials, . 8 . being an enormous but slender (B) was
aircraft. Its wingspan is wider than that of a (C) has been
(D) is
Boeing 747 jumbo jet, but the entire plane weighs
less than 2,300 kilograms, including 17,000 solar . 9 .. .
(A) NO CHANGE
cells that . 9 . had converted sunlight into (B) converts
electrical energy. (C) convert
(D) converted
The energy .10. was stored in lithium
.10 . .
batteries, which .11. had allowed the plane to
(A) NO CHANGE
keep flying during the night. Its slow flying speed (B) is stored
(C) being stored
— only 10 percent to 15 percent as fast as a
(D) to be stored
jetliner, or near top speed for an ordinary car —
.11.. .
makes it necessary to stay aloft for days on end. (A) NO CHANGE
Stops on its global journey have 12. to (B) allowed
(C) to allow
includ Oman, India, Myanmar, China, Japan,
(D) allows
Hawaii, several U.S. cities and Spain. The plane
.12.. .
13. has arrived in Cairo about two weeks ago. (A) NO CHANGE
(B) includes
(C) include
(D) included

.13.. .
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) arrives
(C) arrived
(D) arrive

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Chapter 8 Verb Tense

Answers
Explanation:
Page 1: C / B / B
Page 2: C / C / C / B
Page 3: C / C / B / A
Page 4: D / A / B

Practice:
1 C / 2 B / 3 C / 4 C / 5 B / 6 D / 7 C / 8 C / 9 C / 10 D / 11 B / 12 B / 13 B / 14 D / 15 B / 16 B / 17 D / 18 D /
19 A / 20 B / 21 A / 22 C / 23 B / 24 B / 25 C / 26 C / 27 A / 28 C / 29 D

Homework:
1 D / 2 D / 3 D / 4 B / 5 B / 6 A / 7 C / 8 C / 9 C / 10 C / 11 C / 12 C / 13 C / 14 D / 15 C / 16 B / 17 C / 18 B /
19 D / 20 A / 21 D / 22 B / 23 B / 24 B / 25 D / 26 C / 27 B / 28 C / 29 A

Mini Exam:
1 A / 2 B / 3 C / 4 B / 5 B / 6 C / 7 C / 8 D / 9 C / 10 B / 11 D / 12 D / 13 C

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Chapter 9 Wordiness

Wordiness
Avoid passive voice:

The share of library materials that is in nonprint formats is increasing steadily; in 2010, at least 18.5
million e-books were available for them to circulate.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) to be circulated by them.
(C) for their circulating.
(D) for circulation.

NOMINALIZATION causes wordiness:

When the choice is between the verb and its noun, choose the verb:

Example:

"invented" is better than "was the inventor of"

"explored" is better than "is the explorer of"

Taking time off from her job as an attorney, it was Courtney's intention to teach math to middle school
students in Boston.
(A) No change
(B) Courtney's intention was to teach
(C) Courtney had the intention for teaching
(D) Courtney intended to teach

By employing exotic harmonies and making unusual use of instruments, Mahler was a pathfinder from
romanticism to modern music.
(A) No change
(B) Mahler created a path
(C) Mahler was the creator of a path
(D) was how Mahler created a path

Two sentences for one info

Avoid the choice which includes two portions give one idea:

Example:

I met some helpful people. √ I met some people, and they were helpful. X

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Chapter 9 Wordiness

In a blind taste test, people are asked which out of two or more products that are unidentified that they
prefer.
(A) No change
(B) which they would prefer out of two or more products that would not be identified
(C) which of two or more unidentified products they prefer
(D) out of two or more products, which are unidentified, what their preference would be

A beautifully written narrative of the author's boyhood in South America, his descriptions of animal life
in the plains region are fascinating.
(A) No change
(B) he fascinatingly describes animal life in the plains region
(C) the book contains fascinating descriptions of animal life in the plains region
(D) the book contains descriptions of animal life in the plains region and they are fascinating

REDUNDANCY

Using two words that mean the same thing or Synonyms.

Example:
Original: Adrian fulfilled all our hopes and dreams when she saved the whole entire planet.
Revised: Adrian fulfilled all our hopes when she saved the planet.
Common Redundancy

while - at the same time - simultaneously

and also
extra - additional- superfluous
imminent - in the future – soon
both - two
the reason - because - why - the fact
similar – the same way
annually - every year - per year - each year
after – afterwards
impact – influence
far – away
overwhelming – tremendous
Morning – Am
Quick – prompt

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Chapter 9 Wordiness

Because European filmmaking shut down during the First World War is the reason Why the film industry
in the United States rose to prominence.
(A) No change
(B) Because European filmmaking all shut down during the First World War,
(C) European filmmaking all but shut down during the First World War,
(D) The Fact that European filmmaking nearly shut down during the First World War is why

After carefully reviewing the notes he had taken at the meeting, Bob afterwards prepared a report to be
distributed to all members of the council.
(A) No change
(B) after prepared
(C) prepared
(D) to prepare

Stock phrase

You can replace stock phrase with one or two words

Example:

Original: The fact that I do not like ……………………….

Revised: I dislike …………………..

Original: I have finished my project in a professional manner.

Revised: I have finished my project professionally.

But more pragmatically, the discipline encourages students to analyze complex material, question
conventional beliefs, and express thoughts in a concise manner.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) speaking in a more pragmatic way,
(C) speaking in a way more pragmatically,
(D) in a more pragmatic-speaking way,

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Chapter 9
Practice
1- For all their talk about ecology, major
companies have so far spent very little to
fight pollution.
(A) No change
(B) In spite of the fact of their having
talked.
(C) In addition to their talking.
(D) Although there is talk between one and
the other.
2- The inventor studied the tiny hooks on
cockleburs that had stuck lightly to his
clothing and then created a fabric fastener
that similarly in much the same way.
(A) No change
(B) clothing and then created a fabric
fastener that operated similarly.
(C) clothing, then creating a fabric fastener
operating similarly in much the same
way.
(D) clothing, then a fabric fastener that
operated similarly was created by him
3- In 1912 the mayor of Tokyo gave
thousands of cherry trees to the city of
Washington D.C., which holds the annual
national cherry blossom festival every year
to commemorate this gift.
(A) No change
(B) which annually holds the
(C) which holds the
(D) and they hold the
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Wordiness
4- When for the first time the United States
imported more oil than it exported,
Americans should have realized that an
energy crisis was imminent and could
happen in the future.
(A) No change
(B) could happen imminently in the future.
(C) will be imminent and happening soon.
(D) might be imminent.
5- Small marine crustaceans known as krill are
often fed to farm animals, but there is not
much human consumption.
(A) No change
(B) animals, but consumption is not done
much by people.
(C) animals but are rarely eaten by people.
(D) animals, but eating them is rarely done
by humans.
6- Most often defenders of art have justified
its existence with their pointing out a
function that nothing but art itself could
perform.
(A) No change
(B) by them pointing out a function that
only art could perform
(C) through the pointing out of a function
performed by art alone
(D) by pointing to some function that art
alone can perform
Chapter 9
7- The most painting in the exhibit of work by
local artists was done by a seventy–year–
old woman, who painted an exquisite self–
portrait of herself.
(A) No change
(B) was an exquisite self–portrait of a
seventy-year-old woman who painted
herself
(C) was an exquisite self–portrait of a
seventy-year-old woman
(D) was done by a seventy–year–old
woman, and it is her own exquisite
self–portrait
8- A wiki is a web site that uses simple
software designed to allow the site’s
content be altered or changed by anyone
who has access.
(A) No change
(B) to be altered or be changed
(C) to be altered
(D) be changed
9- Rapid transit system, though often costly,
can be a practical solution to growing
urban traffic congestion.
(A) No change
(B) often in spite of their costliness
(C) even though they often cost a lot
(D) although it often has a lot of cost
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Wordiness
10- With Americans concerning sugar in
record amounts, nutritionists are urging
the public to reduce its consumption of
sodas, which have largely replaced other,
more healthful, beverages.
(A) No change
(B) nutritionists have been urging that the
public reduces its consumption of
sodas; those
(C) the public ought to reduce its
consuming of sodas, as urged by
nutritionists, because they
(D) less soda should be consumed by the
pubic urge nutritionists, which
11- Earth Day, a holiday instituted to raise
awareness of environmental issues, is
celebrated at schools across the country.
(A) No change
(B) which was a holiday having been
instituted
(C) it had been instituted as a holiday
(D) was instituted as a holiday
12- Many of the ships used by oceanographic
institutions are small vessels that have
outlived the purpose which they have been
built for originally.
(A) No change
(B) vessels that have outlived their
original purpose
(C) vessels, and these had outlived their
original purpose in being built
(D) vessels, having outlived their original
purpose
Chapter 9
13- In addition to scientific talent, Santiago
Ramon had artistic talent, as is evidenced
by the excellent drawings in his papers
about the nervous system.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) which the excellent drawings are seen
to be evidence of and appeared
(C) the excellent drawings which are
evidence of this are
(D) his excellent drawings as evidence,
appearing
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Wordiness
14- It is often disappointing for people who
travel alone and find that cabins and
hotels are priced for two or more guests..
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) people traveling alone are often
disappointed to
(C) when people are traveling alone, it is
often disappointing to
(D) the disappointment for people
traveling alone is often when they
Chapter 9 Wordiness

Answers
Explanation:
Page 1: D / D / B

Page 2: C / C

Page 3: B/ C / A

Practice:
1 A / 2 B / 3 C / 4 D / 5 C / 6 D / 7 C / 8 C / 9 A / 10 A / 11 A / 12 B / 13 D / 14 B

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Chapter 10 Transitions

Transitions
What are transitions and how are they used?
• Transitions are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the next.
• Transitions are used by the author to help the reader progress from one significant idea
to the next.
• Transitions also show the relationship within a paragraph (or within a sentence)
between the main idea and the support the author gives for those ideas.
• Before using a particular transitional, be sure you understand its meaning and usage
completely and be sure that it's the right match for the logic in context.
• Different transitions do different things.

Addition: All these word could be replaced by "and"

Indeed Moreover Also

Further What is more As well
Furthermore In addition/Additionally In broad terms
Besides Next Not to mention

These transition words add information and express agreement with preceding material.

Examples:
- Reading is a good way to learn new vocabulary words. Furthermore, it can improve
your ability to spell words correctly.
- Grilling makes meat taste really good. As well, it allows fatty juices to drain away from
the meat.
- Jim had to be careful not to step upon the tiny piglets. Also, he tried to protect the
pretty little things from injury.
- Religion offers people an opportunity to reflect on their personal existence. Moreover, it
brings communities together in a spirit of peace and cooperation.
- He stood me up and left me standing in the rain. What's more, I broke a heel trying to
hail a cab.
- Double-decker buses can move a lot of people through dense urban areas. In addition /
Additionally, they provide a good view from which to see a city.
- He doesn't mind being unemployed right now. Besides, it gives him more time to ride
his skateboard.
- I'd love to own a horse and go riding every day. On the other hand, taking care of the
animal is a very big responsibility.

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Chapter 10 Transitions

Contrast and concession: All these word could be replaced by "but"

However Conversely Otherwise

But Nevertheless Nonetheless
Yet Despite By/In contrast
On the other hand Alternatively Even so
Notwithstanding Unfortunately
These transition words express that there is evidence to the contrary and thus introduce a
change the line of reasoning (contrast).

Examples:
- We had a small drop in sales last month. However, we are still above the plan.
- He is a great swimmer, but he prefers to play golf.
- I’ve asked you a thousand times not to leave your dirty socks on the floor. Yet, you keep
doing it.
- House prices have gone up this year. In contrast, car prices seem to be stagnating.
- I was in so much pain I didn’t want to get up in the morning. Nevertheless, I went to
football practice as usual.
- Joan lived in Tokyo for ten years. Nevertheless, she can't speak any Japanese.
- Sigmund Freud once said: The great question which I have not been able to
answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is: What does a
woman want?
- If you love and encourage your children, they will develop good self-esteem. Conversely,
if you are harsh and critical, they may become angry and insecure.
- The Buddha tells us that to keep the body in good health is a duty. Otherwise, we shall
not be able to keep our mind strong and clear.

Effect/Result: All these word could be replaced by "so"

As a result Consequently In consequence

Thereafter Hence Thus
Accordingly Therefore For these reasons
These transition words are time words that are used to show that after a particular time
there was a consequence or an effect.

Examples:
- I’ve done a pranic healing course. As a result, I’ve been able to cure my neighbor’s sick
cat.
- Zack has skipped school on many occasions. consequently, he’s failed his French test.
- He has a race tomorrow. Therefore, he can’t stay out late tonight.
- You didn’t tell me you wanted to come. Thus, we booked only three seats not four.
- He has a race tomorrow. Hence, he can’t stay out late tonight.
- Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is
the main source of income for locals.
- The athlete was caught using drugs. For this reason, he was kicked off the team.

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Chapter 10 Transitions

Exemplifying:

For example For instance Specially

Particularly In particular

These transition words are used to follow a specific idea after a general idea as an example or
support to it.

Examples:
- Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. For instance, Swallows leave the
UK in early winter and fly south.
- My father loves going to restaurants which serve exotic foods. For example, last week
he went to a restaurant which serves deep-fried rattlesnake.
- A person could change a lot in a few years. Especially, when they were that young.
- The neighboring country is pleasant enough. Particularly, along the river, but the town
itself is purely industrial, and contains no pre-eminent buildings.

Similarity:

Similarly In the same way Likewise

These transition words add information, reinforce ideas, and express agreement with
preceding material.

Examples:
- You’re not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to switch it off when
you’re in the library.
- Cutting down on sugar will help you lose weight. In the same way, doing more exercise
will help you get rid of a few kilos.
- The banks advise against sending cash. Likewise, sending British cheques may cause
problems

Conclusion:

To conclude–Eventually–At last–Lastly–Finally–In short–Ultimately–To these ends…etc.

These transition words conclude, summarize, or restate ideas, or indicate a final general
statement.

Places of the transition words:

a) _________________ . Transition, Subject + Verb

b) _________________ . Subjects, transition, Verb
c) _________________ . Full Sentence……….. , transition

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 Chapter 10 Transitions

Practice
Beginners

1) Having a car can be very convenient. Also, it's 7) Beekeeping is an important occupation.
expensive to buy and maintain one. Consequently, it is tiring because the beekeeper
(A) No change must keep himself covered at all times.
(B) Moreover (A) No change
(C) Consequently (B) Thus
(D) However (C) Moreover
2) Hector decided not to use a map. Consequently, (D) On the other hand
he got lost and never found his way out of the 8) Our lives have become complicated. However,
forest. There he died. we've decided to simplify things and move to a
(A) No change log cabin in the country.
(B) Finally (A) No change
(C) For example (B) Accordingly
(D) Likewise (C) Likewise
3) His skin burns very easily. Besides, he's decided (D) Also
to stay under an umbrella and wear lots of 9) He spends too much time doing office work even
sunscreen. when he's out with his girlfriend. As a result,
(A) No change she's thinking about ending the relationship.
(B) Otherwise (A) No change
(C) Therefore (B) Moreover
(D) Nevertheless (C) Despite
4) Jim is in love with Graciella. However, he's not (D) Alternatively
sure if she loves him. 10) Nim could easily get a job as a nurse if she
(A) No change moved to the United States; Moreover, she would
(B) Accordingly miss her family in Thailand if she moved away.
(C) Similarly (A) No change
(D) Moreover (B) For example
5) Living in a cold climate is difficult for some (C) On the other hand
people. In addition, there are many fun winter (D) Finally
activities, such as sledding, that you can't do in a 11) The birds in our backyard couldn't find enough to
warm climate. eat. For instance, we set up a bird feeder and now
(A) No change they're okay.
(B) On the other hand (A) No change
(C) Moreover (B) Thus
(D) Thus (C) However
6) Bill doesn't mind working late. What's more, he's (D) In addition
a little scared of walking home by himself at this 12) They practice their instruments; However, they
time of the night. study theory and music history.
(A) NO change (A) No change
(B) In contrast (B) Therefore
(C) In addition (C) In addition
(D) Therefore (D) Specially

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 Chapter 10 Transitions

13) Gas prices rose too high for Matt to 19) She doesn't want to move to San Francisco
afford. Consequently, he sold his car and made because it's too expensive to live there.
his daily commute by bike. Therefore, she likes living in a cold weather state.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) Likewise (B) Besides
(C) Furthermore (C) However
(D) Besides (D) Nevertheless
14) Walter has a lot of work to do. Moreover, he's 20) Owning a house can cost a lot of money. Thus,
too tired to finish it. home ownership is a big part of living the
(A) No change American dream.
(B) Thus (A) No change
(C) As a result (B) In addition
(D) However (C) Therefore
15) Hector was a very good student who studied (D) Nevertheless
constantly. Consequently, he found a very good 21) Marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco.
job after he graduated from college. Nevertheless, some people believe it should be
(A) No change legalized.
(B) Likewise (A) No change
(C) In addition (B) For example
(D) In the same way (C) Therefore
16) Driving while distracted increases your chances (D) What's more
of getting into an accident. What's more, it 22) Her singing abilities aren't as good as the others
endangers the lives of other drivers. in the choir. Also, she enjoys singing.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) Despite (B) Therefore
(C) Finally (C) Nevertheless
(D) For instance (D) For example
17) It's important to be cautious when using a 23) The rainforests are being destroyed. Despite,
chainsaw. Hence, accidents and injuries still many species of wildlife are becoming extinct.
happen. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) Therefore
(B) Besides (C) Likewise
(C) Moreover (D) For instance
(D) Nevertheless 24) I missed my family; likewise, they missed their
18) Recycling is an easy way to conserve natural son.
resources. Thus, it can help reduce garbage (A) No change
disposal costs. (B) However
(A) No change (C) Finally
(B) Despite (D) Furthermore
(C) Also 25) I love to go to the gym. Especially, my sister
(D) Likewise prefers to exercise at home.
(A) No change
(B) Moreover
(C) In the same way
(D) In contrast

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 Chapter 10 Transitions

26) The current political situation is worrying. In 30) I don't like Italian food. Also, I don't eat pasta or
addition, people do not seem to be too worried pizza.
about it. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) Therefore
(B) However (C) Moreover
(C) Therefore (D) Despite
(D) Similarly 31) Students should attend class. Otherwise, they
27) Caracas is fun and the weather there is beautiful. may lose their status.
Besides, it is a very dangerous city to live in. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) But
(B) Therefore (C) Moreover
(C) Likewise (D) For example
(D) On the other hand 32) I need to wear reading glasses. In addition, I hate
28) We have to take care of the environment. how I look in them.
However, we need to educate our children so (A) No change
they do not make the same mistake. (B) Therefore
(A) No change (C) Nevertheless
(B) Nevertheless (D) Likewise
(C) Moreover 33) Silk possesses qualities invaluable in nest
(D) As a result building. However, birds incorporate or introduce
29) There are lots of beautiful people around me. For silk into their nests, including it as a component.
instance, I have a wonderful family that supports (A) No change
and loves me dearly. (B) For this reason
(A) No change (C) Likewise
(B) Nevertheless (D) Moreover
(C) Thus
(D) At least

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Chapter 10 Transitions

Intermediate

1) Poachers have hunted and killed too many 6) The United States suffered terribly under
elephants for their tusks. For instance, a weakened economy and a lack of
they have become an endangered species government oversight in 2008. For
in some parts of the world. example, the Democrats easily won in the
(A) No change November 2008 elections.
(B) Hence (A) No change
(C) However (B) Thus
(D) In addition (C) Otherwise
2) Homelessness produces intense feelings of (D) What's more
despair in those who don't have a place to 7) The use of fire by early humankind made
live. Nevertheless, it produces feelings of cold climates more inhabitable. However,
guilt among people who are not homeless. it made people more productive by
(A) No change lengthening the number of hours that
(B) However people could do work.
(C) Furthermore (A) No change
(D) Consequently (B) Furthermore
3) Astronomy has been an interest of human (C) Nevertheless
beings for centuries. Moreover, our (D) Therefore
curiosity has led to a better understanding 8) Life in the United States is easy compared
of our place in the solar system and to other parts of the world; Also, the stress
human space exploration. of daily American life makes one wonder
(A) No change how easy it really is.
(B) However (A) No change
(C) Thus (B) In consequence
(D) Likewise (C) Similarly
4) There were too many accidents on this (D) On the other hand
road when the speed limit was 55 miles 9) An adequate water supply is important to
per hour. Similarly, the city decided to a farmer's success. Nonetheless, irrigation
lower it to 45 miles per hour. The limit for is used in places where water is in short
snowmobiles was also lowered. supply.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) As well (B) As well
(C) For instance (C) For instance
(D) Therefore (D) Therefore
5) In primate troops, males “defend, control, 10) There are many benefits to
and lead the troop.” Despite, the troops are exercising. Thus, you must take some
dominated by adult males. precautions to avoid injury.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) Nevertheless (B) However
(C) Consequently (C) Moreover
(D) For example (D) Therefore

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Chapter 10 Transitions

11) No one likes to feed parking meters. 15) To fail, one must first make an attempt. In
Nevertheless, they are a low-cost that attempt, experience expands, new
alternative to parking garages, and they ideas blossom, and viewpoints change.
help keep city streets free of abandoned Nevertheless, even if one does not always
vehicles. accomplish what he or she sets out to do,
(A) No change one gains new knowledge from the
(B) Moreover attempt.
(C) Hence (A) No change
(D) Likewise (B) Therefore
12) Kurtis was told not to go out fishing before (C) In other words
the storm. For this reason, the coast guard (D) However
came to his assistance when he called for 16) This timber wolf was hunted almost to the
help. point of extinction. Nevertheless, the
(A) No change government put it on an endangered
(B) Nevertheless species list and now it's protected by law.
(C) Also (A) No change
(D) Similarly (B) In the same way
13) We have ignored environmental issues for (C) For this reason
many years. For instance, we have a (D) But
plethora of problems related to the matter. 17) Ninety per cent of the energy used in the
(A) No change US comes from fossil fuels, oil, coal, and
(B) Consequently natural gas, but problems arise from other
(C) However sources. For example, nuclear power
(D) What's more plants leave radioactive by-products,
14) Many people seem too busy to take the making storage difficult.
time to understand one another. However, (A) No change
my father sees taking time to listen as (B) Nevertheless
essential to any relationship. (C) Furthermore
(A) No change (D) Subsequently
(B) Also
(C) For instance
(D) Thus

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Chapter 10
Advanced
1) Questions about the Model 3 are more
pointed now that General Motors Co
(GM.N) has confirmed it expects its
$35,000 Chevy Bolt electric car to launch
at the end of this year. However, German
competitors are speeding up plans to offer
luxury electric cars.
(A) No change
(B) Also
(C) Finally
(D) For example
2) Prime Minister Shinzo Abe launched a
bold economic revival drive in late 2012,
known as Abenomics, with fiscal
expansion, monetary stimulus and what
was supposed to be sweeping reforms.
Moreover last arrow has missed its mark
with critics
(A) No change
(B) For instance
(C) However
(D) Therefore
3) North Korea said the rocket was carrying
a satellite. It was launched early Sunday
morning near the northwestern border
with China. The North said the launch is
part of its peaceful program to send
satellite into orbit. What's more, many
experts said the space program is being
used to hide its test of nuclear weapons
and ballistic missiles systems.
(A) No change
(B) Especially
(C) In addition
(D) In contrast
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Transitions
4) To be legitimate authorities, all
governments must uphold man’s rights
and do justice. Otherwise, the people owe a
lawless and tyrannical ruler no allegiance
at all.
(A) No change
(B) However
(C) Therefore
(D) Moreover
5) The humorous story is American; the
comic story, English; the witty story,
French. The humorous story depends for
its effect upon the manner of the telling;
the comic story and the witty story upon
the matter. The humorous story may be
spun out to great length, and may wander
around as much as it pleases, and arrive
nowhere in particular. However, the comic
and witty stories must be brief and end
with a point.
(A) No change
(B) Thus
(C) Additionally
(D) In broad terms
6) The catastrophist theories hypothesized or
maintained that mountains and species
were created by sudden dramatic events or
catastrophes. Moreover, Darwin theorized
that nature was the result of cumulative,
gradual change.
(A) No change
(B) However
(C) Thus
(D) Likewise
 Chapter 10 Transitions

7) The silence of the poor reaffirms their 12) Picasso admitted that at the time he was
sense of despair. They feel powerless to working on Les Demoiselles “he was much
alter their condition. Yet, they listen but interested in Iberian” or ancient Spanish
don’t say anything. sculpture. But he may have been
(A) No change influenced by ancient Spanish art.
(B) Conversely (A) No change
(C) Consequently (B) Accordingly,
(D) Also (C) However,
8) The city of Paris might come to have some (D) Moreover,
symbolic value for you, bringing a mood of 13) While the education provided the Indians
joy to your mind. Nevertheless, the in the colleges of the northern provinces
relationship between the city and the included all the white men’s sciences, it
mood is not an inherent, built-in one; it is did not prepare these young men for life in
purely coincidental. the woods. Thus, it did not meet the
(A) No change Indian elders’ educational goals. It is clear
(B) Hence that the Indians and the gentlemen of
(C) In addition Virginia have different educational goals.
(D) For instance (A) No change
9) Presidents, like everyone else, hate to be (B) However
criticized in public. For instance, they all (C) For example
have experienced hostility between (D) Conversely
themselves and the press. 14) The arboreal cacti lack access to moisture
(A) No change because they grow high up in the canopy
(B) In contrast with no root connections to the soil.
(C) In consequence However, both kinds of cacti have had to
(D) Likewise develop features to cut down or reduce the
10) This important trade involving vast loss of moisture.
quantities of textiles was so vital to the (A) No change
economy that not even a war could stop it. (B) Nevertheless
Particularly, it continued or kept on taking (C) In addition
place through the Revolutionary War. (D) Therefore
(A) No change 15) As founder and president of the Children’s
(B) Nonetheless Defense Fund, Marian Wright Edelman
(C) Finally has ensured that the young cannot vote or
(D) As a result make campaign contributions. Therefore,
11) She yearned for the fame that only that they are not ignored in Washington.
world could give. Furthermore, she felt (A) No change
contempt for the world of money, opinion (B) Similarly
and power. (C) Nevertheless
(A) No change (D) Moreover
(B) However
(C) Moreover
(D) Thus

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 Chapter 10
16) The family itself had to remain honest and
upright. Moreover, the geomancer’s job
was not only to identify bad and good sites
but also to advise on how to mitigate evil
influences or to improve good ones.
Response consequences serve as
reinforcers of the behavior, then, and tend
to perpetuate the behavior. Yet, an infant
who spontaneously makes a sound, which
is then followed by an attractive
Official Guide Questions
1) Greek yogurt is slightly lower in sugar and
carbohydrates than conventional yogurt is.
Also, because it is more concentrated,
Greek yogurt contains slightly more
protein per serving.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) In other words,
(C) Therefore,
(D) For instance,
2) The ice sheet begins to show evidence of
thawing in late summer. For example, in
the summer of 2012, virtually the entire
Greenland Ice Sheet underwent thawing
at or near its surface by mid-July, the
earliest date on record.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) However,
(C) As such,
(D) Moreover,
3) The spaces are usually stocked with
standard office equipment, such as
photocopiers, printers, and fax machines.
In these locations, however, the spaces
often include small meeting areas and
larger rooms for hosting presentations.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) In addition to equipment,
(C) For these reasons,
(D) Likewise,
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Transitions
consequence such as sweet fluid or the
smiling presence of the mother, will very
likely repeat the act with increasing
frequency as time and reinforcement goes
on.
(A) No change
(B) Therefore
(C) However
(D) Likewise
4) Philosophy is now being seen by many
students and prospective employers as in
fact a very useful and practical major,
offering students a host of transferable
skills with relevance to the modern
workplace. In broad terms, philosophy is
the study of meaning and the values
underlying thought and behavior.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) For example,
(C) In contrast,
(D) Nevertheless,
5) A 1994 survey concluded that only 18
percent of American colleges required at
least one philosophy course. Therefore,
between 1992 and 1996, more than 400
independent philosophy departments were
eliminated from institutions.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) Thus,
(C) Moreover,
(D) However,
Chapter 10 Transitions

6) Public libraries in the United States have 10) Among the possibilities to reconfigure a
experienced reducing in their operating building’s lighting is the installation of
funds due to cuts imposed at the federal, full-pane windows to allow the greatest
state, and local government levels.
degree of sunlight to reach office interiors.
However, library staffing has been cut by
almost four percent since 2008, and the Thus, businesses can install light tubes,
demand for librarians continues to these are pipes placed in workplace roofs
decrease. to capture and funnel sunlight down into a
(A) NO CHANGE building’s interior.
(B) Consequently, (A) NO CHANGE
(C) Nevertheless, (B) Nevertheless,
(D) Previously,
(C) Alternatively,
7) The first time I visited the Art Institute of (D) Finally,
Chicago, I expected to be impressed by its
11) Although advocates of organic food
famous large paintings. On one hand, I
preserve that organic produce is healthier
couldn’t wait to view painter Georges
than conventionally grown produce
Seurat’s 10-foot-wide A Sunday Afternoon
because it has more vitamins and
on the Island of La Grande Jatte in its full
minerals, this assertion is not supported
size.
by scientific research. For instance, one
(A) NO CHANGE
review published in The American Journal
(B) For instance,
of Clinical Nutrition provided analysis of
(C) However,
the results of comparative studies
(D) Similarly,
conducted over a span of 50 years;
8) Two years or less of sea otters can researchers consistently found no evidence
completely eliminate sea urchins in a
that organic crops are more nutritious
coastal area. Nevertheless, without sea
than conventionally grown ones in terms
otters present, kelp forests run the danger
of becoming barren stretches of coastal of their vitamin and mineral content.
wasteland known as urchin barrens. (A) NO CHANGE
(A) NO CHANGE (B) However,
(B) However, (C) In addition,
(C) Hence, (D) Likewise,
(D) Likewise,
12) The programmers, artists, and others on
9) He painted the mural’s first two sections,
the team all share the same vision.
featuring images of a tropical rainforest
Likewise, anyone considering a career as a
and a Maya pyramid, during the day. Also,
video game designer must be skilled
to avoid scrutiny, Siqueiros painted the
writers and speakers.
final section of the mural, the centerpiece
(A) NO CHANGE
at night.
(B) Nevertheless,
(A) NO CHANGE
(C) Consequently,
(B) However,
(D) However,
(C) Although,
(D) Moreover,

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Chapter 10 Transitions

13) In the name of health, spending $1.60 benefits, in terms of either nutritional
for every dollar they would have spent value or safety, from organic food.
on food that is 14 grown in a manner
(A) NO CHANGE
that is considered conventional.
(B) furthermore,
Scientific evidence, therefore, suggests
(C) however,
that consumers do not reap significant
(D) subsequently

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Chapter 10 Transitions

Answers
Beginners:
1 D / 2 A / 3 C / 4 A / 5 B / 6 B / 7 D / 8 B / 9 A / 10 C / 11 B / 12 C / 13 A / 14 D / 15 A / 16 A / 17 D / 18
C / 19 B / 20 D / 21 C / 22 C / 23 B / 24 A / 25 D / 26 B / 27 D / 28 C / 29 A / 30 B / 31 A / 32 C / 33 B

Intermediate:
1 B / 2 C / 3 C / 4 D / 5 C / 6 B / 7 D / 8 D / 9 D / 10 B / 11 A / 12 B / 13 B / 14 A / 15 C / 16 C
17 A

Advanced:
1 B / 2 C / 3 D / 4 A / 5 A / 6 B / 7 C / 8 A / 9 C / 10 D / 11 B / 12 B / 13 A / 14 D / 15 C / 16 B

Official Guide Questions:

1 A / 2 B / 3 B / 4 A / 5 C / 6 B / 7 B / 8 B / 9 B / 10 C / 11 A / 12 C / 13 C

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Relevance and linking details:

You must take in your consideration the following words and their functions when you answer this kind of
questions:

1- "related / relevant / completes the description…."

In the questions that contain these words, you must read a sentence before and a sentence after the
"UNDERLINED SENTENCE", and then you must match the main idea of the choices with the main
idea of the two sentences.

Example 1:

Farmers have found a number of uses for Which choice provides the most relevant
acid whey. [4] They can add it to livestock feed detail?
A) NO CHANGE
as a protein supplement, and people can make B) supplement and convert it into gas to use as
their own Greek-style yogurt at home by fuel in electricity production.
C) supplement, while sweet whey is more
straining regular yogurt. desirable as a food additive for humans.
D) supplement, which provides an important
element of their diet.
The answer here is (B) because it shows "a number of uses for acid whey": "They can add it …..and convert
it…." (A) talks about "Greek-style yogurt", (C) talks about "sweet whey", (D) blur the talk about the uses of acid
whey.

Example 2:

As the ice melts, the land and water under
the ice become exposed, and since land and water
are darker than snow, the surface absorbs even
more heat, which is related to the rising
temperatures.
Which choice best completes the description
of a self-reinforcing cycle?
A) NO CHANGE
B) raises the surface temperature.
C) begins to cool at a certain point.
D) leads to additional melting.

Here the answer is (D) because it talks about what will happen "As the ice melts": "leads to additional melting"
(A) talks about "rising temperatures", (B) talks about "surface temperature", (C) talks about " to cool at a
certain point"

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

2- inked ideas / to link the idea of …

In the questions that contain these words, the writer wants to end the paragraph with a sentence related
to the first sentence of the next paragraph. So, you must match them together with the same idea.

Example:

Yet some of the earliest known works of art,
including paintings and drawings tens of
thousands of years old found on cave walls
in Spain and France, portrays animals. Nor has
artistic homage to our fellow creatures entirely
died out in the millennia since, despite the many
years that have passed between then and now.
The State Hermitage Museum in St.
Petersburg, one of Russia’s greatest art museums,
has long had a productive partnership with a
much loved animal: the cat.
The writer wants to link the first paragraph with
the ideas that follow. Which choice best
accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) with special attention being paid to domestic
animals such as cats.
C) even though most paintings in museums are of
people, not animals.
D) as the example of one museum in Russia
shows.

Here the answer is (D) because it talks about "museum in Russia" and the first sentence of the next paragraph
talks about "one of Russia’s greatest art museums" (A) talks about "many years passed", (B) talks about
"domestic animals", (C) talks about "the paintings in museums are of people, not animals".

3- "sets up / introduces……. "

In the questions that contain these words, you must match the "UNDERLINED SENTENCE" with the
next sentence.

Example:

Studies have shown that employees are

happier in environment in which temperatures are
carefully controlled. New buildings may be
designed with these studies in mind, but many
older buildings were not, resulting in spaces that
often depend primarily on artificial lighting.
While employers may balk at the expense of
reconfiguring such buildings to increase the
amount of natural light, the investment has been
shown to be well worth it in the long run.
Which choice provides the most appropriate
introduction to the passage?
A) NO CHANGE
B) that affords them adequate amounts of
natural light.
C) that is thoroughly sealed to prevent energy
loss.
D) in which they feel comfortable asking
managers for special accommodations.

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Here the answer is (B) because it talks about "the natural light" the idea which matches with the next
sentence which is talking about "natural lighting / amount of natural light".
(A) is incorrect because it talks about the "temperatures", (C) is incorrect because it talks about "energy
loss", (D) is incorrect because it talks about "special accommodations".
4- "supports / logically follows……"
In the questions that contain these words, you must match the "UNDERLINED SENTENCE" with the
previous sentence.

Example:
Employees who feel less than 100 percent Which choice best supports the statement made in the
previous sentence?
and are sleep deprived are also less prone to work
A) NO CHANGE
at their maximal productivity. One company in
B) saw a 5 percent increase in productivity
California gained a huge boost in its employees’
C) saved a great deal on its operational costs
morale when it moved from an artificially lit
D) invested large amounts of time and capital
distribution facility to one with natural illumination.

Here, the answer is (B) because it talks about "productivity" the idea which matches with the previous
sentence which is talking about "Maximal productivity".
(A) is incorrect because it talks about the "employees' morale", (C) is incorrect because it talks about
"operational costs", (D) is incorrect because it talks about "time and capital".

5- "Transition"
The sentence makes "transition" from sentence to another sentence when it is related to the previous sentence
and the next sentence.
Example :

Just weeks after the scientists added the nitrates and
phosphates, the water in Lake 227 turned bright green:
it was thick with the same type of algal blooms that had
plagued Lake Erie.
. 5 . One mission of the Experimental Lakes Area is
to conduct research that helps people better understand
threats to the environment. The scientists divided the
lake in half by placing a nylon barrier through the
narrowest part of its figure-eight shape. In one half of
Lake 226, they added phosphates, nitrates, and a source
of carbon; in the other, they added just nitrates and
carbon.
. 5 . Which choice provides the best transition from
the previous paragraph to this one?
A) NO CHANGE
B) The Experimental Lakes Area is located in a
sparsely inhabited region that experiences few
effects of human and industrial activity.
C) To isolate the cause of the algae, Schindler and
Brunskill performed another experiment, this
time using Lake 226.
D) The process by which water becomes enriched
by dissolved nutrients, such as phosphates, is
called eutrophication.

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Chapter 11 Data Analysis
To solve this kind of questions, as mentioned before, you must choose the answer that related to the previous
sentence and related to the next sentence.
- The previous sentence says that scientists added the nitrates and phosphates, the water in Lake 227 turned
bright green.
- The next sentence says that The scientists divided the lake in half and says In one half of Lake 226, they
added phosphates, nitrates, and a source of carbon; in the other, they added just nitrates and carbon.
So, as it shown for us the first sentence is talking about an experiment in Lake 227 and the second is talking
about another experiment in Lake 226. Therefore, the best answer is (C).

6- "writer's main or primary idea or claim / main idea of the passage or

paragraph….."
In the questions that contain these words, you must identify the main idea of the paragraph by
selecting the important words of the rest of the paragraph.

Example 1:
In sum, the Internet does not replace the
need for librarians, and librarians are hardly
obsolete. Like books, librarians have been around
for a long time, but the Internet is extremely
useful for many types of research.
Which choice most clearly ends the passage
with a restatement of the writer’s primary
claim?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Although their roles have diminished
significantly, librarians will continue to be
employed by public libraries for the
foreseeable future.
C) The growth of electronic information has led
to a diversification of librarians’ skills and
services, positioning them as savvy resource
specialists for patrons.
D) However, given their extensive training and
skills, librarians who have been displaced by
budget cuts have many other possible
avenues of employment.

Here, the answer here is (C) because the main claim of the paragraph is that "the internet doesn't replace the
need for librarians" which means that librarians are as important as internet the idea that matches the answer
(C) " the growth of electronic information has led to a diversification of librarians’ skills and services"
(A) is incorrect because it says that the librarians became not needed like books meanwhile the internet is
useful, (B) is incorrect because it says that the librarians' roles disappeared, (D) is incorrect because it talks
the employability of the librarians.

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Chapter 11 Data Analysis
Example 2:

.19. [1] Termite mounds can reach up to thirty feet
high. [2] To provide some perspective: termites are
a quarter of an inch long and build structures that
are approximately 1,500 times their height. [3] The
human-scale equivalent would be building a
skyscraper over 8,000 feet tall, but the tallest
skyscraper in the world is not even 3,000 feet tall.
[4] The enormous mounds support local ecosystems,
allowing water to penetrate deep into the ground and
creating moist oases where plants can flourish in
arid terrain. [5] Animals also benefit from the
presence of the mounds. [6] Many animals,
including lizards, aardvarks, and mongooses,
burrow into these mounds and use them as
homes.
.19. Which choice most effectively establishes
the main topic of the paragraph?
A) Termites are able to survive in many
different climates.
B) Termites have engineered more
complicated structures than those designed
by humans.
C) Some termites build immense mounds that
are structural marvels and that benefit a
multitude of other organisms.
D) Tourists visiting countries where termites
build mounds are often in awe of these
extraordinary structures.

Here, the answer here is (C) because it talks about the structure of the mounds and how it is beneficial to
other organisms which is the main idea of the paragraph: " Termite mounds can reach up to thirty feet high",
"Animals also benefit from the presence of the mounds", " Many animals, including lizards, aardvarks, and
mongooses, burrow into these mounds and use them as homes" (A) is incorrect because it talks about the
ability of Termites to live in different conditions, (B) is incorrect because it compares the Termites' structure
to humans' structures, (D) is incorrect because it says that the Termite mounds visited by many tourists.

7- "Explains why / gives reason:"

The sentence explains why or gives reason when it contains one of these words: "because, for , as … etc"
These tails can exceed 150 million kilometers in
length are visible from Earth. Because tails are
caused by solar winds, they are always moving
away from the sun.
Which choice most clearly explains why comet tails
move away from the sun?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Tails, because of their cause, solar winds, are
always moving away from the sun.
C) They are being caused by solar winds, and tails
are always moving away from the sun.
D) Tails are always moving away from the sun,
being caused by solar winds.

Here the question asks you to choose the sentence which explains why, so the best answer here is (A).

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Chapter 11
Exercise 1
Because philosophy teaches students not what to
think but how to think, the age-old discipline offers
consistently useful tools for academic and
professional achievement.. 1 . A 1994 survey
concluded that only 18 percent of American
colleges required at least one philosophy course.
Moreover, between 1992 and 1996, more than 400
independent philosophy departments were
eliminated from institutions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
. 2 . Free to all who utilize their services, public . 2 . Which choice most effectively sets up the
libraries and librarians are especially valuable,
because they offer free resources that may be
difficult to find elsewhere, such as help with online
job searches as well as résumé and job material
development.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
A couch, for example, is seven inches long, and . 3 . . 3 . Which choice gives a second supporting
that is based on a seven-foot-long couch. Each room
represents a distinctive style of European,
American, or Asian interior design from the
thirteenth to twentieth centuries.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
In return for the servers’ work, the position paid
quite well for the time: $17.50 a month, plus tips,
meals, room and board, laundry service, and travel
expenses. .4 .
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Data Analysis
. 1 . Which choice most effectively sets up the
information that follows?
A) Consequently, philosophy students have been
receiving an increasing number of job offers.
B) Therefore, because of the evidence, colleges
increased their offerings in philosophy.
C) Notwithstanding the attractiveness of this course
of study, students have resisted majoring in
philosophy.
D) However, despite its many utilitarian benefits,
colleges have not always supported the study of
philosophy.
examples given at the end of the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) During periods of economic recession,
C) Although their value cannot be measured,
D) When it comes to the free services libraries
provid
example that is most similar to the example already
in the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) a tea cup is about a quarter of an inch.
C) there are even tiny cushions on some.
D) household items are also on this scale.
. 4 . Which choice most logically follows the
previous sentence?
A) The growth of Harvey’s business coincided with
the expansion of the Santa Fe Railway, which
served large sections of the American West.
B) Harvey would end up opening dozens of
restaurants and dining cars, plus 15 hotels, over
his lucrative career.
C) These benefits enabled the Harvey Girls to save
money and build new and exciting lives for
themselves in the so-called Wild West.
D) The compensation was considered excellent at
the time, though it may not seem like much
money by today’s standards.
 Chapter 11
It also reinforces the belief that it is easier to replace
goods than to mend them, as repair shops are rare
and . 5 . repair methods are often specialized. In
2009, an enterprising movement, the Repair Café,
challenged this widely accepted belief.
. 6 . Despite having worked for railroad companies,
Fred Harvey, an English-born entrepreneur, decided
to open his own restaurant business to serve rail
customers.
The room is simple but spacious, with a small sink
and counter along one wall, a cast-iron wood stove
and some hanging pots and pans against another
wall, and . 7 . a small table under a window of the
third wall. Aside from a few simple wooden chairs
placed near the edges of the room, the floor is open
and obviously well worn.
Employee naps might also lead to reduced health
care costs for companies, since regular napping
leads to long-term health benefits, . 8 . and it
improves workers’ average weekly attendance.
With 30 percent of United States workers not getting
enough sleep at night, according to the Wall Street
Journal, US companies 1 lose $63.2 billion annually
due to the drop in employee productivity resulting
from sleep deprivation. Sleep-deprived workers
generally have lower morale and are less able to
retain information than their better-rested
colleagues.
. 9 . These executives are among the most successful
leaders in their respective fields.
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Data Analysis
. 5 . Which choice provides information that best
supports the claim made by this sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) obsolete goods can become collectible items.
C) no one knows whether something will fall into
disrepair again.
D) new designs often have “bugs” that must be
worked out.
. 6 . Which choice provides the most logical
introduction to the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) He had lived in New York and New Orleans, so
C) To capitalize on the demand for good food,
D) DELETE the underlined portion.
. 7 . Which choice most closely matches the stylistic
pattern established earlier in the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) a small table is under the third wall’s window.
C) the third wall has a window and small table.
D) the third wall has a small table against it and a
window.
. 8 . Which choice provides a supporting example
that
reinforces the main point of the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) including a lower risk of cardiovascular problems
such as heart attack and stroke.
C) which are essential in an era of rising health care
costs.
D) in addition to making employees more efficient.
. 9 . The writer wants a concluding sentence that
restates the main argument of the passage. Which
choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Clearly, employers should consider reducing
employees’ hours when they are overworked.
C) Companies should consider employee schedules
carefully when implementing a napping policy.
D) More businesses should follow their lead and
embrace napping on the job.
 Chapter 11
.10 Nature has been around forever. First-century
Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder stated in his
Natural History that the Moon “replenishes the
Earth; when she approaches it, she fills all bodies,
while, when she recedes, she empties them.”
Chinese and Egyptian people performed agricultural
tasks according to the lunar calendar for millennia,
and, to this day, the vaunted Old Farmer’s Almanac
includes regional lunar calendars and advice on
when to conduct farm chores. The almanacs editor,
Janice Stillman, says, “That information is of value
to our readers who practice these traditional
methods—and claim great success.”
Chinese and Egyptian people performed agricultural
tasks according to the lunar calendar for millennia,
and, to this day, the vaunted Old Farmer’s Almanac
includes regional lunar calendars and advice on 11.
when to conduct farm chores.
Nast’s cartoons depicted Tweed as a great big
bloated thief. One of the artist’s most famous images
showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his
.12 head.
The research demonstrated a clear correlation
between introducing phosphates and the growth of
blue-green algae. Subsequently, legislators in
Canada passed laws banning phosphates in laundry
detergents, which had been entering the water
supply 13.
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Data Analysis
.10. Which choice most effectively sets up the
paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) People all over the world farm by the Moon.
C) Farming by the Moon is not new.
D) Talk of the Moon’s influence is far-reaching.
.11. Which choice provides the most specific
information
on the type of advice a lunar calendar offers?
A) NO CHANGE
B) actions relevant to farming.
C) points in time at which to undertake certain tasks.
D) optimal times to plant, weed, prune, and harvest.
.12. Which choice adds the most relevant supporting
information to the paragraph?
A) head; like many other Nast cartoons, that one was
published in Harper’s Weekly.
B) head; Nast would later illustrate Tweed’s escape
from prison.
C) head, one depiction that omits Tweed’s signature
hat.
D) head, an image that perfectly captured Tweed’s
greedy nature.
.13. At this point, the writer wants to add a second
policy outcome of the research described.
Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) Lake 226 continued to develop blooms of blue-
green algae for eight consecutive years after the
experiment took place.
B) In the United States, many individual states have
also adopted legislation to eliminate, or at least
reduce, phosphorous content in laundry
detergents.
C) In 1974, Schindler initiated a study of the effects
of acid rain, using Lake 223 to examine how
sulfuric acid altered aquatic ecosystems.
D) Aerial photos of the lakes taken before and
during algal blooms helped convey the effects of
phosphates in water to the public.
Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Sentence Placement

A) Sentence Movement:
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence "8" should be placed
A) where it is now. "The sentence supports the previous sentence OR introduces the following sentence"
B) after sentence 2. "The sentence supports sentence 2 OR introduces sentence 3"
C) before sentence 4. "The sentence introduces sentence 4 OR supports sentence 3"
D) after sentence 4. "The sentence supports sentence 4 OR introduces sentence 5"
Example 1:

[1] Termite mounds can reach up to thirty feet high.
[2] To provide some perspective: termites are a
quarter of an inch long and build structures that are
approximately 1,500 times their height. [3] The
human-scale equivalent would be building a
skyscraper over 8,000 feet tall, but the tallest
skyscraper in the world is not even 3,000 feet tall.
[4] The enormous mounds support local ecosystems,
allowing water to penetrate deep into the ground and
creating moist oases where plants can flourish in
arid terrain. [5] Animals also benefit from the
presence of the mounds. [6] Many animals,
including lizards, aardvarks, and mongooses,
burrow into these mounds and use them as homes.
To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 4
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 1.
C) before sentence 3.
D) after sentence 5.

Here, the answer is (A) because sentence [4] supports the idea of the previous sentence "the mounds has the
same height as the skyscraper" by saying "The enormous mounds". Moreover, it introduces the next sentence
by providing a benefit for the mounds "plants can flourish in arid terrain" which is supported by another
benefit in the next sentence "Animals also benefit from the presence of the mounds".

Example 2:

[1] One of the big reasons behind workers’ lack of companies continue to demand long hours from
sleep is the work itself. [2] To combat the problem workers, and managers should champion napping as
of sleep deprivation in a demanding work a means to keep employees happy, healthy, and
environment, some companies have begun allowing functional.
workers to take naps. [3] The hours the average To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 3
American spend working have increased should be placed
dramatically since the 1970s, making it hard for A) where it is now.
many workers to get a good night’s sleep. [4] B) before sentence 1.
Although employees who sleep on the job are often C) after sentence 1.
considered lazy and unproductive, napping in the D) after sentence 4.
workplace has been shown to improve workers’
efficiency and quality of life. [5] As long as

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Chapter 11 Data Analysis
Here, the answer is (C) because sentence [3] says that increasing working hours made it difficult to the
worker to sleep well at night, the idea which supports the idea in the sentence [1] "One of the big reasons
behind workers’ lack of sleep is the work itself"
(A) is incorrect because sentence [3] in this place will INTERRUPT the discussion of "taking nap" in
sentence [2] and in sentence [4].

B) Writer Consideration:
The writer wants to add the following sentence to the paragraph.
……………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
The best placement for the sentence is immediately
A) before sentence 1. "The given sentence must set up sentence 1"
B) after sentence 1. "The given sentence must support sentence 1 OR set up sentence 2"
C) after sentence 2. "The given sentence must support sentence 2 OR set up sentence 3"
D) after sentence 3. "The given sentence must support sentence 3 OR set up sentence 4"

Example 1:
[1] Thus, even though I already had all the
equipment I needed in my home office, I decided to
try using a coworking space in my city. [2] Because
I was specifically interested in coworking’s reported
benefits related to creativity, I chose a facility that
offered a bright, open work area where I wouldn’t
be isolated. [3] Throughout the morning, more
people appeared. [4] Periods of quiet, during which
everyone worked independently, were broken up
occasionally with lively conversation.
The writer wants to add the following sentence to
the paragraph.
After filling out a simple registration form and
taking a quick tour of the facility, I took a seat at a
table and got right to work on my laptop.
The best placement for the sentence is immediately
A) before sentence 1.
B) after sentence 1.
C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 3.

Here, the answer is (C) because the given sentence talks about a facility and the registration to work inside
the idea which supports the idea in sentence [2] "I chose a facility that offered a bright, open work area
where I wouldn’t be isolated." But the given sentence doesn't support or set up any other sentences.

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Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Example 2:
[1] Perhaps the epitome of traditional methodology
is the Dictionary of American Regional English,
colloquially known as DARE. [2] Its fifth and final
alphabetical volume—ending with “zydeco”—
released in 2012, the dictionary represents decades
of arduous work. [3] Over a six-year period from
1965 to 1970, university graduate students
conducted interviews in more than a thousand
communities across the nation. [4] Their goal was to
determine what names people used for such
everyday objects and concepts as a submarine
sandwich (a “hero” in New York City but a
“dagwood” in many parts of Minnesota, Iowa, and
Colorado) and a heavy rainstorm (variously a “gully
washer,” “pour-down,” or “stump mover”). [5] The
work that dictionary founder Frederic G. Cassidy
had expected to be finished by 1976 was not, in fact,
completed in his lifetime. [6] The wait did not
dampen enthusiasm among scholars. Scholars
consider the work a signal achievement in
linguistics.
To improve the cohesion and flow of this paragraph,
the writer wants to add the following sentence.
Data gathering proved to be the quick part of
the project.
The sentence would most logically be placed after
A) sentence 2.
B) sentence 3.
C) sentence 4.
D) sentence 5.

C) Paragraph Movement:
To make the passage most logical, paragraph 2 should be placed
A) where it is now. "First sentence of paragraph 2 must match the last sentence of paragraph 1
OR last sentence of paragraph 2 must match the first sentence of paragraph 3"
B) after paragraph 3. "First sentence of paragraph 2 must match the last sentence of paragraph 3
OR last sentence of paragraph 2 must match the first sentence of paragraph 4"
C) after paragraph 4. "First sentence of paragraph 2 must match the last sentence of paragraph 4
OR last sentence of paragraph 2 must match the first sentence of paragraph 5"
D) after paragraph 5. "First sentence of paragraph 2 must match the last sentence of paragraph 5
OR last sentence of paragraph 2 must match the first sentence of paragraph 6"

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Chapter 11 Data Analysis

—1— —4—
The first time I visited the Art Institute of The plainer rooms are more sparsely
Chicago, I expected to be impressed by its famous furnished. Their architectural features, furnishings,
large paintings. On one hand, I couldn’t wait to
and decorations are just as true to the periods they
view painter, Georges Seurat’s, 10-foot-wide A
Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte represent. One of my favorite rooms in the whole
in its full size. It took me by surprise, then, when my exhibit, in fact, is an 1885 summer kitchen. The
favorite exhibit at the museum was one of its tiniest: room is simple but spacious, with a small sink and
the Thorne Miniature Rooms. counter along one wall, a cast-iron wood stove and
—2— some hanging pots and pans against another wall,
Viewing the exhibit, I was amazed by the and a small table under a window of the third wall.
intricate details of some of the more ornately Aside from a few simple wooden chairs placed near
decorated rooms. I marveled at a replica of a salon the edges of the room, the floor is open and
(a formal living room) dating back to the reign of obviously well worn.
French king Louis XV. Built into the dark paneled —5—
walls are bookshelves stocked with leather-bound As I walked through the exhibit, I overheard
volumes. The couch and chairs, in keeping with the a visitors’ remark, “You know, that grandfather
style of the time, are characterized by elegantly clock actually runs. Its glass door swings open, and
curved arms and legs, they are covered in luxurious the clock can be wound up.” Dotted with pin-sized
velvet. A dime-sized portrait of a French aristocratic knobs, another visitor noticed my fascination with a
woman hangs in a golden frame. tiny writing desk and its drawers. “All of those little
—3— drawers pull out. And you see that hutch? Can you
This exhibit showcases sixty-eight miniature believe it has a secret compartment?” Given the
rooms inserted into a wall at eye level. Each exquisite craftsmanship and level of detail I’d
furnished room consists of three walls; the fourth already seen, I certainly could.
wall is a glass pane through which museum goers
To make the passage most logical, paragraph 2
observe. The rooms and their furnishings were
should be placed
painstakingly created to scale at 1/12th their actual
A) where it is now.
size, so that one inch in the exhibit correlates with
B) after paragraph 3.
one foot in real life. A couch, for example, is seven
C) after paragraph 4.
inches long, and that is based on a seven-foot-long
D) after paragraph 5.
couch. Each room represents a distinctive style of
European, American, or Asian interior design from
the thirteenth to twentieth centuries.
Here, the answer is (B) because the first sentence of paragraph 2 "Viewing the exhibit, I was amazed by the
intricate details of some of the more ornately decorated rooms" matches with the last sentence of paragraph
3 "Each room represents a distinctive style of European, American, or Asian interior design from the
thirteenth to twentieth centuries." As both are talking about rooms in an exhibit with some distinctive
decorations and amazing styles. Moreover, the first sentence of paragraph 3 "This exhibit showcases sixty-
eight miniature rooms inserted into a wall at eye level" supports the last sentence of paragraph 1 "It took me
by surprise, then, when my favorite exhibit at the museum was one of its tiniest: the Thorne Miniature
Rooms" as both talk about the Miniature Rooms.

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Chapter 11
Exercise 2
[1] The main environmental problem caused by the
production of Greek yogurt is the creation of acid
whey as a by-product. [2] Because it requires up to
four times more milk to make than conventional
yogurt does, Greek yogurt produces larger amounts
of acid whey, which is difficult to dispose of. [3] To
address the problem of disposal, farmers have found
a number of uses for acid whey. [4] They can add it
to livestock feed as a protein supplement, and
people can make their own Greek-style yogurt at
home by straining regular yogurt. [5] If it is
improperly introduced into the environment, acid-
whey runoff can pollute waterways, depleting the
[1] Box’s research is important because the fires of
2012 may not be a one-time phenomenon. [2]
According to scientists, rising Arctic temperatures
are making northern latitudes greener and thus more
fire prone. [3] The pattern Box observed in 2012
may repeat itself, with harmful effects on the Arctic
ecosystem. [4] Box is currently organizing an
expedition to gather this crucial information. [5] The
next step for Box and his team is to travel to
Greenland to perform direct sampling of the ice in
order to determine just how much the soot is
[1] 1-MCP works by limiting a fruit’s production of
ethylene, a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and
eventually rot. [2] While 1-MCP keeps apples firm
and crisp for months, it also limits their scent
production. [3] This may not be much of a problem
with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally
very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples
that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as
McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers,
who will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.
[4] But some fruits do not respond as well to 1-MCP
as others do, and some even respond adversely. [5]
Furthermore, some fruits, particularly those that
naturally produce a large amount of ethylene, do not
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Data Analysis
oxygen content of streams and rivers as it
decomposes. [6] Yogurt manufacturers, food
scientists; and government officials are also working
together to develop additional solutions for reusing
whey. 1 .
. 1 . To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 1.
C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 3.
contributing to the melting of the ice sheet. [6]
Members of the public will be able to track his
team’s progress—and even help fund the
expedition—through a website Box has created. 2 .
. 2 . To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 1.
C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 5.
respond as well to 1 MCP treatment. [6] Take
Bartlett pears, for instance: unless they are treated
with exactly the right amount of 1-MCP at exactly
the right time, they will remain hard and green until
they rot, and consumers who experience this will be
unlikely to purchase them again. . 3 .
. 3 . To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 1.
C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 5.
Chapter 11 Data Analysis

[1] The State Hermitage Museum in St. . 4 . To make this paragraph most logical,
Petersburg, one of Russia’s greatest art museums, sentence 5 should be placed
has long had a productive partnership with a much A) where it is now.
loved animal: the cat. [2] For centuries, cats have B) after sentence 1.
guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, C) after sentence 3.
rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, D) after sentence 6.
not to mention scared off visitors. [3] Peter the
Great introduced the first cat to the Hermitage in
the early eighteenth century. [4] Later Catherine
the Great declared the cats to be official guardians
of the galleries. [5] Continuing the tradition,
Peter’s daughter Elizaveta introduced the best and
strongest cats in Russia to the Hermitage. [6]
Today, the museum holds a yearly festival
honoring these faithful workers. . 4 .

[1] One significant benefit of 3-D printing as well as its preciousness and fragility. [5] In many
technology is its ability to create scale reproductions cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually,
of fossils. [2] But now 3-D scale models can be using artists’ renderings. 5 .
rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to
scientists. [3] A team led by Drexel University . 5 . To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2
professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of should be placed
dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’ original sizes 5 A) where it is now.
in order to learn how they fit together when the B) before sentence 1.
animals were alive. [4] In the past, such research C) after sentence 4.
was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils D) after sentence 5.

[1] One innovative playwright has woven the to attend the performance. [6] By subverting the
deficiencies of the system into her crowdfunding presumption that money used for her project is an
model. [2] Though the price for her tickets was altruistic donation, the playwright showed that 31
higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.
was still affordable to most theatergoers—and 6.
reflected the real cost of the performance. [3] She . 6 . To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2
presented the total cost for producing her play on a should be placed
crowdfunding site. [4] Then she divided the total A) where it is now.
cost by the number of people she expected to attend B) after sentence 3.
the performance. [5] The result of the calculation C) after sentence 4.
was the minimum donor price, and only donors who D) after sentence 5.
paid at least the minimum ticket price were allowed

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Chapter 11
[1] The recent precipitous decline of print
journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated
long-held concerns about the state of investigative
reporting in the United States. [2] Facing lower print
circulation and diminished advertising revenue,
many major newspapers have reduced or eliminated
investigative resources. [3] Newspapers, the
traditional nurturing ground for investigative
journalism, have been hit especially hard by the
widespread availability of free news online. [4] To
Data Analysis
survive, investigative journalism must continue to
adapt to the digital age. 7 .
7 . For the sake of the logic and cohesion of the
paragraph, sentence 3 should be
A) placed where it is now.
B) placed before sentence 1.
C) placed after sentence 1.
D) DELETED from the paragraph.

[1] A report by the Space Foundation estimated that
NASA contributed $180 billion to the economy in
2005. [2] More than 60 percent of the contribution 8
coming from commercial goods and services created
by companies using space-related technology. [3]
This translates as excellent returns from an agency
that received approximately 17.7 billion in tax
dollars in 2014. [4] This investment by taxpayers
enhances not only the national economy but also the
United States’ competitiveness in the international
market. [5] Moreover, the benefits of NASA
funding extend beyond the purely economic, as
astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson indicated in his
testimony before the US Senate: “For . . . a penny
on a dollar—we can transform the country from a
sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic
struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its twentieth-
century birthright to dream of tomorrow.” 8 .
8 . To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 1
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 2.
C) after sentence 3.
D) after sentence 4.

[1] The library is working hard to publicize the The writer plans to add the following sentence to
project and encourage the public to try the recipes. this paragraph.
[2] It has formed a club dedicated to cooking The judges reported that the entries were
manuscript recipes. [3] Some recipes don’t fare well delicious.
in the twenty-first century (one club member called
her 1800s gingerbread a “molasses-laden brick”), 9 . To make this paragraph most logical, the
while others had worked just fine. [4] In another sentence
instance of library outreach, a competition at the should be placed
2013 Iowa State Fair, contestants baked desserts in A) after sentence 1.
three categories— almond cheesecake, summer B) after sentence 2.
mince pie, and Marlborough pie—using recipes C) after sentence 3.
from the Szathmary collection. 9 . D) after sentence 4.

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Chapter 11 Data Analysis
[1] A four-year study by a team of Canadian scientists returned to the nests many times over nine
scientists, headed by student Laura McKinnon of the days to check how many eggs remained in the nests.
Université du Québec, provide evidence in support [6] A nest was said to have survived if, at the end of
of this hypothesis. [2] The scientists created the nine days, it contained at least one undisturbed
artificial nests that resembled a typical shorebird’s quail egg. 10.
nest. [3] Then each year, during the shorebirds’ 10. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5
breeding season, forty of the nests were placed in should be placed
each of seven locations that ranged in latitude from A) where it is now.
the low Arctic to the high Arctic. [4] Each nest had B) after sentence 1.
been baited with four quail egg’s, which are similar C) after sentence 2.
in size and shape to a shorebird’s eggs. [5] The D) after sentence 6.

[1] It used to be that a move to a metropolis such as ambitious young people getting by on “pluck and
New York City was an inevitable step for aspiring luck” in the big city were commonplace. [7] These
artists. [2] Back when geography was everything, an days, however, they are more fiction than fact. 11.
artist had to get her painting, song, poem, or dance
in front of as large an audience as possible. [3] To 11. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 3
some degree, these tales may have been true. [4] should be placed
That was much easier in a city with a teeming A) where it is now.
population. [5] Geographical proximity helped B) after sentence 1.
artists meet other artists, be inspired by them, and C) after sentence 4.
compete with them. [6] Stories of talented, D) after sentence 6.

[1] Most students learn the trade through a
four-year apprenticeship with experienced
boilermakers. [2] Compared to liberal arts
universities or colleges, boilermakers receive more
specialized, vocational training. [3] Students gain
practical experience and hands-on knowledge
through working on projects with advanced
professionals, as well as putting in a minimum of
144 classroom hours per year. [4] In class, students
learn about the physical and chemical properties of
the liquids and gases with which they will be
working. [5] Once they are prepared to join the
workforce, they can join the boilermakers’
union, which create supportive local communities
and advocates for the rights and welfare of all its
members. [6] Local unions foster the development
of young boilermakers by sponsoring many of the
aforementioned apprenticeships. 12.
12. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) before sentence 1.
C) after sentence 5.
D) after sentence 6.

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Writer considerations:

A. Deleting Sentence:
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence.
Should the writer do this?
A) Yes / Deleted because NEGATIVE REASON
B) Yes / Deleted because ANOTHER NEGATIVE REASON
C) No / Kept because POSITIVE REASON
D) No / Kept because ANOTHER POSITIVE REASON

B. Adding Sentence:
The writer is considering adding the following sentence.
…………………………………………………
Should the writer make this addition here?

A) Yes because POSITIVE REASON

B) Yes because ANOTHER POSITIVE REASON
C) No because NEGATIVE REASON
D) No because ANOTHER NEGATIVE REASON

Positive key words: Adding: Yes / Deleting: No

1- Transition / Supports / logically follows / Reinforces / Acknowledges / Continues the explanation.
*Adding: We will choose the answer Yes which contains one of these words when the added sentence
related to the PREVIOUS sentence.
*Deleting: We will choose the answer No which contains one of these words when the added sentence
related to the PREVIOUS sentence.
Example:
Studies have offered several possible reasons that . 3 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
bees are vanishing. One reason that is often cited is
Prolonged exposure to neonicotinoids has been
the use of pesticides called neonicotinoids, which shown to increase bees’ vulnerability to disease and
parasitic mites.
are absorbed by plants and linger much longer than
Should the writer make this addition here?
do topical pesticides. . 3 . Chemicals such as A) Yes, because it provides support for the claim
made in the previous sentence.
herbicides and fungicides may also play a role,
B) Yes, because it introduces a new idea that will
contaminating the pollen that bees typically feed on become important later in the passage.
C) No, because it would be better placed elsewhere
and inhibiting healthy insect maturation.
in the passage.
D) No, because it contradicts the main idea of the
passage.
Here, the added sentence is talking about the same idea of the previous sentence, so the answer (A) is the
best answer.

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

2- Introduces / Sets up:

*Adding: We will choose the answer Yes which contains one of these words when the added
sentence related to the NEXT sentence.
*Deleting: We will choose the answer No which contains one of these words when the added
sentence related to the NEXT sentence.
Example:
Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists, and . 6 . The writer is considering deleting the
government officials are also working together to underlined sentence.
develop additional solutions for reusing whey. Should the writer do this?
. 6 . Though these conservation methods can be A) Yes, because it does not provide a transition
costly and time-consuming, they are well worth the from the previous paragraph.
effort. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a B) Yes, because it fails to support the main
healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium argument of the passage as introduced in the
and protein, serves as a digestive aid, and contains first paragraph.
few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat C) No, because it continues the explanation of how
forms. acid whey can be disposed of safely.
D) No, because it sets up the argument in the
paragraph for the benefits of Greek yogurt.
Here, we find that the sentence is related to the next sentence which is talking about the benefits of
the Greek yogurt: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves as a digestive aid, and contains
few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms. So, the best answer here is (D).
3- Examples: when the answer has this word and the sentence takes that structure (…….., ……..,
and ……..), the answer will be correct.
Example:
The share of library materials that is in nonprint . 1 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following information.
formats . 1 . is increasing steadily; in 2010, at least
—e-books, audio and video materials, and online
18.5 million e-books were available for them to journals—
circulate. As a result, librarians must now be Should the writer make this addition here?
proficient curators of electronic information, A) Yes, because it provides specific examples of
the materials discussed in the sentence.
compiling, catalog, and updating these collections.
B) Yes, because it illustrates the reason for the
But perhaps even more importantly, librarians increase mentioned later in the sentence.
function as first responders for their communities’ C) No, because it interrupts the flow of the
sentence by supplying irrelevant information.
computer needs.
D) No, because it weakens the focus of the passage
by discussing a subject other than librarians

Here, we find the the added sentence is containing example of non-print formats, so the best answer
is (A).

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

This example shows for us that the answer (B) is not a correct answer because the added sentence
doesn't give reason as it doesn't contain one of the words: because, as, for …etc.

4- Supply / explain / provide / shows / indicate / demonstrates / Define:

*Adding: We will choose the answer Yes If the choice has one of these words followed by the
same information in the added sentence.
*Deleting: We will choose the answer No If the choice has one of these words followed by the
same information in the added sentence.
Example:
Such a proposition may seem counterintuitive, but,
in fact, allowing employees to nap could save
companies hours of lost productivity. Studies reveal
that napping improves memory and boosts
wakefulness for the remainder of the day. . 4 .
Napping can also have a positive effect on mood
and overall job satisfaction, while constant
drowsiness reduces reaction time and hampers one’s
ability to concentrate.
. 4 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
Even fifteen-minute power naps improve alertness,
creativity, and concentration.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it demonstrates that the benefits of
napping can be gained without sacrificing large
amounts of work time.
B) Yes, because it explains the methodology of the
studies mentioned in the previous sentence.
C) No, because a discussion of the type of nap
workers take is not important to the writer’s
main point in the paragraph.
D) No, because it contradicts the writer’s
discussion of napping in the previous sentences.

In the answer (B) the word "explains" followed by the idea: the methodology of the studies mentioned in the
previous sentence, but the added sentence doesn't contain the same information. However, in the answer (A)
the word "demonstrates" followed by the idea: the benefits of napping can be gained without sacrificing
large amounts of work time, which matches to the idea of the added sentence. So, the best answer here is (A)

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Negative Key Words:

1- Blurs / Undermines / Weakens the focus / Contradicts / Distracts / Detracts / doesn't related:
*Adding: We will choose the answer No which contains one of these words when the added
sentence doesn't related to the main idea of the paragraph.
*Deleting: We will choose the answer Yes which contains one of these words when the added
sentence doesn't related to the main idea of the paragraph.

Law and business specifically benefit from the
complicated theoretical issues raised in the study of
philosophy, but philosophy can be just as useful in
engineering or any field requiring complex analytic
skills. .42.
.42. At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
The ancient Greek philosopher Plato, for example,
wrote many of his works in the form of dialogues.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it reinforces the passage’s main
point about the employability of philosophy
majors.
B) Yes, because it acknowledges a common
counterargument to the passage’s central claim.
C) No, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus by
introducing a new idea that goes unexplained.
D) No, because it undermines the passage’s claim
about the employability of philosophy majors.

Here, the added sentence is talking about the philosopher Plato and his way to write his works, the
idea which is not related to the paragraph which talking about the importance of the philosophy for
many majors, so the best answer is (C).
2- Repeats / Reformulates information:
*Adding: We will choose the answer No which contains information repeated in the same passage
or paragraph.
*Deleting: We will choose the answer Yes which contains information repeated in the same
passage or paragraph.

3- Interrupt:
*Adding: We will choose the answer No which contains information doesn't related to the previous
or next sentence.
*Deleting: We will choose the answer Yes which contains information doesn't related to the
previous or next sentence.

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 Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Example:
I marveled at a replica of a salon (a formal living
room) dating back to the reign of French king
Louis XV. . 8 . Built into the dark paneled walls
are bookshelves stocked with leather-bound
volumes.
. 8 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
Some scholars argue that the excesses of King
Louis XV’s reign contributed significantly to the
conditions that resulted in the French Revolution.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides historical context for
the Thorne Miniature Rooms exhibit.
B) Yes, because it explains why salons are often
ornately decorated.
C) No, because it interrupts the paragraph’s
description of the miniature salon.
D) No, because it implies that the interior
designer of the salon had political
motivations.

Here, the added sentence is talking about the rule of the King Louis XV whose reign was the main
reason of the French Revolution, while the previous sentence is describing the replica salon, and the
next sentence complete the description, which results to the interruption of the description of the
replica salon, so the best answer is (C).
Doesn't / Fails: these words convert all POSITIVE words to NEGATIVE words.

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Chapter 11
Exercise 3
In Chicago showed that inadequate natural light
could result in eye strain, headaches, and fatigue, as
well as interference with the body’s circadian
rhythms. . 1 . Circadian rhythms, which are
controlled by the body's biological clocks, influence
body temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep
and wakefulness, and other bodily functions.
His restaurants were immediately successful, but
Harvey was not content to follow conventional
business practices. . 2 . Although women did not
traditionally work in restaurants in the nineteenth
century, Harvey decided to try employing women as
waitstaff.
Paleontologists are using modern technology to
gain a greater understanding of the distant past.
With the aid of computed tomography (CT)
scanning and 3-D printing, researchers are able to
create accurate models of prehistoric fossils. 3 .
These models have expanded researchers’
knowledge of ancient species and promise to
advance the field of paleontology in the years to
come.
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Data Analysis
. 1 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
Workers in offices with windows sleep an average
of 46 minutes more per night than workers in offices
without windows.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it supplies quantitative data that
will be examined in the rest of the paragraph.
B) Yes, because it explains the nature of the bodily
functions referred to in the next sentence.
C) No, because it interrupts the discussion of
circadian rhythms.
D) No, because it does not take into account
whether workers were exposed to sunlight
outside the office.
. 2 . The writer is considering deleting the previous
sentence. Should the writer make this change?
A) Yes, because it introduces information that is
irrelevant at this point in the passage.
B) Yes, because it does not logically follow from
the previous paragraph.
C) No, because it provides a logical introduction to
the paragraph.
D) No, because it provides a specific example in
support of arguments made elsewhere in the
passage.
. 3 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
Fossils provide paleontologists with a convenient
way of estimating the age of the rock in which the
fossils are found.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it supports the paragraph’s
argument with an important detail.
B) Yes, because it provides a logical transition
from the preceding sentence.
C) No, because it is not directly related to the main
point of the paragraph.
D) No, because it undermines the main claim of
the paragraph.
Chapter 11
Transportation planners work closely with a number
of community stakeholders, such as government
officials and other interested organizations and
individuals. For instance, representatives from the
local public health department might provide input
in designing a network of trails and sidewalks to
encourage people to walk more. 4 . According to
the American Heart Association, walking provides
numerous benefits related to health and well-being.
In 1990, chef Louis Szathmary, a voracious
collector of cookbooks, donated approximately
20,000 culinary artifacts to the University of Iowa
library. . 5 . The gift included more than 100
manuscript recipe books —collections of recipes
handwritten by the people who used them.
What was less well-known, until recently at least,
was how this relationship among sea otters, sea
urchins, and kelp forests might help fight global
warming. The amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere has increased 40 percent . 6 ..
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Data Analysis
. 4 . The writer is considering deleting the
underlined sentence.
Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
A) Kept, because it provides supporting evidence
about the benefits of walking.
B) Kept, because it provides an additional example
of a community stakeholder with whom
transportation planners work.
C) Deleted, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus
on the community stakeholders with whom
transportation planners work.
D) Deleted, because it doesn’t provide specific
examples of what the numerous benefits of
walking are.
. 5 . The writer is considering deleting the
underlined portion (ending the sentence with a
period).
Should the writer make this deletion?
A) Yes, because the underlined portion detracts
from the paragraph’s focus on the Szathmary
collection.
B) Yes, because the information in the underlined
portion is provided in the previous sentence.
C) No, because the underlined portion defines a
term that is important to the passage.
D) No, because the underlined portion gives an
example of a particular culinary artifact.
. 6 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following information.
since the start of the Industrial Revolution, resulting
in a rise in global temperatures
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it establishes the relationship
between the level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and global warming.
B) Yes, because it explains the key role sea otters,
sea urchins, and kelp forests play in combating
global warming.
C) No, because it contradicts the claim made in the
previous paragraph that sea otters help keep
kelp forests healthy.
D) No, because it mentions the Industrial
Revolution, blurring the focus of the paragraph.
Chapter 11
Tyson’s expansive vision for the agency hints at
another mission of NASA’s, illuminated in this
observation by Apollo 14 astronaut Edgar Mitchell:
“You develop an instant global consciousness, a
people orientation, an intense dissatisfaction with
the state of the world, and a compulsion to do
something about it.” . 7 . With world population
topping seven billion, humanity is in need of some
perspective. Therefore, we should continue to
support NASA not only for practical reasons but
also because it is a necessary vehicle for increasing
our awareness of how we can fulfill our
responsibilities to the planet and each other.
There are also respected traditions about when these
different coffee drinks should be consumed: while
cappuccino is a popular morning drink, espresso,
either plain or diluted with water, is usually the
drink of choice for coffee drinkers in Italy in the
afternoon and evening. . 8 .
Henderson had been working with musician and
composer Don Redman to develop arrangements of
songs that used a call-and-response . 9 . structure.
. 9 . The writer is considering revising the
underlined portion to the following.
structure that, for example, featured a melody
played by the saxophone section followed by an
answer from the trumpet section.
Should the writer make this revision?
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Data Analysis
. 7 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
In addition, NASA has facilities in Washington,
DC, Florida, Texas, California, and other states.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it serves as a counterargument to
the quotation from astrophysicist Neil deGrasse
Tyson.
B) Yes, because it reinforces the passage’s point
about the importance of NASA’s work.
C) No, because it undermines the passage’s claim
about the economic benefits of NASA’s work.
D) No, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus by
introducing information that does not support the
paragraph’s claim about the importance of
NASA’s work.
. 8 . At this point, the writer is considering adding
the following sentence.
These espresso-based coffee drinks have
become increasingly popular in the United
States over
the past several decades.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it adds force to the writer’s
argument about the popularity of coffeehouses in
Italy.
B) Yes, because it elaborates on the statement in the
previous sentence about different types of drinks.
C) No, because it suggests that coffee drinking is
not as popular in Italy as the writer claims it is.
D) No, because it digresses from the main topic of
how coffee is regarded in Italy.
A) Yes, because it mentions the musical instrument
that was associated with Armstrong.
B) Yes, because it clarifies a term used to describe
Redman’s arrangements.
C) No, because it interrupts the discussion of
Redman’s arrangements with irrelevant
information.
D) No, because it diverges from the paragraph’s
point about Henderson.
Chapter 11 Data Analysis

Answers
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3
1- D 1- C 1- C
2- B 2- D 2- C
3- B 3- B 3- C
4- C 4- C 4- C
5- A 5- D 5- C
6- C 6- D 6- A
7- A 7- C 7- D
8- B 8- A 8- D
9- D 9- D 9- B
10- C 10- A
11- D 11- D
12- D 12- A
13- B

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Chapter 1 Evidence-based Questions

Evidence-based Questions
a. Paired questions:
In this type of questions the test maker gives you a question asking about information in the passage without
mentioning the part where the information exists in the passage:
Ex: Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie?
A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.
B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity.
C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an
imposition.
D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his
emotions.

For sure to answer such a question you need to read the passage until you find the answer. But the test maker
unintentionally will help you rather than trick you by giving you a question is related to this one and asks
you that which lines did you find your answer? As shown below:
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Line 33 (“His voice . . . refined”)
B) Lines 49-51 (“You . . . mind”)
C) Lines 63-64 (“Please . . . proposal”)
D) Lines 71-72 (“Eager . . . face”)

So, it became easier because the test maker gave us only four parts of the passage to find my answer of the
first question. Follow these steps:
1- Read carefully each answer of the first question.
2- Read carefully each reference given in the second question.
3- Match perfectly one answer of the first question with one reference of the second question.
Line 33: "His voice was soft, refined.”
A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate. Lines 49-51: "You know how children speak so
earnestly, so hurriedly, so endearingly about things
B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity.
that have no importance in an adult’s mind?"
C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an Lines 63-64: “We have an understanding. Please
imposition. don’t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of
this proposal.
D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his
emotions. Lines 71-72: "Eager to make his point, he’d been
looking her full in the face."
As we read the references given in the second question, we will find that only one reference can match only
one answer of the first question. If you read the lines 63 – 64 you will find that Akira is begging Chie to
don’t judge his demand as unseemly thing or inappropriate, so the answer A of the first question matches the
answer C in the second question.

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Chapter 1 Evidence-based Questions

This kind of questions comes in two forms:

1- Evidence-based questions (With specific Idea):

In this form of evidence-based questions, the test maker will ask you about a specific Idea in the first
question. So, in the references mentioned in the second question, you must find this specific idea first, and
then you must match the reference with one answer of the answers given in the first question.

The mental consequences of our online
info-crunching are not universally bad.
Certain cognitive skills are strengthened by our use
of computers and the Net. These tend to involve
5 more primitive mental functions, such as hand-eye
coordination, reflex response, and the processing of
visual cues. One much-cited study of video gaming
revealed that after just 10 days of playing action
games on computers, a group of young people had
10 significantly boosted the speed with which they
could shift their visual focus between various
images and tasks.
It’s likely that Web browsing also strengthens
brain functions related to fast-paced problem
15 solving, particularly when it requires spotting
patterns in a welter of data. A British study of the
way women search for medical information online
indicated that an experienced Internet user can, at
least in some cases, assess the trustworthiness and
20 probable value of a Web page in a matter of
seconds.
The more we practice surfing and scanning, the more
adept our brain becomes at those tasks.
But it would be a serious mistake to look narrowly
at such benefits and conclude that the Web is making
25 us smarter. In a Science article published in early
2009, prominent developmental psychologist Patricia
Greenfield reviewed more than 40 studies of the
effects of various types of media on intelligence and
learning ability. She concluded that “every medium
30 develops some cognitive skills at the expense of
others.” Our growing use of the Net and other
screen-based technologies, she wrote, has led to the
“widespread and sophisticated development of
visual-spatial skills.” But those gains go hand in hand
35 with a weakening of our capacity for the kind of
“deep processing” that underpins “mindful
knowledge acquisition, inductive analysis, critical
thinking, imagination, and reflection.”
The author of Passage 1 indicates which of the
following about the use of screen-based technologies?
A) It should be thoroughly studied.
B) It makes the brain increasingly rigid.
C) It has some positive effects.
D) It should be widely encouraged.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 3-4 (“Certain . . . Net”)
B) Lines 23-25 (“But . . . smarter”)
C) Lines 25-29 (“In a . . . ability”)
D) Lines 29-31 (“She . . . others”)

Here, the first question asks about “the use of screen-based technologies”. So, we must search for this
specific idea in the references mentioned in the second question. We will find that lines 3 – 4 only talks
about the use of screen-based technology by saying “Certain cognitive skills are strengthened by our use of
computers and the Net.” As Computer and Net are “screen-based technologies”. When we match this lines with
the answers given in the first question, we will find that the answer C only says what said in lines 3 – 4.

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Chapter 1 Evidence-based Questions

2- Evidence-based questions (With General Idea):

In this form of evidence-based questions, the test maker asks you about general information exists in the
passage. So, in this case you will use only the match process to match the answer given in the first question
with the lines given in the second question because there is no specific idea to determine which reference is
the correct one.
20 Cortisol is best known as a stress hormone. When
cortisol courses through our bodies, it prepares us to
handle fearful situations, increasing the brain’ s
consumption of glucose and suppressing the
digestive system. The cortisol in a mother’ s body
25 can also end up in her milk. Babies appear to be
sensitive to the hormone as they nurse. Scientists
found that drinking milk causes infants to build
receptors in their intestines for detecting cortisol.
The same shift doesn’ t happen when babies drink
30 formula.
Among the macaques, some mothers delivered a
lot of cortisol to their babies, while others delivered
a little. High-cortisol milk made babies put on
weight faster, and they were more nervous and less
35 confident. To make sense of these results, the
scientists looked for factors that might determine
how much cortisol a mother produced in her milk.
One stood out: how many other offspring she had.
mothers had high cortisol levels in their milk.
40 Hormone levels were much lower in mothers who
had had about 10 babies.
When female monkeys start having babies, they
can’ t store as much energy in their milk. New
mothers are still small, so their bodies can’ t provide
45 many of the raw ingredients for milk. Their
mammary glands are also underdeveloped, so they
can’ t convert those ingredients efficiently into milk.
Monkey mothers who have had more babies are able
to supply new infants with more energy. Dr. Hinde
50 suspects that the cortisol that newer mothers give
their babies serves as a warning that they shouldn’ t
expect a lot of milk, or energy. She sums up the
message: “ Prioritize growth, kiddo. You can’ t really
afford to be exploratory and playful. Once you spend
55 a calorie on that, it’ s a calorie you can’ t use to
grow.” The babies fed high-cortisol milk develop a
nervous temperament, focusing their limited energy
on putting on weight. They grow faster, despite
getting less energy from their inexperienced
60 mothers.
Cortisol in breast milk may influence human
infants as well. But Melissa Thompson, an
anthropologist, cautioned that the differences
between monkeys and humans make comparisons
65 difficult. Infant monkeys, for example, cling to their
mothers and nurse whenever they want. Human
mothers balance breast-feeding with many other
tasks. “ We should expect the relationship between
maternal stress, breast milk and infant temperament
70 in humans to be relatively complex,” said Dr.
Thompson.
The passage most strongly suggests that
A) human breast milk is complex and not
completely understood.
B) infant formula needs to be improved.
C) mothers should try to decrease their stress and
cortisol levels.
D) research findings about monkeys are irrelevant
to humans.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 26-28 (“ Scientists found … cortisol” )
B) Lines 35-37 (“ To make … milk” )
C) Lines 48-49 (“ Monkey mothers … energy” )
D) Lines 68-71 (“ We should … Thompson” )

After reading carefully all answers given in the first question, we must read carefully each reference given in the
second question to match them with the answers of the first question. We will find that the Answer A of the first
question matches the lines 68 – 71 in the answer D in the second question.

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 Chapter 1
Exercises 1
1
While everyone is busy fighting over what should be
taught in the classroom, something is being overlooked.
That is the state of reading, and books, and literature in our
country, at this time. Why, ask yourself, is everyone so hot
20 under the collar about what to put on the required-reading
shelf? It is because, while we have been arguing so fiercely
about which books make the best medicine, the patient has
been slipping deeper and deeper into a coma.
Let us imagine a country in which reading was a popular
25 voluntary activity. There, parents read books for their own
edification and pleasure and are seen by their children at
this silent and mysterious pastime. These parents also read
to their children, give them books for presents, talk to them
about books, and underwrite, with their taxes, a public
30 library system that is open all day, every day. In school,
the children study certain books together but also have an
active reading life of their own. Years later, it may even
be hard for them to remember if they read Jane Eyre at
home and Judy Blume1 in class or the other way around.
35 In college, young people continue to be assigned certain
books, but far more important are the books they discover
for themselves browsing in the library, in bookstores, on
2
I sat on the Lees’ red chair for the first time on
May 19, 1988. Earlier that spring I had come to Merced,
25 California, because I had heard that there were some
misunderstandings at the county hospital between its
Hmong patients and medical staff. One doctor called them
“collisions,” which made it sound as if two different kinds
of people had rammed into each other, head on, to the
30 accompaniment of squealing brakes and breaking glass.
As it turned out, the encounters were messy but rarely
frontal. Both sides were wounded, but neither side seemed
to know what had hit it or how to avoid another crash.
I have always felt that the action most worth watching
35 occurs not at the center of things but where edges meet.
I like shorelines, weather fronts, international borders.
These places have interesting frictions and incongruities,
and often, if you stand at the point of tangency, you can
see both sides better than if you were in the middle of either
40 one. This is especially true when the apposition is cultural.
When I first came to Merced, I hoped that the culture of
American medicine, about which I knew a little, and the
culture of the Hmong, about which I knew nothing, would
somehow illuminate each other if I could position myself
45 between the two and manage not to get caught in the
crossfire. But after getting to know the Lees family and their
daughter’s doctors and realizing how hard it was to blame
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Evidence-based Questions
the shelves of friends, one book leading to another, back
and forth in history and across languages and cultures.
40 After graduation, they continue to read and in the fullness
of time produce a new generation of readers. Oh happy
land! I wish we all lived there.
- The country described is noteworthy because
(A) parents demonstrate their enjoyment of reading
(B) children learn to read at an early age
(C) children and parents share many activities
(D) writing is viewed as a valuable skill
- Which choice provides the best evidence for
the answer to the previous question?
(A) Lines 15 – 16 ("While . . . overlooked")
(B) Lines 21 – 23 ("while . . . comma")
(C) Lines 24 – 27 ("Let . . . pastime")
(D) Lines 35 – 37 ("In college . . . library")
anyone, I stopped analyzing the situation in such linear
terms. Now, when I play the tapes late at night, I imagine
50 what they would sound like if I could splice them together,
so the voices of the Hmong and those of the American
doctors could be heard on a single tape, speaking a
common language.
- Which of the following views can describe the
conflict between Hmong patients and medical
staff?
(A) Efforts to prevent conflicts are not always
successful.
(B) Conflict can occur in many different guises.
(C) In most conflicts, both parties are to blame.
(D) You can learn more about two parties in conflict as
an observer than as an involved participant.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for
the answer to the previous question?
(A) Lines 23 – 25 ("I sat . . . California")
(B) Lines 27 – 30 ("One . . . glass")
(C) Lines 38 – 40 ("if . . . one")
(D) Lines 46 – 49 ("But . . . night")
(A) 22
 Chapter 1
3
“I don’t want to trouble you. Normally I would
40 approach you more properly but I’ve received word
of a position. I’ve an opportunity to go to America, as
dentist for Seattle’s Japanese community.”
“Congratulations,” Chie said with amusement.
“That is an opportunity, I’m sure. But how am I
45 involved?”
Even noting Naomi’s breathless reaction to the
name card, Chie had no idea. Akira’s message,
delivered like a formal speech, filled her with
maternal amusement. You know how children speak
50 so earnestly, so hurriedly, so endearingly about
things that have no importance in an adult’s mind?
That’s how she viewed him, as a child.
It was how she viewed Naomi. Even though
Naomi was eighteen and training endlessly in the arts
55 needed to make a good marriage, Chie had made no
effort to find her a husband.
Akira blushed.
“Depending on your response, I may stay in
Japan. I’ve come to ask for Naomi’s hand.”
60 Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the night.
“Does Naomi know anything of your . . .
ambitions?”
“We have an understanding. Please don’t judge
my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal. I
65 ask directly because the use of a go-between takes
much time. Either method comes down to the same
thing: a matter of parental approval. If you give your
4
Due to the constancy of the underlying measurements,
both field and LiDAR data could provide the needed
65 information if they covered every hectare on Earth. But, in
the case of field surveys, this is impossible. The surveys that
do exist measure a tiny amount of actual forest, and so what
might be verified is widely spaced. And to avoid fraud and
protect landowners, many governments keep their plot
70 locations secret. Satellite LiDAR data remain sparse,
providing only extrapolated, coarse-resolution carbon
estimates with very high uncertainties, and there is no
prospect of wall-toy-wall coverage in the near future. By
2020, airborne LiDAR could give us a direct measurement of
75 3-D forest structure for every hectare in the tropics: a
standardized database from which to build a carbon
economy.
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consent, I become Naomi’s yoshi.* We’ll live in the
House of Fuji. Without your consent, I must go to
70 America, to secure a new home for my bride.”
Eager to make his point, he’d been looking her full
in the face. Abruptly, his voice turned gentle. “I see
I’ve startled you. My humble apologies. I’ll take no
more of your evening. My address is on my card. If
75 you don’t wish to contact me, I’ll reapproach you in
two weeks’ time. Until then, good night.”
- Why does Akira say his meeting with Chie is “a matter
of urgency” (line 32)?
(A) He fears that his own parents will disapprove of
Naomi.
(B) He worries that Naomi will reject him and marry
someone else.
(C) He has been offered an attractive job in another
country.
(D) He knows that Chie is unaware of his feelings for
Naomi.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
(A) Line 39 (“I don’t . . . you”)
(B) Lines 39-42 (“Normally . . . community”)
(C) Lines 58-59 (“Depending . . . Japan”)
(D) Lines 72-73 (“I see . . . you”)
The authors imply that the response of various
officials to attempts to measure their countries’ carbon
stock through field surveys has been
A) unhelpful, because they fear that jobs for their
countries’ scientists will be lost.
B) helpful, because their countries have invested
significantly in technology to allow studies to
expand.
C) helpful, because their countries stand to benefit
from universal carbon data that the studies will
uncover.
D) unhelpful, because they do not make their
countries’ land holdings readily available for
study.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 63-65 (“Due ... Earth”)
B) lines 66-68 (“The surveys ... spaced”)
C) lines 68-70 (“And ... secret”)
D) lines 70-73 (“Satellite ... future”)
 Chapter 1
5
showers. This frequent experience of gift-giving can
10 engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many
relish the opportunity to buy presents because
gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger
bonds with one’s closest peers. At the same time,
many dread the thought of buying gifts; they worry
15 that their purchases will disappoint rather than
delight the intended recipients.
Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive
social process, serving various political, religious, and
psychological functions. Economists, however, offer
20 a less favorable view. According to Waldfogel
(1993),
gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources.
People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to
buy on their own, or at least not spend as much
money to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as
25 ‘‘the deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit, givers
are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that
receivers would spend only $80 to buy themselves.
This ‘‘deadweight loss” suggests that gift-givers are
not very good at predicting what gifts others will
30 appreciate. That in itself is not surprising to social
psychologists. Research has found that people often
struggle to take account of others’ perspectives—
their insights are subject to egocentrism, social
projection, and multiple attribution errors.
35 What is surprising is that gift-givers have
considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and
6
little queer. We have worn private clothes so
45 long. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or to
talk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,
on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.
And they are very important questions; and we have
very little time in which to answer them. The
50 questions that we have to ask and to answer about
that procession during this moment of transition are
so important that they may well change the lives of
all men and women forever. For we have to ask
ourselves, here and now, do we wish to join that
55 procession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we join
that procession? Above all, where is it leading us, the
procession of educated men? The moment is short; it
may last five years; ten years, or perhaps only a
matter of a few months longer. . . . But, you will
60 object, you have no time to think; you have your
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gift-recipients, but nevertheless tend to overspend
each time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift.
In the present research, we propose a unique
40 psychological explanation for this overspending
problem—i.e., that gift-givers equate how much they
spend with how much recipients will appreciate the
gift (the more expensive the gift, the stronger a
gift-recipient’s feelings of appreciation). Although a
45 link between gift price and feelings of appreciation
might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an
assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose
that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their
feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift
50 than givers assume.
- The authors indicate that people value gift-giving
because they feel it
(A) functions as a form of self-expression.
(B) is an inexpensive way to show appreciation.
(C) requires the gift-recipient to reciprocate.
(D) can serve to strengthen a relationship.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
(A) Lines 10-13 (“Many . . . peers”)
(B) Lines 22-23 (“People . . . own”)
(C) Lines 31-32 (“Research . . . perspectives”)
(D) Lines 44-47 (“Although . . . unfounded”)
battles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars to
organize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.
- Woolf characterizes the questions in lines 53-57 (“For
we . . . men”) as both
(A) controversial and threatening.
(B) weighty and unanswerable.
(C) momentous and pressing.
(D) provocative and mysterious.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
(A) Lines 46-47 (“We . . . questions”)
(B) Lines 48-49 (“And . . . them”)
(C) Line 57 (“The moment . . . short”)
(D) Line 62 (“That . . . Madam”)
Chapter 1 Evidence-based Questions

b. Single question:
In this type of question, the test maker gives you four references from the passage and gives you an idea and
asks you to support this idea by one of these references.
EX: Which choice best supports the conclusion that
public transportation is compatible with the use
of personal electronic devices?
A) Lines 59-63 (“The . . . subways”)
B) Lines 63-67 (“Part . . . annoyances”)
C) Lines 68-70 (“Even . . . ago”)
D) Lines 77-81 (“Already . . . homes”)

The idea you want to support mostly starts after the word “that” in the head of the question:
“public transportation is compatible with the use of personal electronic devices”
So, you must find the lines which support this idea.
A) Lines 59-63 (“The “Millenials,” who reached
adulthood around the turn of the century and now
outnumber baby boomers, tend to favor cities over
suburbs, and are far more willing than their parents to
ride buses and subways.”)
B) Lines 63-67 (“Part of the reason is their ease
with iPads, MP3 players, Kindles, and smart phones: you
can get some serious texting done when you’re not
driving, and earbuds offer effective insulation from all
“public transportation is compatible with but the most extreme commuting annoyances.”)
the use of personal electronic devices” C) Lines 68-70 (“Even though there are more
teenagers in the country than ever, only ten million have
a driver’s license (versus twelve million a generation
ago).”)
D) Lines 77-81 (“Already, dwellings in older
neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., Atlanta, and Denver,
especially those near light-rail or subway stations, are
commanding enormous price premiums over suburban
homes”)
Here we will find that the lines from 63 to 67 can support the idea that one of the most important advantages of the
public transportations is to use personal electronic devices easily. So the answer is B

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Chapter 1 Evidence-based Questions

Exercise 2
1
Which choice best supports the claim that Quilotoa was records of the island written on palm leaves in Old
not responsible for the Little Ice Age? Javanese, Samalas erupted catastrophically before
A) Lines 3-4 (“Identifying . . . tricky”) The end of the 13th century, devastating surrounding
B) Lines 26-28 (“Such a . . . cooling”) 40 villages—including Lombok’s capital at the time,
C) Lines 43-46 (“The researchers . . . atop the Pamatan—with ash and fast-moving sweeps of hot
volcano”) rock and gas called pyroclastic flows.
D) Lines 71-75 (“But . . . closer match”) The researchers then began to reconstruct the
formation of the large, 800-meter-deep caldera [a
About 750 years ago, a powerful volcano erupted
45 basin-shaped volcanic crater] that now sits atop the
somewhere on Earth, kicking off a centuries-long
volcano. They examined 130 outcrops on the flanks
cold snap known as the Little Ice Age. Identifying the
of the volcano, exposing sequences of pumice—ash
volcano responsible has been tricky.
hardened into rock—and other pyroclastic material.
5 That a powerful volcano erupted somewhere in
The volume of ash deposited, and the estimated
the world, sometime in the Middle Ages, is written in
50 height of the eruption plume (43 kilometers above
polar ice cores in the form of layers of sulfate
sea level) put the eruption’s magnitude at a
deposits and tiny shards of volcanic glass. These
minimum of 7 on the volcanic explosivity index
cores suggest that the amount of sulfur the mystery
(which has a scale of 1 to 8)—making it one of the
10 volcano sent into the stratosphere put it firmly
largest known in the Holocene.
among the ranks of the strongest climate-perturbing
55 The team also performed radiocarbon analyses on
eruptions of the current geological epoch, the
carbonized tree trunks and branches buried within
Holocene, a period that stretches from 10,000 years
the pyroclastic deposits to confirm the date of the
ago to the present. A haze of stratospheric sulfur
eruption; it could not, they concluded, have
15 cools the climate by reflecting solar energy back into
happened before 1257 C.E., and certainly happened
space.
60 in the 13th century.
In 2012, a team of scientists led by geochemist
It’s not a total surprise that an Indonesian volcano
Gifford Miller strengthened the link between the
might be the source of the eruption, Miller says. “An
mystery eruption and the onset of the Little Ice Age
equatorial eruption is more consistent with the
20 by using radiocarbon dating of dead plant material
apparent climate impacts.” And, he adds, with sulfate
from beneath the ice caps on Baffin Island and
65 appearing in both polar ice caps—Arctic and
Iceland, as well as ice and sediment core data, to
Antarctic—there is “a strong consensus” that this
determine that the cold summers and ice growth
also supports an equatorial source.
began abruptly between 1275 and 1300 C.E. (and
Another possible candidate—both in terms of
25 became intensified between 1430 and 1455 C.E.).
timing and geographical location—is Ecuador’s
Such a sudden onset pointed to a huge volcanic
70 Quilotoa, estimated to have last erupted between
eruption injecting sulfur into the stratosphere and
1147 and 1320 C.E. But when Lavigne’s team
starting the cooling. Subsequent, unusually large and
examined shards of volcanic glass from this volcano,
frequent eruptions of other volcanoes, as well as
they found that they didn’t match the chemical
30 sea-ice/ocean feedbacks persisting long after the
composition of the glass found in polar ice cores,
aerosols have been removed from the atmosphere,
75 whereas the Samalas glass is a much closer match.
may have prolonged the cooling through the 1700s.
That, they suggest, further strengthens the case that
Volcanologist Franck Lavigne and colleagues now
Samalas was responsible for the medieval “year
think they’ve identified the volcano in question:
without summer” in 1258 C.E.
35 Indonesia’s Samalas. One line of evidence, they note,
is historical records. According to Babad Lombok,

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Chapter 1
2
Which choice best supports the claim that increased
political openness is a widespread, global trend?
A) Line 23 (“What . . . transformation”)
B) Lines 26-27 (“Poor . . . standing”)
C) Lines 41-42 (“In today’s . . . exploded”)
D) Lines 56-59 (“According . . . all”)
What caused this global transformation?
Obviously local factors were at work, but scholar
25 Samuel Huntington noted some big forces as well.
Poor economic management by many authoritarian
governments eroded their popular standing. A rising
middle class demanded better public services,
greater
participation, and eventually more political freedom.
30 Western governments and activists encouraged
dissent and held out rewards for reform, such as
membership in NATO or the EU or access to funds
from international financial institutions. A newly
activist Catholic Church under Pope John Paul II
35 empowered opposition in Poland, El Salvador, and
the Philippines. Above all, success begat success, a
process accelerated by the new reach and speed of
3
Which choice most clearly provides information
indicating how some rootworms have overcome
farmers’ efforts to eradicate them?
A) Lines 15-17 (“These . . . die”)
B) Lines 18-20 (“But . . . corn”)
C) Lines 25-28 (“Researchers . . . question”)
D) Lines 41-43 (“And . . . rotation”)
Consider the western corn rootworm—a beetle
that’s a serious pest of corn in the United States. The
adults have strong preferences for laying eggs in corn
10 fields, so that their underground larvae hatch into a
feast of corn roots. This life cycle depends on a
continuous year-on-year supply of corn. Farmers can
use this dependency against the rootworm, by
planting soybean and corn in alternate years.
15 These rotations mean that rootworms lay eggs into
corn fields but their larvae hatch among soybean,
and die.
But the rootworms have adapted to this strategy
by reducing their strong instincts for laying eggs in
20 corn. These rotation-resistant females might lay
among soybean fields, so their larvae hatch into a
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mass media. As news of democratic triumphs spread
from country to country, greater access to media by
40 increasingly literate populations encouraged
emulation. In today’s digital culture, the force of that
factor has exploded.
There have been exceptions, of course—not just
countries where democracy has yet to spread but
45 others where it has experienced reversals.
Larry Diamond, a leading scholar in this field, calls
the stalling in recent years in countries like Russia,
Venezuela, or Bangladesh a “democratic recession.”
Yet against this is mounting evidence that public
50 attitudes have shifted. In Latin America, for example,
despite persistent poverty and inequality, and
constant corruption scandals, opinion polls show
greater confidence in civilian government than in the
military.
55 Even autocracies are less autocratic today.
According to one study of the world’s democratic
electoral systems, Brunei may be the only country
where “electoral politics has failed to put down any
meaningful roots at all.
crop of corn.
There are almost certainly genetic differences that
separate the rotation-resistant rootworms from their
25 normal peers, but what are they? Researchers at the
University of Illinois have been studying the problem
since 2000 and, despite generating a vast mountain of
data, have failed to find the genes in question.
“The western corn rootworm has been an enigma for
30 a long time,” says Manfredo Seufferheld. “This insect
has the ability to adapt to practically all control
methods deployed against it, including crop rotation.
After many years of research about the mechanisms
of rotation resistance, results were mostly
35 inconclusive.”
So, Seufferheld looked elsewhere. Rather than
focusing on the rootworm’s own genes, he studied
the genes of the bacteria in its gut . . . and found
some answers. The rotation-resistant varieties have
40 very different gut bacteria from the normal ones.
And when the team killed these microbes with
antibiotics, they severely reduced the beetle’s ability
to cope with rotation.
 Chapter 1
Practice
1
Within a few decades, these firms may be
meeting earthly demands for precious metals, such as
20 platinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vital
for personal electronics, such as yttrium and
lanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers who
transformed the western United States, the first space
miners won’t just enrich themselves. They also hope
25 to build an off-planet economy free of any bonds
with Earth, in which the materials extracted and
processed from the moon and asteroids are delivered
for space-based projects.
In this scenario, water mined from other
30 worlds could become the most desired commodity.
“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of gold
or a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny of
HoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.
Water will let you live.”
35 Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent to
astronauts on the International Space Station for
drinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water into
oxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, so
ice-rich asteroids could become interplanetary
40 refuelling stations.
Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, and
2
A study published earlier this month suggests that, in
addition to making us feel connected with others, all those
hugs may have prevented us from getting sick. At first, this
15 finding probably seems counterintuitive (not to mention
bizarre). You might think, like I did, that hugging hundreds
of
strangers would increase your exposure to germs and
therefore
the likelihood of falling ill. But the new research
out of Carnegie Mellon indicates that feeling connected to
20 others, especially through physical touch, protects us from
stress-induced sickness. This research adds to a large
amount of evidence for the positive influence of social
support on health.
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aluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which could
be used in 3D printers to make spare parts or
machinery. Others want to turn space dirt into
45 concrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.
- The author of Passage 1 indicates that space mining
could have which positive effect?
(A) It could yield materials important to Earth’s
economy.
(B) It could raise the value of some precious metals on
Earth.
(C) It could create unanticipated technological
innovations.
(D) It could change scientists’ understanding of space
resources.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
(A) Lines 18-22 (“Within . . . lanthanum”)
(B) Lines 24-28 (“They . . . projects”)
(C) Lines 29-30 (“In this . . . commodity”)
(D) Lines 41-44 (“Companies . . . machinery”)
In the second paragraph,the author implies that the
study shows hugs to be
A) the only proven method of preventing sickness.
B) less successful than social support in protecting
people from colds and other illnesses.
C) not conclusively effective at helping people
maintain good health.
D) one of several ways to guard against some illnesses.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) line 12-14(“A study...sick”)
B) line 16-18(“You...ill”)
C) line 18-21(“But...sickness”)
D) line 21-23(“This...health”)
 Chapter 1
3
Honey bees are hosts to the pathogenic large
ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Varroa mites).
These mites feed on bee hemolymph (blood) and can
kill bees directly or by increasing their susceptibility
5 to secondary infection with fungi, bacteria or viruses.
Little is known about the natural defenses that keep
the mite infections under control.
Pyrethrums are a group of flowering plants which
include Chrysanthemum coccineum, Chrysanthemum
10 cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum marschalli, and
related species. These plants produce potent
insecticides with anti-mite activity. The naturally
occurring insecticides are known as pyrethrums.
A synonym for the naturally occurring pyrethrums is
15 pyrethrin and synthetic analogues of pyrethrums are
known as pyrethroids. In fact, the human mite
infestation known as scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) is
treated with a topical pyrethrum cream.
We suspect that the bees of commercial bee
20 colonies which are fed mono-crops are nutritionally
deficient. In particular, we postulate that the problem
is a diet deficient in anti-mite toxins: pyrethrums,
and possibly other nutrients which are inherent in
such plants. Without, at least, intermittent feeding on
25 the pyrethrum producing plants, bee colonies are
susceptible to mite infestations which can become
4
In the present research, we propose a unique
40 psychological explanation for this overspending
problem—i.e., that gift-givers equate how much they
spend with how much recipients will appreciate the
gift (the more expensive the gift, the stronger a
gift-recipient’s feelings of appreciation). Although a
45 link between gift price and feelings of appreciation
might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an
assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose
that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their
feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift
50 than givers assume.
Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely
linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation?
Perhaps givers believe that bigger (i.e., more
expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of
55 thoughtfulness and consideration. According to
Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a
symbolic ritual, whereby gift-givers attempt to signal
their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient
and their willingness to invest resources in a future
60 relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may be
motivated to spend more money on a gift in order to
send a “stronger signal” to their intended recipient.
As for gift-recipients, they may not construe smaller
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fatal either directly or due to a secondary infection of
immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees.
In line 42, the authors state that a certain hypothesis “can
best be tested by a trial.” Based on the passage, which of the
following is a hypothesis the authors suggest be tested in a
trial?
A) Honeybees that are exposed to both pyrethrums and
mites are likely to develop a secondary infection by a
virus, a bacterium, or a fungus.
B) Beekeepers who feed their honeybee colonies a diet of a
single crop need to increase the use of insecticides to
prevent mite infestations.
C) A honeybee diet that includes pyrethrums results in
honeybee colonies that are more resistant to mite
infestations.
D) Humans are more susceptible to varroa mites as a result
of consuming nutritionally deficient food crops.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 3-5 (“These mites . . . viruses”)
B) Lines 16-18 (“In fact . . . cream”)
C) Lines 19-21 (“We suspect . . . deficient”)
D) Lines 24-28 (“Without . . . bees”)
and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger
65 signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.
The notion of gift-givers and gift-recipients being
unable to account for the other party’s perspective
seems puzzling because people slip in and out of
these roles every day, and, in some cases, multiple
70 times in the course of the same day. Yet, despite the
extensive experience that people have as both givers
and receivers, they often struggle to transfer
information gained from one role (e.g., as a giver)
and apply it in another, complementary role (e.g., as
75 a receiver). In theoretical terms, people fail to utilize
- The passage indicates that the assumption made by gift-
givers in lines 41-44 may be
(A) insincere.
(B) unreasonable.
(C) incorrect.
(D) substantiated.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
(A) Lines 53-55 (“Perhaps . . . consideration”)
(B) Lines 55-60 (“According . . . relationship”)
(C) Lines 63-65 (“As . . . consideration”)
(D) Lines 75-78 (“In . . . relations”)
 Chapter 1
5
Which choice best supports the view of the “skeptics”
(line 20)?
A) Lines 55-58 (“Comments . . . reports”)
B) Lines 58-60 (“And . . . them”)
C) Lines 63-65 (“The ratings . . . them”)
D) Lines 76-79 (“He . . . manipulated”)
At least when it comes to comments on news
sites, the crowd is more herdlike than wise.
55 Comments that received fake positive votes from the
researchers were 32% more likely to receive more
positive votes compared with a control, the team
reports. And those comments were no more likely
than the control to be down-voted by the next viewer
60 to see them. By the end of the study, positively
manipulated comments got an overall boost of about
25%. However, the same did not hold true for
negative manipulation. The ratings of comments that
got a fake down vote were usually negated by an up
65 vote by the next user to see them.
6
There they go, our brothers who have been
educated at public schools and universities,
mounting those steps, passing in and out of those
15 doors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,
administering justice, practising medicine,
transacting business, making money. It is a solemn
sight always—a procession, like a caravanserai
crossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twenty
20 years or so, it is no longer a sight merely, a
photograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls of
time, at which we can look with merely an esthetic
appreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tail
end of the procession, we go ourselves. And that
25 makes a difference. We who have looked so long at
the pageant in books, or from a curtained window
watched educated men leaving the house at about
nine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the house
at about six-thirty from an office, need look passively
30 no longer. We too can leave the house, can mount
those steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . make
money, administer justice. . . . We who now agitate
these humble pens may in another century or two
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“Our experiment does not reveal the psychology
behind people’s decisions,” Aral says, “but an
intuitive explanation is that people are more
skeptical of negative social influence. They’re more
70 willing to go along with positive opinions from other
people.”
Duncan Watts, a network scientist at Microsoft
Research in New York City, agrees with that
conclusion. “[But] one question is whether the
75 positive [herding] bias is specific to this site” or true
in general, Watts says. He points out that the
category of the news items in the experiment had a
strong effect on how much people could be
manipulated. “I would have thought that ‘business’ is
80 pretty similar to ‘economics,’ yet they find a much
stronger effect (almost 50% stronger) for the former
than the latter. What explains this difference? If we’re
going to apply these findings in the real world, we’ll
need to know the answers.”
speak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict us
35 then; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divine
- Woolf indicates that the procession she describes in the
passage
(A) has come to have more practical influence in recent
years.
(B) has become a celebrated feature of English public
life.
(C) includes all of the richest and most powerful men in
England.
(D) has become less exclusionary in its membership in
recent years.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
(A) Lines 12-17 (“There . . . money”)
(B) Lines 17-19 (“It . . . desert”)
(C) Lines 23-24 (“For . . . ourselves”)
(D) Lines 30-34 (“We . . . pulpit”)
Chapter 1
7
Researchers report in the journal Cell that the
phenomenon is likely linked to two enzymes-SIRT3 and
SIRT4-in mitochondria (the cell’s powerhouse that, among
10 other tasks, converts nutrients to energy). They found that a
cascade of reactions triggered by lower caloric intake raises
the levels of these enzymes, leading to an increase in the
strength and efficiency of the cellular batteries. By
invigorating the mitochondria, SIRT3 and SIRT4 extend the
15 life of cells, by preventing flagging mitochondria from
developing tiny holes (or pores) in their membranes that
allow proteins that trigger apoptosis, or cell death, to seep out
into the rest of the cell.
“We didn’t expect that the most important part of this
20 pathway was in the mitochondria,” says David Sinclair, an
assistant professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School
and a study co-author. “We think that we’ve possibly found
regulators of aging.”
In 2003 Sinclair’s lab published a paper in Nature that
25 described the discovery of a gene that switched on in the
yeast cell in response to calorie restriction, which Sinclair
calls a “master regulator in aging.” Since then, his team has
been searching for an analogous gene that plays a similar role
in the mammalian cell.
30 The researchers determined from cultures of human
embryonic kidney cells that lower caloric intake sends a
signal that activates a gene inside cells that codes for the
8
45 SIRT3 and SIRT4 are part of a family called sirtuins
(SIRT1, which helps extend cell life by modulating the
number of repair proteins fixing DNX damage both inside
and outside the cell’s nucleus,is also a member). SIRT is
short for sir-2 homologue-a well-studied protein that is
50 known to extend yeast cell longevity. According to Sinclair,
all of the mammalian SIRT genes (and their proteins) are
possible drug targets for therapies aimed at extending life, as
well as staving off age-related illnesses, such as Alzheimer’s
disease, cancers and metabolic disorders, like diabetes.
55 “I think SIRT3 is the next most interesting sirtuin from a
drug development standpoint,” Sinclair says. “It does protect
cells, but there's growing evidence that it may mediate the
benefits of exercise as well.”
Sinclair’s lab is now working on developing what he calls
60 a possible “supermouse” with elevated levels of NAMPT to
see if it lives longer and is more disease-resistant than
normal mice.
Matt Kaeberlein, a pathologist at the University of
Washington in Seattle, says that Sinclair’s team has an
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enzyme NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase).
The two- to four-fold surge in NAMPT in turn triggers the
35 production of a molecule called NAD (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide), which plays a key role in cellular metabolism
and signaling.
The uptick in NAD levels activates the SIRT3 and SIRT4
genes, increasing levels of their corresponding SIRT3 and
40 SIRT4 enzymes, which then flood the interior of the
mitochondria. Sinclair says he’s not sure exactly how SIRT3
and SIRT4 beef up the mitochondria’s energy output, but that
events leading to cell death are at the very least delayed when
there are vast quantities of the enzymes.
Based on the passage, SIRT-3 and SIRT-4 indirectly
affect cell longevity by
A) strengthening the mitochondrial membrane.
B) fixing damage to the cell’s DNA.
C) initiating cell death.
D) diminishing the efficiency of the cell’s
mitochondria.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 7-9 (“Researchers ... mitochondria”)
B) lines 13-18 (“By ... cell.”)
C) lines 38-41 (“The ... mitochondria”)
D) lines 41-44 (“Sinclair ... enzymes”)
65 interesting hypothesis connecting the mitochondria to
longevity, but that it needs to be more directly tested in the
context of dietary restriction. “If the NAMPToverexpressing
mice are long-lived and disease resistant, that
will provide more support for this idea.”
The author implies that the results of Sinclair’s study
will enable future scientists to
A) reverse the aging process.
B) diagnose patients with age-related illnesses from
an earlier age.
C) create mice that are essentially immortal.
D) more effectively treat a number of age-related
illnesses.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 45-50 (“SIRT ... longevity.”)
B) lines 50-54 (“According ... diabetes.”)
C) lines 59-62 (“Sinclair’s ... mice”)
D) lines 67-69 (“If ... idea”)
Chapter 1
9
With respect to self-esteem, the research is also mixed,
50 especially considering the different types of self-esteem. In
certain cases, excessive Facebook use may be related to
lower general self-esteem. For example, Mehdizadeh
found a significant negative correlation between self-esteem
and the number of times students checked Facebook per day
55and between self-esteem and the time spent on Facebook per
session. Those with lower self-esteem also presented less
self-promoting content on Facebook pages.However,
Facebook can enhance self-esteem specifically related to the
social functions of the self (social self-esteem) when
60 individuals receive positive comments and feedback from
their friends online. In addition, researchers have found that
introverted individuals and individuals with low self-esteem
may benefit from the social opportunities provided by the
Facebook interface, without the anxiety of interacting
65 face-to-face.
10
A student claims that nitrogenous bases pair
randomly with one another. Which of the following
statements in the passage contradicts the student’s
claim?
A) Lines 5-6 (“To each . . . types”)
B) Lines 9-10 (“So far . . . irregular”)
C) Lines 23-25 (“The bases . . . other”)
D) Lines 27-29 (“One member . . . chains”)
5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which
can be of four different types. Two of the possible
bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the
other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines.
So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the
10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of
phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide.
The first feature of our structure which is of
biological interest is that it consists not of one chain,
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Based on the passage, the connection between social
media use and self-esteem is
A) complicated due to the many variables that must
be accounted for.
B) strongly linked because social media can reveal
self-perception.
C) inconsistent although multiple studies suggest
there is a correlation.
D) contradictory because not enough research has
been undertaken.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) line 49-52(“With...self-esteem”)
B) line 52-56(“For...session”)
C) line 57-61(“However...online”)
D) line 61-65(“In...face-to-face”)
but of two. These two chains are both coiled around
15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that
since there was only one chain in the chemical
formula there would only be one in the structural
unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray
evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two.
20 The other biologically important feature is the
manner in which the two chains are held together.
This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base
from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single
25 base from the other. The important point is that only
certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure.
One member of a pair must be a purine and the other
a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two
chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for
30 example, there would not be room for it.
Chapter 1
11
30 SCRABBLE skill has been found to correlate positively with
the amount of time people spend engaging in SCRABBLE
related activities. In one study, using official SCRABBLE
rating as an objective measure of skill, researchers found that
groups of “elite” and “average” SCRABBLE players differed
35 in the amount of time they had devoted to things like
studying word lists, analyzing previous SCRABBLE games,
and anagramming—and not by a little. Overall, the elite
group had spent an average of over 5000 hours on
SCRABBLE study, compared to only about 1300 hours for
40 the average group.
Clearly, expert SCRABBLE players are to some degree
“made”. But there is evidence that basic cognitive abilities
play a role, too. In a study recently published in Applied
Cognitive Psychology, Michael Toma and his colleagues
45 found that elite SCRABBLE players outperformed college
students from a highly selective university on tests of two
cognitive abilities: working memory and visuospatial
reasoning. Working memory is the ability to hold in mind
information while using it to solve a problem, as when
50 iterating through possible moves in a SCRABBLE game.
Visuospatial reasoning is the ability to visualize things and to
detect patterns, as when imagining how tiles on a
SCRABBLE board would intersect after a certain play. Both
abilities are influenced by genetic factors.
55 Further evidence pointing to a role of these abilities in
SCRABBLE expertise comes from a recent brain imaging
study by Andrea Protzner and her colleagues at the
University of Calgary. Using functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), these researchers recorded the brain activity
60 of SCRABBLE players and control subjects as they
12
Which choice best supports the conclusion that
Mr. Peters wants to attract attention?
A) Lines 80-81 (“Apparently . . . change”)
B) Lines 81-85 (“He straightened . . . hand”)
C) Lines 90-91 (“The young . . . Mr. Peters”)
D) Lines 91-93 (“He was . . . forty-five”)
80 Apparently he himself was not aware that there
had been any change. He straightened his tie
self-consciously and when Irma handed him a menu,
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performed a task in which they were shown groups of letters
and judged whether they formed words. (fMRI measures
brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow within
different regions of the brain.) The major finding of this
65 study was that competitive SCRABBLE players recruited
brain regions associated with working memory and visual
perception to perform this task to a greater degree than the
control subjects did.
What might explain SCRABBLE experts’ superiority in
70 working memory and visuospatial reasoning? For the same
basic reason that basketball players tend to be tall, a likely
explanations is that people high in working memory and
visuospatial reasoning abilities are people who tend to get
into, and persist at, playing SCRABBLE: because it gives
75 them an advantage in the game. This explanation fits with
what behavioral geneticists call gene-environment
correlation, which is the idea that our genetic makeup
influences our experiences.
The author implies that people who experience great
success in a given activity are often born with
A) advantages uniquely suited to that activity.
B) a drive to succeed in any activity.
C) parents who value success in that activity.
D) a desire to participate in many activities.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Line 30-32 (“SCRABBLE...activities”)
B) Line 37-40 (“Overall...group”)
C) Line 51-53 (“Visuospatial...play”)
D) Line 70-75 (“For...game”)
he gestured with it so that the two women at the next
table would notice the diamond ring on the fourth
85 finger of his right hand. Both of these things, and
also the fact that his hands showed signs of the
manicurist, one can blame on the young man who
had his picture taken with a derby hat on the back of
his head, and also sitting with a girl in the curve of
90 the moon. The young man had never for one second
deserted Mr. Peters. He was always there, tugging at
Mr. Peters’ elbow, making him do things that were
not becoming in a man of forty-five.
Chapter 1
13
As case studies go, understanding the distribution of
cultural elements in Native American communities during
the historical period of the Great Plains would seem a most
challenging one. Famously, there is a mixture of powerful
5 internal and external factors, creating -- for a relatively brief
period in time -- a seemingly distinctive set of shared
elements from a linguistically diverse set of peoples. This is
known across the world as the “Great Plains culture.” [In our
study], quantitative analyses show how different processes
10 operated on two sets of cultural traits among nine High
Plains groups. Moccasin decorations exhibit a pattern
consistent with geographically-mediated between-group
interaction. However, group variations in the religious
ceremony of the Sun Dance also reveal evidence of purifying
15 cultural selection associated with historical biases, dividing
down ancient linguistic lines. The latter shows that while the
conglomeration of “Plains culture” may have been a product
of merging new ideas with old, combined with cultural
interchange between groups, the details of what was
20 accepted, rejected or elaborated in each case reflected
preexisting ideological biases. Although culture may sometimes
be a “melting pot,” the analyses show that even in highly
fluid situations, cultural mosaics may be indirectly shaped by
historical factors that are not always obvious. . . .
25 “Culture” is the conglomeration of information,
knowledge, ideas, and beliefs, shared by communities and
transmitted by social interaction. This shared property
characterizes all human societies. Communities that came to
occupy the High Great Plains during the 19th century
30 exemplify the manner in which humans can take existing
ideas, elaborate them, combine them with new ones, pass
them successfully between groups and create novel, distinct
patterns, visible over temporal and spatial scales. Attempting
to examine the role of specific factors in creating cultural
35 patterning under such historically-contingent, transient, and
dynamic conditions, however, presents a challenge.
Here, analyses have shown the presence of distinct
processes operating and ultimately influencing the
representation of cultural traits in different tribes. Patterns of
40 similarity and difference in moccasin designs among
different tribes show a statistically significant relationship with
the model of geographic relationships between tribes.
No statistical effect of language affiliation on the distribution
of moccasin decorations was detected. This indicates that the
45 representation of moccasin decoration types among groups
is, in this case, most strongly determined by whether or not
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that trait is present in another, geographically proximate,
tribe. In other words, selection biases have not disrupted the
distribution of these decorations to the extent that they
50 deviate significantly from a pattern predictable on the basis
of the geographic relationships between tribes alone. These
results would seem to reaffirm the role of intergroup relations
in creating a pattern of shared cultural similarity over the
region during the 19th century, which many have previously
55 discussed.
Behavioral variation between tribes in terms of their
practice of the religious ceremony of the Sun Dance also
indicated a statistical relationship with geography, again
reiterating the role of inter-tribe transmission in creating the
60 phenomenon historically labeled as the “Great Plains
culture.” However, patterns of inter-tribe variation in Sun
Dance elements also exhibited a statistically significant
relationship with linguistic affinities between different tribes.
Ordinarily, this pattern might simply be attributed to the fact
65 that tribes with more mutually comprehensible languages
were able to more effectively transmit the behavioral variants
among themselves. Here, however, language patterns were
found not to correlate with geographic patterns and,
moreover, the statistical relationship between Sun Dance
70 patterning and linguistic affiliation was found to still hold
even when geography was controlled for. The relationship
between Sun Dance variations and language patterns is,
therefore, in this instance puzzling.
What does the author imply about similarities in
moccasin design among Great Plains tribes in the 19th
century?
A) The moccasin designs are as similar as the tribes’
Sun Dances.
B) Similar languages played a small but vital role in
determining the similarity of the tribes’ moccasin
designs.
C) The similarities in moccasin design can be
explained in the context of the tribes’ relative
geographies.
D) The Great Plains tribes did not have common
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 4–7 (“Famously . . . peoples”)
B) lines 39–42 (“Patterns . . . tribes”)
C) lines 43–44 (“No . . . detected”)
D) lines 61–63 (“However . . . tribes”)
Chapter 1 Evidence-based Questions

14
Based on the table, is the percentage of adenine in restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are:
each organism’s DNA the same or does it vary, and 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.
which statement made by the authors is most Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain; but
consistent with that data? when it does, its partner on the other chain must
A) The same; “Two of . . . pyrimidines” (lines 6-8) always be thymine.
B) The same; “The important . . . structure” The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is
(lines 25-26) 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of
C) It varies; “Adenine . . . thymine” (lines 36-38) bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a
D) It varies; “It follows . . . information” long molecule many different permutations are
(lines 41-45) possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise
sequence of bases is the code which carries the
5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases
can be of four different types. Two of the possible on one of the pair of chains were given, one could
bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the write down the exact order of the bases on the other
other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain
So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is
10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic
phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. acid molecule might duplicate itself.
The first feature of our structure which is of
biological interest is that it consists not of one chain,
but of two. These two chains are both coiled around
15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that Base Composition of DNA
since there was only one chain in the chemical
formula there would only be one in the structural Percentage of base
unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray in organism’s DNA
evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. Organism adenine guanine cytosine thymine
20 The other biologically important feature is the
(%) (%) (%) (%)
manner in which the two chains are held together.
This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. Maize 26.8 22.8 23.2 27.2
The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base Octopus 33.2 17.6 17.6 31.6
from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single Chicken 28.0 22.0 21.6 28.4
25 base from the other. The important point is that only Rat 28.6 21.4 20.5 28.4
certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. Human 29.3 20.7 20.0 30.0
One member of a pair must be a purine and the other Grasshopper 29.3 20.5 20.7 29.3
a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two Sea urchin 32.8 17.7 17.3 32.1
chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for Wheat 27.3 22.7 22.8 27.1
30 example, there would not be room for it.
Yeast 31.3 18.7 17.1 32.9
We believe that the bases will be present almost
entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true,
E. coli 24.7 26.0 25.7 23.6
the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more

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Chapter 1
15
Which choice best supports the claim that Nawab
performs his duties for Harouni well?
A) Lines 28-32 (“By his . . . Lahore”)
B) Lines 40-42 (“The landowner . . . ahead”)
C) Lines 46-49 (“In your . . . should”)
D) Line 58 (“I’ve . . . years”)
in an Atlantic gale. By his superhuman efforts he
almost managed to maintain K. K. Harouni in the
30 same mechanical cocoon, cooled and bathed and
lighted and fed, that the landowner enjoyed in
Lahore.
Harouni of course became familiar with this
ubiquitous man, who not only accompanied him on
35 his tours of inspection, but morning and night could
be found standing on the master bed rewiring the
light fixture or in the bathroom poking at the water
heater. Finally, one evening at teatime, gauging the
psychological moment, Nawab asked if he might say
16
25 home. No one need wonder at the disorganization, at
the fragmentary condition of everything, when we
remember that man, who represents but half a
complete being, with but half an idea on every
subject, has undertaken the absolute control of all
30 sublunary matters.
People object to the demands of those whom they
choose to call the strong-minded, because they say
“the right of suffrage will make the women
masculine.” That is just the difficulty in which we are
35 involved today. Though disfranchised, we have few
women in the best sense; we have simply so many
reflections, varieties, and dilutions of the masculine
gender. The strong, natural characteristics of
womanhood are repressed and ignored in
40 dependence, for so long as man feeds woman she
will try to please the giver and adapt herself to his
condition. To keep a foothold in society, woman
must be as near like man as possible, reflect his
ideas, opinions, virtues, motives, prejudices, and
45 vices. She must respect his statutes, though they strip
her of
every inalienable right, and conflict with that higher
law written by the finger of God on her own soul. . . .
. . . [M]an has been molding woman to his ideas
by direct and positive influences, while she, if not a
50 negation, has used indirect means to control him,
and in most cases developed the very characteristics
both in him and herself that needed repression.
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Evidence-based Questions
40 a word. The landowner, who was cheerfully filing his
nails in front of a crackling rosewood fire, told him
to go ahead.
“Sir, as you know, your lands stretch from here to
the Indus, and on these lands are fully seventeen tube
45 wells, and to tend these seventeen tube wells there is
but one man, me, your servant. In your service I have
earned these gray hairs”—here he bowed his head to
show the gray—“and now I cannot fulfill my duties
as I should. Enough, sir, enough. I beg you, forgive
50 me my weakness. Better a darkened house and proud
hunger within than disgrace in the light of day.
Release me, I ask you, I beg you.”
The old man, well accustomed to these sorts of
speeches, though not usually this florid, filed away at
55 his nails and waited for the breeze to stop.
“What’s the matter, Nawabdin?”
“Matter, sir? O what could be the matter in your
service. I’ve eaten your salt for all my years.
And now man himself stands appalled at the results
of his own excesses, and mourns in bitterness that
55falsehood, selfishness, and violence are the law of life.
The need of this hour is not territory, gold mines,
railroads, or specie payments but a new evangel of
womanhood, to exalt purity, virtue, morality, true
religion, to lift man up into the higher realms of
60 thought and action.
We ask woman’s enfranchisement, as the first step
toward the recognition of that essential element in
government that can only secure the health, strength,
and prosperity of the nation. Whatever is done to lift
65 woman to her true position will help to usher in a
new day of peace and perfection for the race.
- Stanton contends that the situation she describes in the
passage has become so dire that even men have begun to
(A) lament the problems they have created.
(B) join the call for woman suffrage.
(C) consider women their social equals.
(D) ask women how to improve civic life.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to
the previous question?
(A) Lines 25-30 (“No one . . . matters”)
(B) Lines 53-55 (“And now . . . life”)
(C) Lines 56-60 (“The need . . . action”)
(D) Lines 61-64 (“We ask . . . nation”)
Chapter 1
17
25 my darling, my cherished-in-secret, Imagination, the
tender and the mighty, should never, either by
softness or strength, have severed me. But this was
not all; the antipathy which had sprung up between
myself and my employer striking deeper root and
30 spreading denser shade daily, excluded me from
every glimpse of the sunshine of life; and I began to
feel like a plant growing in humid darkness out of the
slimy walls of a well.
Antipathy is the only word which can express the
35 feeling Edward Crimsworth had for me—a feeling, in
a great measure, involuntary, and which was liable to
be excited by every, the most trifling movement,
look, or word of mine. My southern accent annoyed
him; the degree of education evinced in my language
40 irritated him; my punctuality, industry, and
accuracy, fixed his dislike, and gave it the high
flavour and poignant relish of envy; he feared that I
too should one day make a successful tradesman.
Had I been in anything inferior to him, he would not
45 have hated me so thoroughly, but I knew all that he
knew, and, what was worse, he suspected that I kept
the padlock of silence on mental wealth in which he
was no sharer. If he could have once placed me in a
ridiculous or mortifying position, he would have
50 forgiven me much, but I was guarded by three
faculties—Caution, Tact, Observation; and prowling
18
be high, but decisions will get made. “If you are
45 both maximizers, neither of you will be able to
relinquish your standards,” Dr. Schwartz says.
David Gerzof Richard makes quick, decisive
choices. His wife, Brooke, likes to research every
option. The spouses say they didn’t learn to make
50 decisions together until after an event early in their
marriage that they refer to as “the car.”
Mr. Richard decided the couple needed a new car
to replace their old one. He spent a few days
researching SUVs, found a good deal on an Audi Q5
55 and signed the lease—without telling his wife. Ms.
Richard wasn’t happy when he told her. At her
insistence, the spouses spent the weekend testdriving
five more cars. The couple stuck with the
Q5—Ms. Richard agreed that it remained the best
60 deal—but they both learned something about how
their decision-making styles could complement each
other’s. “His decision-making makes it so we can
get it done faster and don’t lose opportunities,” Ms.
Richard says. “And my decision-making makes sure
65 we are truly not forgetting to consider what is
important.”
18
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Evidence-based Questions
and prying as was Edward’s malignity, it could never
baffle the lynx-eyes of these, my natural sentinels.
Day by day did his malice watch my tact, hoping it
55 would sleep, and prepared to steal snake-like on its
slumber; but tact, if it be genuine, never sleeps.
I had received my first quarter’s wages, and was
returning to my lodgings, possessed heart and soul
with the pleasant feeling that the master who had
60 paid me grudged every penny of that hard‑earned
pittance—(I had long ceased to regard
Mr. Crimsworth as my brother—he was a hard,
- The passage indicates that when the narrator began
working for Edward Crimsworth, he viewed
Crimsworth as a
(A) harmless rival.
(B) sympathetic ally.
(C) perceptive judge.
(D) demanding mentor.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
(A) Lines 28-31 (“the antipathy . . . life”)
(B) Lines 38-40 (“My southern . . . irritated him”)
(C) Lines 54-56 (“Day . . . slumber”)
(D) Lines 61-62 (“I had . . . brother”)
In most cases, whoever cares most about the
result should choose, Dr. Schwartz says. This isn’t
the same as always letting the maximizer decide. If
70 the maximizer is paralyzed with indecision, it can
work best if the satisficer chooses, Dr. Schwartz
says.
Which best summarizes the story of Mr. and Ms.
Richards?
A) A maximizer and satisficer will have many
arguments in their marital life.
B) Although it can be hard, a maximizer and
satisficer can learn to make decisions together.
C) A maximizer may feel compelled to accept his
or her spouse’s rash decisions.
D) While they might disagree at first, maximizers
and satisficers always agree in the end.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 44-46 (“If you … says”)
B) Lines 49-51 (“The spouses … car”)
C) Lines 58-62 (“The couple … other’s”)
D) Lines 69-72 (“If the … says”)
Chapter 1
Some argue that because the free markets allow
5 for personal choice, they are already ethical. Others
have accepted the ethical critique and embraced
corporate social responsibility. But before we can
label any market outcome as “immoral,” or sneer at
economists who try to put a price on being ethical,
10 we need to be clear on what we are talking about.
There are different views on where ethics should
apply when someone makes an economic decision.
Consider Adam Smith, widely regarded as the
founder of modern economics. He was a moral
15 philosopher who believed sympathy for others was
the basis for ethics (we would call it empathy
nowadays). But one of his key insights in The Wealth
of Nations was that acting on this empathy could be
counter-productive—he observed people becoming
20 better off when they put their own empathy aside,
and interacted in a self-interested way. Smith justifies
selfish behavior by the outcome. Whenever planners
use cost-benefit analysis to justify a new railway line,
or someone retrains to boost his or her earning
25 power, or a shopper buys one to get one free, they are
using the same approach: empathizing with
someone, and seeking an outcome that makes that
person as well off as possible—although the person
they are empathizing with may be themselves in the
30 future.
Instead of judging consequences, Aristotle
said ethics was about having the right
character—displaying virtues like courage and
honesty. It is a view put into practice whenever
35 business leaders are chosen for their good character.
But it is a hard philosophy to teach—just how much
loyalty should you show to a manufacturer that keeps
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Evidence-based Questions
losing money? Show too little and you’re a “greed is
good” corporate raider; too much and you’re wasting
40 money on unproductive capital. Aristotle thought
there was a golden mean between the two extremes,
and finding it was a matter of fine judgment. But if
ethics is about character, it’s not clear what those
characteristics should be.
45 There is yet another approach: instead of rooting
ethics in character or the consequences of actions, we
can focus on our actions themselves. From this
perspective some things are right, some wrong—we
should buy fair trade goods, we shouldn’t tell lies in
50 advertisements. Ethics becomes a list of
commandments, a catalog of “dos” and “don’ts.”
- In the passage, the author anticipates which of the
following objections to criticizing the ethics of free
markets?
(A) Smith’s association of free markets with ethical
behavior still applies today.
(B) Free markets are the best way to generate high
profits, so ethics are a secondary consideration.
(C) Free markets are ethical because they are made
possible by devalued currency.
(D) Free markets are ethical because they enable
individuals to make choices.
- Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
(A) Lines 4-5 (“Some . . . ethical”)
(B) Lines 7-10 (“But . . . about”)
(C) Lines 21-22 (“Smith . . . outcome”)
(D) Lines 52-54 (“When . . . way”)
Chapter 1 Evidence-based Questions

Answers
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Practice
1- A-C 1- D 1- A-A
2- D-C 2- D 2- D-C
3- C-B 3- B 3- C-D
4- D-C 4- C-C
5- D-A 5- A
6- C-B 6- D-C
7- A-B
8- D-B
9- A-A
10- D
11- A-D
12- B
13- C-B
14- D
15- A
16- A-B
17- B-D
18- B-C
19- D-A

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 Chapter 2 Author’s Indications

Author’s Indications
In this type of questions the test maker asks you about what the author said about Or why the author mentioned a
specific idea or word or group of words. And this kind of question comes in two forms:

a. Indication with references:

In this form the test maker gives you the word or group of words or the idea in the question with reference
(specific lines):
Ex:
plenipotentiaries. It was by far the most splendid and
important assembly ever convoked to discuss and
30 determine the affairs of Europe. The Emperor of
Russia, the King of Prussia, the Kings of Bavaria,
Denmark, and Wurttemberg, all were present in
person at the court of the Emperor Francis I in the
Austrian capital. When Lymie put down his fork and
35 began to count them off, one by one, on the fingers
of his left hand, the waitress, whose name was Irma,
thought he was through eating and tried to take his
plate away. He stopped her. Prince Metternich (his
right thumb) presided over the Congress, and
40 Prince Talleyrand (the index finger) represented
France.
It can reasonably be inferred that Irma, the waitress,
thinks Lymie is “through eating” (line 37) because
A) he has begun reading his book.
B) his plate is empty.
C) he is no longer holding his fork.
D) he has asked her to clear the table.

Here the test maker said that the authors indicated to the word or group of words or idea “through eating” to
support or to show which idea with mentioning the lines in which you find this word or group of words or
the idea?
To solve this question you must stick to these steps:
1- Go to the line in which the indicated words exist.
2- Read the sentence in which the words exist from the beginning till the end of the same sentence.
3- Match the idea included this sentence with one of the answers given:

When Lymie put down his fork and
35 began to count them off, one by one, on the fingers
of his left hand, the waitress, whose name was Irma,
thought he was through eating and tried to take his
plate away.
A) he has begun reading his book.
B) his plate is empty.
C) he is no longer holding his fork.
D) he has asked her to clear the table.

So, from here we can find that Irma, the waitress, thought that Lymie “through eating” because he put down
his fork. The answer is C.

Exercise:
The first feature of our structure which is of
biological interest is that it consists not of one chain,
but of two. These two chains are both coiled around
15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that
since there was only one chain in the chemical
formula there would only be one in the structural
unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray
evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two.
In the second paragraph (lines 12-19), what do the
authors claim to be a feature of biological interest?
A) The chemical formula of DNA
B) The common fiber axis
C) The X-ray evidence
D) DNA consisting of two chains

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 Chapter 2 Author’s Indications

b. Indications without references:

In this form the test maker gives you the word or group of words or the idea in the question without
reference (without specific lines):
Ex:
The first feature of our structure which is of The authors’ main purpose of including the
biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, information about X-ray evidence and density is to
but of two. These two chains are both coiled around A) establish that DNA is the molecule that carries the
15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that genetic information.
since there was only one chain in the chemical B) present an alternate hypothesis about the composition
formula there would only be one in the structural of a nucleotide.
unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray C) provide support for the authors’ claim about the
evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. number of chains in a molecule of DNA.
D) confirm the relationship between the density of DNA
and the known chemical formula of DNA.
Here the test maker asks about the purpose behind indicating to “X-ray evidence” and “density” but without saying in
which lines they exist. To solve this question stick to these steps:
1- Determine the place of the mentioned words in the passage by scan skimming the passage.
2- Read the sentence in which the words exist from the beginning till the end of the same sentence.
3- Match the idea included this sentence with one of the answers given:

A) establish that DNA is the molecule that carries the

15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that
since there was only one chain in the chemical
formula there would only be one in the structural
unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray
evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two.
genetic information.
B) present an alternate hypothesis about the composition
of a nucleotide.
C) provide support for the authors’ claim about the
number of chains in a molecule of DNA.
D) confirm the relationship between the density of DNA
and the known chemical formula of DNA.

When you read the sentence included the words “X-ray” and “density” you will find that the author wants to prove
that they thought that there was only one chain but by using X-ray evidence they find that there are two chains not
one, the idea which matches the answer C.
Exercise:
A party of four, two men and two women, came secret treaty concluded between England, France,
into the restaurant, all talking at once, and took and Austria, when the pretensions of Prussia and
possession of the center table nearest Lymie. Russia, acting in concert, seemed to threaten a
The women had shingled hair and short tight skirts renewal of the attack. The results of the Congress
which exposed the underside of their knees when were stated clearly at the bottom of page 67 and at
they sat down. One of the women had the face of a the top of page 68, but before Lymie got halfway
young boy but disguised by one trick or another through them, a coat that he recognized as his
(rouge, lipstick, powder, wet bangs plastered against father’s was hung on the hook next to his chair.
the high forehead, and a pair of long pendent Lymie closed the book and said, “I didn’t think you
earrings) to look like a woman of thirty-five, which were coming.”
as a matter of fact she was. The men were older. They
laughed more than there seemed any occasion for,
The narrator indicates that Lymie finally closes the
while they were deciding between soup and shrimp
history book because
cocktail, and their laughter was too loud. But it was
A) his father has joined him at the table.
the women’s voices, the terrible not quite sober pitch
B) the people at the other table are too disruptive.
of the women’s voices which caused Lymie to skim C) he has finished the chapter about the Congress.
over two whole pages without knowing what was on D) he is preparing to leave the restaurant.
them. Fortunately he realized this and went back.
Otherwise he might never have known about the

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Chapter 2 Author’s Indications

Exercises
1
1 Every day, millions of shoppers hit the stores in The authors most likely use the examples in lines 1-9 of
full force—both online and on foot—searching the passage (“Every . . . showers”) to highlight the
frantically for the perfect gift. Last year, Americans A) regularity with which people shop for gifts.
spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the month of B) recent increase in the amount of money spent on gifts.
5 December alone. Aside from purchasing holiday C) anxiety gift shopping causes for consumers.
gifts, most people regularly buy presents for other D) number of special occasions involving gift-giving.
occasions throughout the year, including weddings,
birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby
showers.

2
Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive The “social psychologists” mentioned in paragraph 2
social process, serving various political, religious, and (lines 17-34) would likely describe the “deadweight
psychological functions. Economists, however, offer loss” phenomenon as
20 a less favorable view. According to Waldfogel (1993), A) predictable.
gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources. B) questionable.
People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to C) disturbing.
buy on their own, or at least not spend as much D) unprecedented.
money to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as
25 ‘‘the deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit, givers
are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that
receivers would spend only $80 to buy themselves.
This ‘‘deadweight loss” suggests that gift-givers are
not very good at predicting what gifts others will
30 appreciate. That in itself is not surprising to social
psychologists. Research has found that people often
struggle to take account of others’ perspectives—
their insights are subject to egocentrism, social
projection, and multiple attribution errors.
3
As you know from your own experience, and there short is it leading us, the procession of the sons of
are facts that prove it, the daughters of educated men educated men?
65 have always done their thinking from hand to
mouth; not under green lamps at study tables in the The range of places and occasions listed in
cloisters of secluded colleges. They have thought lines 72-76 (“Let us . . . funerals”) mainly serves to
while they stirred the pot, while they rocked the emphasize how
cradle. It was thus that they won us the right to our A) novel the challenge faced by women is.
70 brand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go on B) pervasive the need for critical reflection is.
thinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Think C) complex the political and social issues of the day are.
we must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; while D) enjoyable the career possibilities for women are.
we are standing in the crowd watching Coronations
and Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in the
75 gallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;
let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.
Let us never cease from thinking—what is this
“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What are
these ceremonies and why should we take part in
80 them? What are these professions and why
should we make money out of them? Where in

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Chapter 2
4
The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is
40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of
bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a
long molecule many different permutations are
possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise
sequence of bases is the code which carries the
45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases
on one of the pair of chains were given, one could
write down the exact order of the bases on the other
one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain
is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is
50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic
acid molecule might duplicate itself.
Author’s Indications
The authors’ use of the words “exact,” “specific,” and
“complement” in lines 47-49 in the final paragraph
functions mainly to
A) confirm that the nucleotide sequences are known
for most molecules of DNA.
B) counter the claim that the sequences of bases
along a chain can occur in any order.
C) support the claim that the phosphate-sugar
backbone of the authors’ model is completely
regular.
D) emphasize how one chain of DNA may serve as a
template to be copied during DNA replication.

5
The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid when it does, its partner on the other chain must
(DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a always be thymine.
very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is
regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of
5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which bases can fit into the structure.
can be of four different types. Two of the possible
bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the The authors use the word “backbone” in lines 3 and 39
other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. to indicate that
So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the A) only very long chains of DNA can be taken from an
10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of organism with a spinal column.
phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. B) the main structure of a chain in a DNA molecule is
The first feature of our structure which is of composed of repeating units.
biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, C) a chain in a DNA molecule consists entirely of
but of two. These two chains are both coiled around phosphate groups or of sugars.
15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that D) nitrogenous bases form the main structural unit of
since there was only one chain in the chemical DNA.
formula there would only be one in the structural
unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray
evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two.
20 The other biologically important feature is the
manner in which the two chains are held together.
This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base
from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single
25 base from the other. The important point is that only
certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure.
One member of a pair must be a purine and the other
a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two
chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for
30 example, there would not be room for it.
We believe that the bases will be present almost
entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true,
the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more
restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are:
35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.
Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain; but

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Chapter 2
Practice
1
Critics of new media sometimes use science itself
to press their case, citing research that shows how
“experience can change the brain.” But cognitive
neuroscientists roll their eyes at such talk. Yes, every
time we learn a fact or skill the wiring of the brain
changes; it’s not as if the information is stored in the
pancreas. But the existence of neural plasticity does
not mean the brain is a blob of clay pounded into
shape by experience.
Experience does not revamp the basic
information-processing capacities of the brain.
Speed-reading programs have long claimed to do just
that, but the verdict was rendered by Woody Allen
after he read Leo Tolstoy’s famously long novel
2
15 The male element has held high carnival thus far;
it has fairly run riot from the beginning,
overpowering the feminine element everywhere,
crushing out all the diviner qualities in human
nature, until we know but little of true manhood and
20 womanhood, of the latter comparatively nothing, for
it has scarce been recognized as a power until within
the last century. Society is but the reflection of man
himself, untempered by woman’s thought; the hard
iron rule we feel alike in the church, the state, and the
25 home. No one need wonder at the disorganization, at
the fragmentary condition of everything, when we
3
The motorcycle increased his status, gave him
weight, so that people began calling him “Uncle,” and
asking his opinion on world affairs, about which he
88 knew absolutely nothing. He could now range
further, doing a much wider business. Best of all,
now he could spend every night with his wife, who
had begged to live not on the farm but near her
family in Firoza, where also they could educate at
least the two eldest daughters.
4
What I don’t understand is why I
am so intent on going to this particular place. Who
wants the North Pole! What good is it! Can you eat
30 it? Will it carry you from Gothenburg to Malm like
a railway? The Danish ministers have declared from
their pulpits that participation in polar expeditions is
beneficial to the soul’s eternal well-being, or so I read
in a newspaper.
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Author’s Indications
War and Peace in one sitting: “It was about Russia.”
Genuine multitasking, too, has been exposed as a
myth, not just by laboratory studies but by the
familiar sight of an SUV undulating between lanes as
the driver cuts deals on his cell phone.
The author of Passage 2 refers to the novel
War and Peace primarily to suggest that
Woody Allen
A) did not like Tolstoy’s writing style.
B) could not comprehend the novel by speed-reading it.
C) had become quite skilled at multitasking.
D) regretted having read such a long novel.
remember that man, who represents but half a
complete being, with but half an idea on every
subject, has undertaken the absolute control of all
30 sublunary matters.
Stanton uses the phrase “high carnival” (line 15)
mainly to emphasize what she sees as the
A) utter domination of women by men.
B) freewheeling spirit of the age.
C) scandalous decline in moral values.
D) growing power of women in society.
According to the passage, what does Nawab consider
to be the best result of getting the motorcycle?
A) People start calling him “Uncle.”
B) He’s able to expand his business.
C) He’s able to educate his daughters.
D) He can spend more time with his wife.
The question the narrator asks in lines 30-31
(“Will it . . . railway”) most nearly implies that
A) balloons will never replace other modes of
transportation.
B) the North Pole is farther away than the cities usually
reached by train.
C) people often travel from one city to another without
considering the implications.
D) reaching the North Pole has no foreseeable benefit to
humanity.
Chapter 2
5
To create its special herd of goats, GTC used
55 microinjection, the same technique that produced
GloFish and AquAdvantage salmon. The company’s
scientists took the gene for human antithrombin and
injected it directly into fertilized goat eggs. Then they
implanted the eggs in the wombs of female goats.
60 When the kids were born, some of them proved to be
transgenic, the human gene nestled safely in their
cells. The researchers paired the antithrombin gene
with a promoter (which is a sequence of DNA that
controls gene activity) that is normally active in the
65 goat’s mammary glands during milk production.
When the transgenic females lactated, the promoter
turned the transgene on and the goats’ udders filled
with milk containing antithrombin. All that was left
to do was to collect the milk, and extract and purify
6
When the transgenic females lactated, the promoter
turned the transgene on and the goats’ udders filled
with milk containing antithrombin. All that was left
to do was to collect the milk, and extract and purify
70 the protein. Et voilà—human medicine! And, for
GTC, liquid gold. ATryn hit the market in 2006,
becoming the world’s first transgenic animal drug.
Over the course of a year, the “milking parlors” on
GTC’s 300-acre farm in Massachusetts can collect
75 more than a kilogram of medicine from a single
animal.
7
About 750 years ago, a powerful volcano erupted
somewhere on Earth, kicking off a centuries-long
cold snap known as the Little Ice Age. Identifying the
volcano responsible has been tricky.
5 That a powerful volcano erupted somewhere in
the world, sometime in the Middle Ages, is written in
polar ice cores in the form of layers of sulfate
deposits and tiny shards of volcanic glass.
8
Another possible candidate—both in terms of
timing and geographical location—is Ecuador’s
70 Quilotoa, estimated to have last erupted between
1147 and 1320 C.E. But when Lavigne’s team
examined shards of volcanic glass from this volcano,
they found that they didn’t match the chemical
composition of the glass found in polar ice cores,
75 whereas the Samalas glass is a much closer match.
That, they suggest, further strengthens the case that
Samalas was responsible for the medieval “year
without summer” in 1258 C.E.
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Author’s Indications
70 the protein. Et voilà—human medicine! And, for
GTC, liquid gold. ATryn hit the market in 2006,
becoming the world’s first transgenic animal drug.
Over the course of a year, the “milking parlors” on
GTC’s 300-acre farm in Massachusetts can collect
75 more than a kilogram of medicine from a single
animal.
Which of the following does the author suggest about
the “female goats” mentioned in line 59?
A) They secreted antithrombin in their milk after giving
birth.
B) Some of their kids were not born with the antithrombin
gene.
C) They were the first animals to receive microinjections.
D) Their cells already
The phrase “liquid gold” (line 71) most directly
suggests that
A) GTC has invested a great deal of money in the
microinjection technique.
B) GTC’s milking parlors have significantly increased milk
production.
C) transgenic goats will soon be a valuable asset for dairy
farmers.
D) ATryn has proved to be a financially beneficial product
for GTC.
The author uses the phrase “is written in” (line 6)
most likely to
A) demonstrate the concept of the hands-on nature of the
work done by scientists.
B) highlight the fact that scientists often write about their
discoveries.
C) underscore the sense of importance that scientists have
regarding their work.
D) reinforce the idea that the evidence is there and can be
interpreted by scientists.
As used in line 68, the phrase “Another possible candidate”
implies that
A) powerful volcanic eruptions occur frequently.
B) the effects of volcanic eruptions can last for centuries.
C) scientists know of other volcanoes that erupted during
the Middle Ages.
D) other volcanoes have calderas that are very large.
Chapter 2
9
Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely
linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation?
Perhaps givers believe that bigger (i.e., more
expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of
55 thoughtfulness and consideration. According to
Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a
symbolic ritual, whereby gift-givers attempt to signal
their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient
and their willingness to invest resources in a future
60 relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may be
motivated to spend more money on a gift in order to
10
“Madame,” said Akira, “forgive my disruption,
but I come with a matter of urgency.”
His voice was soft, refined. He straightened and
stole a deferential peek at her face.
35 In the dim light his eyes shone with sincerity.
Chie felt herself starting to like him.
“Come inside, get out of this nasty night. Surely
your business can wait for a moment or two.”
“I don’t want to trouble you. Normally I would
40 approach you more properly but I’ve received word
of a position. I’ve an opportunity to go to America, as
dentist for Seattle’s Japanese community.”
“Congratulations,” Chie said with amusement.
“That is an opportunity, I’m sure. But how am I
45 involved?”
Even noting Naomi’s breathless reaction to the
name card, Chie had no idea. Akira’s message,
delivered like a formal speech, filled her with
maternal amusement. You know how children speak
50 so earnestly, so hurriedly, so endearingly about
things that have no importance in an adult’s mind?
That’s how she viewed him, as a child.
It was how she viewed Naomi. Even though
Naomi was eighteen and training endlessly in the arts
55 needed to make a good marriage, Chie had made no
effort to find her a husband.
Akira blushed.
11
20 The other biologically important feature is the
manner in which the two chains are held together.
This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base
from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single
25 base from the other. The important point is that only
certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure.
One member of a pair must be a purine and the other
a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two
chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for
30 example, there would not be room for it.
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Author’s Indications
send a “stronger signal” to their intended recipient.
As for gift-recipients, they may not construe smaller
and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger
65 signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.
The authors refer to work by Camerer and others
(line 56) in order to
A) offer an explanation.
B) introduce an argument.
C) question a motive.
D) support a conclusion.
“Depending on your response, I may stay in
Japan. I’ve come to ask for Naomi’s hand.”
60 Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the night.
“Does Naomi know anything of your . . .
ambitions?”
“We have an understanding. Please don’t judge
my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal. I
65 ask directly because the use of a go-between takes
much time. Either method comes down to the same
thing: a matter of parental approval. If you give your
consent, I become Naomi’s yoshi.* We’ll live in the
House of Fuji. Without your consent, I must go to
70 America, to secure a new home for my bride.”
Eager to make his point, he’d been looking her full
in the face. Abruptly, his voice turned gentle. “I see
I’ve startled you. My humble apologies. I’ll take no
more of your evening. My address is on my card. If
75 you don’t wish to contact me, I’ll reapproach you in
two weeks’ time. Until then, good night.”
He bowed and left. Taking her ease, with effortless
grace, like a cat making off with a fish.
In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with
A) affection but not genuine love.
B) objectivity but not complete impartiality.
C) amusement but not mocking disparagement.
D) respect but not utter deference.
Based on the passage, the authors’ statement “If a
pair consisted of two purines, for example, there
would not be room for it” (lines 29-30) implies that a
pair
A) of purines would be larger than the space
between a sugar and a phosphate group.
B) of purines would be larger than a pair consisting
of a purine and a pyrimidine.
C) of pyrimidines would be larger than a pair of
purines.
D) consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine would be
larger than a pair of pyrimidines.
Chapter 2
12
Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames,
an admirable vantage ground for us to make a
survey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, laden
with timber, bursting with corn; there on one side are
5 the domes and spires of the city; on the other,
Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is a
place to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But not
now. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are here
to consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon the
10 procession—the procession of the sons of educated
men.
There they go, our brothers who have been
educated at public schools and universities,
mounting those steps, passing in and out of those
15 doors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching,
administering justice, practising medicine,
transacting business, making money. It is a solemn
sight always—a procession, like a caravanserai
crossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twenty
20 years or so, it is no longer a sight merely, a
photograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls of
time, at which we can look with merely an esthetic
appreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tail
end of the procession, we go ourselves. And that
25 makes a difference. We who have looked so long at
the pageant in books, or from a curtained window
watched educated men leaving the house at about
nine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the house
at about six-thirty from an office, need look passively
30 no longer. We too can leave the house, can mount
those steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . make
money, administer justice. . . . We who nowagitate
these humble pens may in another century or two
speak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict us
35 then; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divine
spirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can say
whether, as time goes on, we may not dress in
military uniform, with gold lace on our breasts,
swords at our sides, and something like the old
40 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that that
venerable object was never decorated with plumes of
white horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow of
the private house still makes those dresses look a
little queer. We have worn private clothes so
45 long. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or to
talk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,
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Author’s Indications
on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.
And they are very important questions; and we have
very little time in which to answer them. The
50 questions that we have to ask and to answer about
that procession during this moment of transition are
so important that they may well change the lives of
all men and women for ever. For we have to ask
ourselves, here and now, do we wish to join that
55 procession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we join
that procession? Above all, where is it leading us, the
procession of educated men? The moment is short; it
may last five years; ten years, or perhaps only a
matter of a few months longer. . . . But, you will
60 object, you have no time to think; you have your
battles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars to
organize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.
As you know from your own experience, and there
are facts that prove it, the daughters of educated men
65 have always done their thinking from hand to
mouth; not under green lamps at study tables in the
cloisters of secluded colleges. They have thought
while they stirred the pot, while they rocked the
cradle. It was thus that they won us the right to our
70 brand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go on
thinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Think
we must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; while
we are standing in the crowd watching Coronations
and Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in the
75 gallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;
let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.
Let us never cease from thinking—what is this
“civilization” in which we find ourselves? What are
these ceremonies and why should we take part in
80 them? What are these professions and why
should we make money out of them? Where in
short is it leading us, the procession of the sons of
educated men?
Woolf uses the word “we” throughout the passage
mainly to
A) reflect the growing friendliness among a group
of people.
B) advance the need for candor among a group of
people.
C) establish a sense of solidarity among a group of
people.
D) reinforce
 Chapter 2 Author’s Indications
13
Follow the money and you will end up in space. In lines 9-17, the author of Passage 1 mentions
That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum on several companies primarily to
mining beyond Earth. A) note the technological advances that make space mining
Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre for possible.
5 Space Engineering Research, the event brought B) provide evidence of the growing interest in space
together mining companies, robotics experts, lunar mining.
scientists, and government agencies that are all C) emphasize the large profits to be made from space
working to make space mining a reality. mining.
The forum comes hot on the heels of the D) highlight the diverse ways to carry out space mining
10 2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms. operations.
Planetary Resources of Washington says it will
launch its first prospecting telescopes in two years,
while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to be
harvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Another
15 commercial venture that sprung up in 2012,
Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips to
the moon, including to potential lunar miners.

14
No man likes to acknowledge that he has made a 30 spreading denser shade daily, excluded me from
mistake in the choice of his profession, and every every glimpse of the sunshine of life; and I began to
man, worthy of the name, will row long against wind feel like a plant growing in humid darkness out of the
and tide before he allows himself to cry out, “I am slimy walls of a well.
5 baffled!” and submits to be floated passively back to
land. From the first week of my residence in X— The references to “shade” and “darkness” at the end
felt my occupation irksome. The thing itself—the of the first paragraph mainly have which effect?
work of copying and translating business-letters— A) They evoke the narrator’s sense of dismay.
was a dry and tedious task enough, but had that been B) They reflect the narrator’s sinister thoughts.
10 all, I should long have borne with the nuisance; I am C) They capture the narrator’s fear of confinement.
not of an impatient nature, and influenced by the D) They reveal the narrator’s longing for rest.
double desire of getting my living and justifying to
myself and others the resolution I had taken to
become a tradesman, I should have endured in
15 silence the rust and cramp of my best faculties; I
should not have whispered, even inwardly, that I
longed for liberty; I should have pent in every sigh by
which my heart might have ventured to intimate its
distress under the closeness, smoke, monotony, and
20 joyless tumult of Bigben Close, and its panting desire
for freer and fresher scenes; I should have set up the
image of Duty, the fetish of Perseverance, in my
small bedroom at Mrs. King’s lodgings, and they two
should have been my household gods, from which
25 my darling, my cherished-in-secret, Imagination, the
tender and the mighty, should never, either by
softness or strength, have severed me. But this was
not all; the antipathy which had sprung up between
myself and my employer striking deeper root and

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Chapter 2 Author’s Indications
15
Antipathy is the only word which can express the At the end of the second paragraph, the comparisons
35 feeling Edward Crimsworth had for me—a feeling, in of abstract qualities to a lynx and a snake mainly
a great measure, involuntary, and which was liable to have the effect of
be excited by every, the most trifling movement, A) contrasting two hypothetical courses of action.
look, or word of mine. My southern accent annoyed B) conveying the ferocity of a resolution.
him; the degree of education evinced in my language C) suggesting the likelihood of an altercation.
40 irritated him; my punctuality, industry, and D) illustrating the nature of an adversarial relationship.
accuracy, fixed his dislike, and gave it the high
flavour and poignant relish of envy; he feared that I
too should one day make a successful tradesman.
Had I been in anything inferior to him, he would not
45 have hated me so thoroughly, but I knew all that he
knew, and, what was worse, he suspected that I kept
the padlock of silence on mental wealth in which he
was no sharer. If he could have once placed me in a
ridiculous or mortifying position, he would have
50 forgiven me much, but I was guarded by three
faculties—Caution, Tact, Observation; and prowling
and prying as was Edward’s malignity, it could never
baffle the lynx-eyes of these, my natural sentinels.
Day by day did his malice watch my tact, hoping it
60 would sleep, and prepared to steal snake-like on its
slumber; but tact, if it be genuine, never sleeps.

16
We suspect that the bees of commercial bee How do the words “can,” “may,” and “could” in the
20 colonies which are fed mono-crops are nutritionally third paragraph (lines 19-41) help establish the tone
deficient. In particular, we postulate that the problem of the paragraph?
is a diet deficient in anti-mite toxins: pyrethrums, A) They create an optimistic tone that makes clear the
and possibly other nutrients which are inherent in authors are hopeful about the effects of their research on
such plants. Without, at least, intermittent feeding on colony collapse disorder.
25 the pyrethrum producing plants, bee colonies are B) They create a dubious tone that makes clear the authors
susceptible to mite infestations which can become do not have confidence in the usefulness of the research
fatal either directly or due to a secondary infection of described.
immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees. C) They create a tentative tone that makes clear the authors
This secondary infection can be viral, bacterial or suspect but do not know that their hypothesis is correct.
30 fungal and may be due to one or more pathogens. D) They create a critical tone that makes clear the authors
In addition, immunocompromised or nutritionally are skeptical of claims that pyrethrums are inherent in
deficient bees may be further weakened when mono-crops.
commercially produced insecticides are introduced
into their hives by bee keepers in an effort to fight
35 mite infestation. We further postulate that the proper
dosage necessary to prevent mite infestation may be
better left to the bees, who may seek out or avoid
pyrethrum containing plants depending on the
amount necessary to defend against mites and the
40 amount already consumed by the bees, which in
higher doses could be potentially toxic to them.

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 Chapter 2 Author’s Indications

Answers
Exercise Practice
1- A 1- B
2- A 2- A
3- D 3- D
4- D 4- D
5- B 5- B
6- D
7- D
8- C
9- A
10- D
11- B
12- C
13- B
14- A
15- D
16- C

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 Chapter 3 Main Idea

Main Idea
In this type of questions the test maker asks you about the main idea of specific part of the passage or the passage as
whole or the author’s tone:
a. Main Purpose for Specific Part:
In this form the test maker asks you about the main idea of specific paragraph or specific lines of the
passage:
Ex:
The Alcazar Restaurant was on Sheridan Road
near Devon Avenue. It was long and narrow, with
tables for two along the walls and tables for four
down the middle. The decoration was art moderne,
except for the series of murals depicting the four
seasons, and the sick ferns in the front window.
Lymie sat down at the second table from the cash
register, and ordered his dinner. The history book,
which he propped against the catsup and the glass
sugar bowl, had been used by others before him.
Blank pages front and back were filled in with maps,
drawings, dates, comic cartoons, and organs of the
body; also with names and messages no longer clear
and never absolutely legible. On nearly every other
page there was some marginal notation, either in ink
or in very hard pencil. And unless someone had
upset a glass of water, the marks on page 177 were
from tears.
The main purpose of the first paragraph is to
A) introduce the passage’s main character by showing
his nightly habits.
B) indicate the date the passage takes place by presenting
period details.
C) convey the passage’s setting by describing a place
and an object.
D) foreshadow an event that is described in detail later in
the passage.

To solve this question you must stick to these steps:

1- Read the answers first and carefully, selecting the main words of each.
A) Main character and his nightly habits.
B) Date and period details.
C) Setting, place and an object.
D) Event will be described later.
2- Read the specific part till you find that the idea of this part matches one of these answers.
By reading just 4 lines of this paragraph, we find that this paragraph describe the place where the
passage takes place, by describing Alcazar Restaurant. So, the answer is C
Exercise 1:
Another man might have thrown up his demur even when asked to fix watches, though that
hands—but not Nawabdin. His twelve daughters enterprise did spectacularly badly, and in fact earned
acted as a spur to his genius, and he looked with him more kicks than kudos, for no watch he took
satisfaction in the mirror each morning at the face of apart ever kept time again.
a warrior going out to do battle. Nawab of course
knew that he must proliferate his sources of The main purpose of the first paragraph is to
revenue—the salary he received from K. K. Harouni A) characterize Nawab as a loving father.
for tending the tube wells would not even begin to B) outline the schedule of a typical day in
suffice. He set up a little one-room flour mill, run off Nawab’s life.
a condemned electric motor—condemned by him. C) describe Nawab’s various moneymaking
He tried his hand at fish-farming in a little pond at ventures.
the edge of his master’s fields. He bought broken D) contrast Nawab’s and Harouni’s lifestyles.
radios, fixed them, and resold them. He did not

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 Chapter 3
1
noticeable. Mr. Peters’ hair was turning gray and his
scalp showed through on top. He had lost weight
also; he no longer filled out his clothes the way he
used to. His color was poor, and the flower had
disappeared from his buttonhole. In its place was an
American Legion button.
2
No man likes to acknowledge that he has made a
mistake in the choice of his profession, and every man,
worthy of the name, will row long against wind and tide
before he allows himself to cry out, “I am baffled!” and
submits to be floated passively back to land. From the
first week of my residence in X—felt my occupation
irksome.
3
There is yet another approach: instead of rooting
ethics in character or the consequences of actions, we
can focus on our actions themselves. From this
perspective some things are right, some wrong—we
should buy fair trade goods, we shouldn’t tell lies in
advertisements. Ethics becomes a list of
commandments, a catalog of “dos” and “don’ts.”
When a finance official refuses to devalue a currency
because they have promised not to, they are defining
ethics this way. According to this approach
devaluation can still be bad, even if it would make
everybody better off.
4
Some of the largest ocean waves in the world are
nearly impossible to see. Unlike other large waves,
these rollers, called internal waves, do not ride the
ocean surface. Instead, they move underwater,
undetectable without the use of satellite imagery or
sophisticated monitoring equipment. Despite their
hidden nature, internal waves are fundamental parts
of ocean water dynamics, transferring heat to the
ocean depths and bringing up cold water from below.
5
These human quirks mean we can never make
purely “rational” decisions. A new wave of behavioral
economists, aided by neuroscientists, is trying to
understand our psychology, both alone and in
groups, so they can anticipate our decisions in the
marketplace more accurately. But psychology can
also help us understand why we react in disgust at
economic injustice, or accept a moral law as
universal. Which means that the relatively new
science of human behavior might also define ethics
for us. Ethical economics would then emerge from
one of the least likely places: economists themselves.
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Main Idea
The primary impression created by the narrator’s
description of Mr. Peters in lines 74-79 is that he is
A) healthy and fit.
B) angry and menacing.
C) nervous and hesitant.
D) aging and shriveled.
The main purpose of the opening sentence of the passage
is to
A) establish the narrator’s perspective on a controversy.
B) provide context useful in understanding the narrator’s
emotional state.
C) offer a symbolic representation of Edward
Crimsworth’s plight.
D) contrast the narrator’s good intentions with his
malicious conduct.
The main purpose of the fifth paragraph (lines 45-56) is
to
A) develop a counterargument to the claim that greed is
good.
B) provide support for the idea that ethics is about
character.
C) describe a third approach to defining ethical
economics.
D) illustrate that one’s actions are a result of one’s
character
And they can reach staggering heights—some as tall
as skyscrapers.
The first paragraph serves mainly to
A) explain how a scientific device is used.
B) note a common misconception about an event.
C) describe a natural phenomenon and address its
importance.
D) present a recent study and summarize its findings.
The main idea of the final paragraph is that
A) human quirks make it difficult to predict people’s
ethical decisions accurately.
B) people universally react with disgust when faced with
economic injustice.
C) understanding human psychology may help to define
ethics in economics.
D) economists themselves will be responsible for
reforming the free market.
 Chapter 3
6
Ken settled on the Chukar Partridge as a
model species, but he might not have made his
discovery without a key piece of advice from the local
rancher in Montana who was supplying him with
birds. When the cowboy stopped by to see how
things were going, Ken showed him his nice, tidy
laboratory setup and explained how the birds’ first
hops and flights would be measured. The rancher
was incredulous. “He took one look and said, in
pretty colorful language, ‘What are those birds doing
on the ground? They hate to be on the ground! Give
them something to climb on!’ ” At first it seemed
unnatural—ground birds don’t like the ground? But
as he thought about it Ken realized that all the
species he’d watched in the wild preferred to rest on
ledges, low branches, or other elevated perches where
7
This hypothesis can best be tested by a trial
wherein a small number of commercial honey bee
colonies are offered a number of pyrethrum
producing plants, as well as a typical bee food source
such as clover, while controls are offered only the
clover. Mites could then be introduced to each hive
with note made as to the choice of the bees, and the
effects of the mite parasites on the experimental
colonies versus control colonies.
8
For years, for a lifetime, the machinery
of my destiny has worked in secret to prepare for this
moment; its clockwork has moved exactly toward
this time and place and no other.
9
When the kids were born, some of them proved to be
transgenic, the human gene nestled safely in their
cells. The researchers paired the antithrombin gene
with a promoter (which is a sequence of DNA that
controls gene activity) that is normally active in the
goat’s mammary glands during milk production.
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they were safe from predators. They really only used
the ground for feeding and traveling. So he brought
in some hay bales for the Chukars to perch on and
then left his son in charge of feeding and data
collection while he went away on a short work trip.
In the second paragraph (lines 12-32), the incident
involving the local rancher mainly serves to
A) reveal Ken Dial’s motivation for undertaking his
project.
B) underscore certain differences between laboratory and
field research.
C) show how an unanticipated piece of information
influenced Ken Dial’s research.
D) introduce a key contributor to the tree-down theory.
The main purpose of the fourth paragraph (lines 42-50) is to
A) summarize the results of an experiment that confirmed
the authors’ hypothesis about the role of clover in the
diets of wild-type honeybees.
B) propose an experiment to investigate how different diets
affect commercial honeybee colonies’ susceptibility to
mite infestations.
C) provide a comparative nutritional analysis of the honey
produced by the experimental colonies and by the
control colonies.
D) predict the most likely outcome of an unfinished
experiment summarized in the third paragraph (lines 19-
41).
The sentence in lines 10-13 (“For years . . . other”)
mainly serves to
A) expose a side of the narrator that he prefers to keep
hidden.
B) demonstrate that the narrator thinks in a methodical
and scientific manner.
C) show that the narrator feels himself to be influenced
by powerful and independent forces.
D) emphasize the length of time during which the
narrator has prepared for his expedition.
The most likely purpose of the parenthetical
information in lines 63-64 is to
A) illustrate an abstract concept.
B) describe a new hypothesis.
C) clarify a claim.
D) define a term.
 Chapter 3
10
We are not witnessing the abandonment of the
suburbs, or a movement of millions of people back to
the city all at once. The 2010 census certainly did not
turn up evidence of a middle-class stampede to the
nation’s cities. The news was mixed: Some of the
larger cities on the East Coast tended to gain
population, albeit in small increments. Those in the
Midwest, including Chicago, tended to lose
substantial numbers. The cities that showed gains in
overall population during the entire decade tended to
be in the South and Southwest. But when it comes to
measuring demographic inversion, raw census
numbers are an ineffective blunt instrument. A closer
look at the results shows that the most powerful
demographic events of the past decade were the
movement of African Americans out of central cities
(180,000 of them in Chicago alone) and the
settlement of immigrant groups in suburbs, often
ones many miles distant from downtown.
Central-city areas that gained affluent residents in
the first part of the decade maintained that
population in the recession years from 2007 to 2009.
They also, according to a 2011 study by Brookings,
suffered considerably less from increased
unemployment than the suburbs did. Not many
11
Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich,
with a comfortable home and happy disposition,
seemed to unite some of the best blessings of
existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in
the world with very little to distress or vex her.
She was the youngest of the two daughters of a
most affectionate, indulgent father, and had, in
consequence of her sister’s marriage, been mistress of his
house from a very early period. Her mother had
died too long ago for her to have more than an
indistinct remembrance of her caresses, and her
place had been supplied by an excellent woman as
governess, who had fallen little short of a mother in
affection.
12
In this scenario, water mined from other
worlds could become the most desired commodity.
“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of gold
or a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny of
HoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless.
Water will let you live.”
Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent to
astronauts on the International Space Station for
drinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water into
oxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, so
ice-rich asteroids could become interplanetary
refuelling stations.
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young professionals moved to new downtown
condos in the recession years because few such
residences were being built. But there is no reason to
believe that the demographic trends prevailing prior
to the construction bust will not resume once that
bust is over. It is important to remember that
demographic inversion is not a proxy for population
growth; it can occur in cities that are growing, those
whose numbers are flat, and even in those
undergoing a modest decline in size.
Which choice best summarizes the first paragraph of
the passage (lines 1-35)?
A) The 2010 census demonstrated a sizeable growth in
the number of middle-class families moving into
inner cities.
B) The 2010 census is not a reliable instrument for
measuring population trends in American cities.
C) Population growth and demographic inversion are
distinct phenomena, and demographic inversion is
evident in many American cities.
D) Population growth in American cities has been
increasing since roughly 2000, while suburban
populations have decreased.
Which choice best summarizes the first two paragraphs
of the passage (lines 1-14)?
A) Even though a character loses a parent at an early age,
she is happily raised in a loving home.
B) An affectionate governess helps a character to
overcome the loss of her mother, despite the
indifference of her father.
C) Largely as a result of her father’s wealth and
affection, a character leads a contented life.
D) A character has a generally comfortable and fulfilling
life, but then she must recover from losing her
mother.
What function does the discussion of water in
lines 35-40 serve in Passage 1?
A) It continues an extended comparison that begins in
the previous paragraph.
B) It provides an unexpected answer to a question raised
in the previous paragraph.
C) It offers hypothetical examples supporting a claim
made in the previous paragraph.
D) It examines possible outcomes of a proposal put
forth in the previous paragraph.
Chapter 3 Main Idea

b. Main Idea for the Passage as a Whole

Frequently, this question comes as the first question of the passage. But as we answer the exam we will it let as the
last question of the passage so as we can explore the most of the passage through answering another questions with
specific references. But if we want to answer this question as a first question of the passage, we must differentiate
between four types of the passages.
1- Historical, social, and scientific passages:
In these three types of the passage, the main idea MOSTLY found in the blurb and the first paragraph of the
passage. But it is preferable to let this question till the end of the passage.
2- Literature:
It is too hard to find the main idea of the passage exists in the first paragraph, so you need to read most of passage
or to answer the question as the last question of the passage.
Ex:

Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet
reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each
year on medical research is wasted. This is not because
of fraud, although it is true that retractions are on the
rise. Instead, it is because too often absolutely nothing
happens after initial results of a study are published. No
follow-up investigations ensue to replicate or expand on
a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new
technologies.
The problem is not just what happens after
publication scientists often have trouble choosing the
right questions and properly designing studies to answer
them. Too many neuroscience studies test too few
subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers
publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases
that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug
companies find themselves unable to reproduce
promising drug targets published by the best academic
institutions. The growing recognition that something has
gone awry in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one
might guess, more research on research (aka, meta-
research)-attempts to find protocols that ensure that
peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.
It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other
stakeholders to fix this problem. We need to identify and
correct system-level flaws that too often lead us astray.
This is exactly the goal of a new center at Stanford
University (the Meta-Research Innovation Center at
Stanford), which will seek to study research practices
and how these can be optimized. It will examine the best
means of designing research protocols and agendas to
ensure that the results are not dead ends but rather that
they pave a path forward.
The center will do so by exploring what are the best
ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and
efficient. For example, there is a lot of interest on
collaborative team science, study registration, stronger
study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review,
along with making scientific data, analyses and protocols
widely available so that others can replicate experiments,
thereby fostering trust in the conclusions of those studies.
Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating
their results has too often in the past been looked down
on with a kind of “me-too” derision that would waste
resources-but often they may help avoid false leads that
would have been even more wasteful.
The main purpose of the passage is to
A) argue that scientific studies need to be more
efficient.
B) describe the results of a scientific study.
C) explain the history of scientific inquiry.
D) highlight the fraudulent nature of many research
studies.

When we read the 4 answers carefully and try to match one of which with the first paragraph, we will find that the
answer number A only answer can match the idea of the first paragraph which talks about the government’s
ineffective way of dealing with the findings of the scientific studies; therefore, much money is lost because of this
carelessness, and so these scientific studies need to be more efficient.

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Chapter 3
Exercise 2:
1
MIT business scholars Erik Brynjolfsson and
Andrew McAfee have argued that impressive
advances in computer technology—from improved
industrial robotics to automated translation
services—are largely behind the sluggish
employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years. Even
more ominous for workers, they foresee dismal
prospects for many types of jobs as these powerful
new technologies are increasingly adopted not only
in manufacturing, clerical, and retail work but in
professions such as law, financial services, education,
and medicine.
That robots, automation, and software can replace
people might seem obvious to anyone who’s worked
in automotive manufacturing or as a travel agent. But
Brynjolfsson and McAfee’s claim is more troubling
and controversial. They believe that rapid
technological change has been destroying jobs faster
than it is creating them, contributing to the
stagnation of median income and the growth of
inequality in the United States. And, they suspect,
something similar is happening in other
technologically advanced countries.
2
Thanks to baby boomers, the population over 65
will have doubled between 2000 and 2030. And
when the Affordable Care Act takes full effect, up to
32 million new patients will seek access to medical
care, many of whom will need treatment for ailments
that have gone undiagnosed for years, such as
cancer, diabetes, arthritis and heart disease. This
surge in demand means the U.S. will have a shortfall
of at least 90,000 doctors by the end of the decade,
according to the Association of American Medical
Colleges Center for Workforce Studies. Many parts
of the country have too few doctors already.
A small, vocal minority of researchers suggest
we don’t need more doctors. That minority clearly is
having an impact: many clinicians and policy
makers say there is 20% to 30% “waste” in our
health-care system. Elliott Fisher, a Dartmouth
professor, says those numbers are backed up by
Dartmouth research. The Dartmouth studies base
their conclusions about waste on comparisons of
health-care spending in different geographic areas. But
other studies have shown that differences in the health
status of patients in the different regions explain the
majority of variations in spending. In other words,
urban areas, with their high concentrations of poor
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Main Idea
As evidence, Brynjolfsson and McAfee point to a
chart that only an economist could love. In
economics, productivity—the amount of economic
value created for a given unit of input, such as an
hour of labor—is a crucial indicator of growth and
wealth creation. It is a measure of progress. On the
chart Brynjolfsson likes to show, separate lines
represent productivity and total employment in the
United States. For years after World War II, the
two lines closely tracked each other, with increases in
jobs corresponding to increases in productivity. The
pattern is clear: as businesses generated more value
from their workers, the country as a whole became
richer, which fueled more economic activity and
created even more jobs.
The main purpose of the passage is to
A) examine the role of technology in workers’ lives
during the last century.
B) advocate for better technology to enhance
workplace conditions.
C) argue for changes in how technology is deployed
in the workplace.
D) assess the impact of advancements in technology
on overall job growth.
people, tend to have a higher disease burden and thus
higher medical needs. Sicker patients, along with high
labor costs, explain the higher levels of spending
found in these urban areas—not too many doctors.
There is no question that delivery of care needs
to be better organized, and that some current reforms
are likely to improve patient outcomes. That’s true,
for example, with experiments in team-based care.
However, these improvements in patient care have
not translated to any reduction in the need for
physician time.
Which of the following provides the best summary
of the passage’s main idea?
A) The US health care system is about to suffer a
significant collapse, and hundreds of hospitals
will have to be shut down.
B) There is too much wasteful spending in the
current health care system, which additional
doctors cannot correct.
C) The US needs to prepare for increasing health
care demands by training more doctors.
D) Accountable-care organizations (ACOs) will
improve the current health care system and
reduce unnecessary care.
Chapter 3
3
Is there definitive scientific proof that an organic
diet is healthier? Not yet. Robust scientific studies
comparing food grown organically and food grown
conventionally don’t exist, thanks to a lack of
funding for this kind of research in humans.
But let’s be clear: some convincing scientific
work does exist to suggest that an organic diet has
its benefits. What’s more, it only makes sense that
food free of pesticides and chemicals is safer and
better for us than food containing those substances,
even at trace levels. This was illustrated in a study
published in the journal Environmental Health
Perspectives in 2006. That study, which I led,
showed that within five days of substituting mostly
organic produce in children’s diets for conventional
produce, pesticides disappeared from the children’s
urine.
Many say the pesticides found in our food are
nothing to fear because the levels fall well below
federal safety guidelines and thus aren’t dangerous.
Similarly, they say the bovine growth hormone used
to increase cows’ milk yield is perfectly safe. But
federal guidelines don’t take into account what
4
An insect with paper-thin wings may carry much
the same defense technology as some of the
military’s heavy-duty warships. The finding that a
species of tiger moth can jam the sonar of
echolocating bats to avoid being eaten seems to be
the “first conclusive evidence of sonar jamming in
nature,” says Aaron Corcoran, a biology PhD
student at Wake Forest University and the lead
author of the paper reporting the discovery. “It
demonstrates a new level of escalation in the batmoth
evolutionary arms race.”
Before Corcoran’s study, scientists were puzzled
by why certain species of tiger moths made sound.
Some speculated that the moths use it to startle bats.
A few pointed to its potential interference with their
echolocation. General consensus, however, fell with
a third hypothesis: clicks function to warn a predator
not to eat the clicking prey because it is toxic, or at
least pretending to be.
To test these hypotheses, Corcoran and his team
pitted the tiger moth Bertholdia trigona against the
big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus, a battle frequently
fought after sundown from Central America to
Colorado. High-speed infrared cameras and an
ultrasonic microphone recorded the action over nine
consecutive nights. The process of elimination
began. If moth clicks served to startle, previous
studies suggested the bats should become tolerant of
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Main Idea
effect repeated exposure to low levels of chemicals
might have on humans over time. And many
pesticides were eventually banned or restricted by
the federal government after years of use when they
were discovered to be harmful to the environment or
human health.
Organic skeptics like to cite a meta-analysis
study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine
last year that suggested organic foods are neither
healthier nor more nutritious than their conventional
counterparts.
The author’s main purpose in Passage 1 appears to
be to
A) discuss the implications of new research into
the health effects of organic foods.
B) persuade readers that eating organic food has
potential health benefits.
C) critique research which claims to show that
there are no health benefits from eating
organic food.
D) argue that more funding is required to perform
better research about organic food.
the sound within two or three days. “But that’s not
what we found,” says Corcoran, explaining the lack
of success bats had in capturing their clicking prey
even through the last nights of the study.
How about the toxic warning theory? If this were
the case, according to Corcoran, bats would not find
the moths palatable or, if they were indeed tasty,
they would quickly learn they’d been tricked. Either
way, bats should start to ignore the moth’s unique
ultrasonic clicks. Also, bats partook readily when
offered B. trigona that lacked the ability to click, and
they kept coming back for more. This attraction also
held true for clicking B. trigona: the predators
persisted after their prey despite only reaching them
about 20 percent of the time. Bats actually launched
four times as many successful attacks against a
control group of silent moths. These findings are
“only consistent with the jamming hypothesis,”
Corcoran notes. “But the most distinctive evidence
was in the echolocation sequences of the bats.”
The passage is primarily concerned with
A) the ways Eptesicus fuscus bats capture moths.
B) the discovery that tiger moths can jam bats’
sonar.
C) how the tiger moths’ clicking defense works.
D) why tiger moths developed defenses against
bats.
Chapter 3
5
Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal,
and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and
subjected to the political power of another, without his own
consent. The only way whereby any one divests himself of
his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is
by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a
community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living
one amongst another, in a secure enjoyment of their
properties, and a greater security against any, that are not of
it. This any number of men may do, because it injures not
the freedom of the rest; they are left as they were in the
liberty of the state of nature. When any number of men
have so consented to make one community or government,
they are thereby presently incorporated, and make one body
politic, wherein the majority have a right to act and
conclude the rest.
For when any number of men have, by the consent of
every individual, made a community, they have thereby
made that community one body, with a power to act as one
body, which is only b; the will and determination of the
6
Just as the Moon’s history was disrobed by laser ranging
50 years ago, Eartl’s tropical forests are giving up their
secrets to the light. Airborne light detection and
rangingcalled LiDAR-has over the last ten years become
a key tool that ecologists use to understand physical
variation in tropical forests across space and time. Like
an MRI of the human brain, LiDAR probes the intricate
three-dimensional architecture of the forest canopy,
unveiling carbon that forests keep out of the atmosphere,
and also the mounting threats to that carbon storehouse:
drought, fire, clandestine logging and brash gold-mining
operations. Even the quintessential natural disturbance of
the sun-filled light gap-long thought to enhance the
incredibly high species diversity of tropical forests-has
been deconstructed by laser technology.
Laser ranging in tropical forests is such a game-changing
technology that science results can scarcely get through
peerreview before they are dwarfed by still larger-scale
studies. In a decade, laser power on commercial-grade
LiDARs has skyrocketed and costs have plummeted.
These improvements in LiDAR technology allow
airplanes to fly faster, higher and farther, covering more
forest area in a single day than every ground-based
survey that has ever been collected in the history of
tropical ecology. To estimate the amount of carbon
stored in a 50-hectare tropical forest monitoring plot on
the ground-the largest field plot in the world-takes a team
of 12 people about eight months: a slog of rain and mud
and snakes with tape measures and data log books.
Today’s airborne LiDARs can get you to within about
10% of the same carbon estimate in eight seconds.
It is this staggering contrast in scale between LiDAR and
fieldwork that led us here: Before this decade is out, we
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majority: for that which acts any community, being only the
consent of the individuals of it, and it being necessary to
that which is one body to move one way; it is necessary the
body should move that way whither the greater force carries
it, which is the consent of the majority: or else it is
impossible it should act or continue one body, one
community, which the consent of every individual that
united into it, agreed that it should; and so everyone is
bound by that consent to be concluded by the majority.
The main idea of Passage l is that
A) it is safer for people to live in a state of nature than to
consent to live in a community.
B) people who choose to become part of a community are
subject to the will of the majority.
C) minority opinions and majority opinions should be
given equal consideration in community affairs.
D) it is unrealistic to expect people to surrender their
natural liberties when joining a community.
could directly assess the carbon stock of every single
square hectare of tropical forest on Earth. We could do it
just as well as if we were standing there in the flesh with
tape measures in hand. And we could do it for far less
than what we have already spent to offset carbon
emissions from forests...
It is easy in principle, though logistically nightmarish, to
measure carbon in tropical forests. A strict
constructionist would cut, dry and weigh the biomass of
the world’s forests. But this is a self-defeating enterprise.
As a result, it is likely that no one has measured carbon
over a single hectare of tropical forest, even with the
most detailed field surveys. For a century ecologists and
foresters have relied on allometric1 estimation in lieu of
carbon measurements to translate field surveys of tree
diameters, heights and wood densities into whole-forest
carbon estimates. Given a volume with known
dimensions and density, one would estimate its mass in a
similar fashion.
The author’ central claim in the passage is that
A) LiDAR’s opponents have prevented the technology
from advancing to a point where it might be
scientifically useful, favoring traditional methods.
B) Fieldwork and LiDAR are best used in
combination when mapping carbon in tropical
forests, in order to avoid human error while
maintaining accuracy
C) LiDAR is as important a technology as MRI
scanning or the scientific study of the moon with
lasers.
D) LiDAR technology is faster, cheaper, and nearly
as accurate as traditional field methods for
measuring the carbon biomass on Earth.
Chapter 3
7
A recent research collaboration has discovered that
crows exhibit strong behavioral signs of analogical
reasoning—the ability to solve puzzles like “bird is to air
as fish is to what?” Analogical reasoning is considered to
be the pinnacle of cognition and it only develops in
humans between the ages of three and four. Why might
crows be promising animals to study? Of course, crows
are reputed to be clever. Aesop’s famous fable “The
Crow and the Pitcher” tells of a crow solving a
challenging problem: the thirsty crow drops pebbles into
a pitcher with water near the bottom, thereby raising the
fluid level high enough to permit the bird to drink. Such
tales are charming and provocative, but science cannot
rely on them. Recent scientific research sought to
corroborate this fable.
It found that crows given a similar problem dropped
stones into a tube containing water, but not into a tube
containing sand. Crows also chose to drop solid rather
than hollow objects into the water tube.It thus seems that
crows do indeed understand basic cause-effect relations.
But, what happens when crows are given problems that
require more abstract thinking? Before setting our sights
on analogical reasoning,we might begin with a simpler
abstract task. For example, sameness and differentness
are key abstract ideas, because two or more items of any
kind—
8
Two X-ray space observatories, NASA's Nuclear
Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and the
European Space Agency's XMM-Newton, have teamed
up to measure, for the first time, the spin rate of a black
hole with a mass two million times that of our sun.
The supermassive black hole lies at the dust- and
gasfilled heart of a galaxy called NGC 1365, and it is
spinning almost as fast as Einstein's theory of gravity
will allow.The findings,which appear in a new study in
the journal Nature, resolve a long-standing debate about
similar measurements in other black holes and will lead
to a better understanding of how black holes and galaxies
evolve. “This is hugely important to the field of black
hole science,” said Lou Kaluzienski, a NuSTAR program
scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington.
The observations also are a powerful test of Einstein's
theory of general relativity,which says gravity can bend
space-time, the fabric that shapes our universe, and the
light that travels through it.
"We can trace matter as it swirls into a black hole
using Xrays emitted from regions very close to the black
hole," said the coauthor of a new study, NuSTAR
principal investigator Fiona Harrison of the California
Institute of Teohnology in Pasadena. “The radiation we
see is warped and distorted by the motions of particles
and the black hole's incredibly strong
gravity."
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Main Idea
coins, cups, caps, or cars—can be the same as or
different from one another. Because sameness and
differentness can be detected visually, perhaps that may
provide an elegant way to study their apprehension by
nonverbal animals.
To do so, we present visual stimuli on a touchscreen
monitor. We reward animals with food for contacting
one button when sets contain identical items and we
reward animals for contacting a second button when sets
contain non-identical items. Several species of birds and
mammals learn this task and also transfer their learning
to new stimuli, showing that they have learned an
abstract concept, which extends beyond the training
items.
The main purpose of the passage is to
A) present research approaches used to determine
that crows may be able to think analogically.
B) show that crows have been proven to be the
smartest of all non-primate animals.
C) argue that crows need proper training in order to
perform complex and advanced tasks.
D) explain that scientists’ understanding of crows
likely will progress rapidly following a recent
study.
NuSTAR, an Explorer-class mission launched in June
2012, is designed to detect the highest-energy X-ray light
in great detail. It complements telescopes that observe
lowerenergy X-ray light, such as XMM-Newton and
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. Scientists use these
and other telescopes to estimate the rates at which black
holes spin.
Until now, these measurements were not certain
because clouds of gas could have been obscuring the
black holes and confusing the results. With help from
XMM-Newton, NuSTAR was able to see a broader range
of X-ray energies and penetrate deeper into the region
around the black hole. The new data demonstrate that X-
rays are not being warped by the clouds, but by the
tremendous gravity of the black hole. This proves that
spin rates of supermassive black holes can be determined
conclusively.
The main purpose of the passage is to
A) contradict a longstanding scientific hypothesis.
B) discuss the findings and implications of a recent
study.
C) show how modern techno1ogy can improve
scientific observations.
D) inform readers about the history of a
phenomenon.
Chapter 3
9
There is currently a broad global movement away
from considerations of mere economic success towards a
new public policy goal involving a broader notion of
quality of life. This movement has also spurred a
rethinking of which statistics inform us best about a
country’s situation and how its citizens are faring. For
decades, the gold standard was a macroeconomic
indicator: the GDP - gross domestic product, calculated
per capita. This is the most prominent yardstick that the
media, politicians and the public consider when they try
to assess how a country is performing. However, this
measure was never meant to be a measure of the welfare
of nations (as its creator Simon Kuznets warned in the
1930s) and so there is growing skepticism about the
GDP’s usefulness as a measure of national well-being.
Slogans such as “beyond GDP” or “redefining progress”
challenge the preoccupation with the GDP.
Three key strategies have been employed to develop a
better measure of well-being: healing the GDP,
complementing the GDP, and replacing the GDP .
The first group of initiatives tries to deal with the
downsides of the GDP by attempting to fix the indicator
itself. . . One key aim of this group of measures is to
account for sustainability and the environmental damage
associated with GDP growth. For example, the Index of
Sustainable Economic Welfare and the Genuine Progress
Indicator are both based on the consumption of private
households. However, they also reflect additional social
factors such as household labor and education with a
10
Online social networking sites, such as Facebook,
Google, and Bebo, have grown in popularity in recent
years and they provide an exciting new area of study in
the field of psychology. Facebook provides individuals
with easy access to view personal information about their
friends, coworkers, and even complete strangers.
Facebook has over 500 million active users and every
month over 700 billion minutes are spent on Facebook.
Among U.S. college students, 96% have a Facebook
account. Given the popularity of online social
networking sites, Facebook in particular, the current
study was designed to investigate the relationship
between Facebook use, the importance of quality of
friendship to self-esteem, and personality in college
students.
Social relationships are considered by many to be the
most important component of human life. With the
expansion of the Internet and social networking sites,
more people are using technology to communicate with
their friends and family online and maintain these
interpersonal connections in novel ways that were not
available in previous generations.
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rising value, while air pollution and environmental
damage lower the score. As a consequence, the
downsides of economic growth and modernization ought
to be accounted for whilst retaining the benefits of the
GDP, namely a single figure that captures different
entities and is comparable across nations.
The second group of measures moves further away
from the GDP as a yardstick than the previous
approaches but does not abandon the sum of goods and
services altogether. Instead, this group of measures seeks
to assess national well-being by complementing the GDP
with a number of key social indicators.
For example, the Human Development Index
comprises the three dimensions health, education, and
material living conditions, which are measured by life
expectancy, years of schooling, and GNI [gross national
income], respectively.
A) replacing the GDP outright may seem appealing,
but its alternatives would be difficult and
dangerous to implement.
B) well-being and economics have not been shown
to correlate to any significant degree.
C) the GDP can only measure economics, while
happiness must be considered primarily in terms
of other factors.
D) there is a growing movement to improve the way
in which a country’s well-being is measured.
Some researchers initially believed online activities
negatively impacted relationships and feared that virtual
communication would replace face-to-face interactions
and deteriorate social bonds. Others, however, have
found support for the idea that social networking sites
and the Internet have expanded methods of staying
socially connected with others and increased relationship
closeness and connectedness. Social networking sites,
such as Facebook, allow users to add“friends” and keep
track of their status, interests, photos, “likes,” and
updates of others’ personal information in cyberspace.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A) discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using social
media to maintain relationships.
B) debate the merits of using social media as a
primary form of interpersonal communication.
C) emphasize the positive aspects behind the use of
social media to cultivate relationships.
D) raise questions about research findings regarding
the negative impact of online activities on
relationships.
Chapter 3
c. Focus Shifting
Sometimes, the author shifts his main focus of the passage from idea to another idea. So, in this question we must
identify the main topic of the first part of the passage and the main topic of the second part of the passage.
EX:
The Alcazar Restaurant was on Sheridan Road
near Devon Avenue. It was long and narrow, with
tables for two along the walls and tables for four
down the middle. The decoration was art moderne,
5 except for the series of murals depicting the four
seasons, and the sick ferns in the front window.
Lymie sat down at the second table from the cash
register, and ordered his dinner. The history book,
which he propped against the catsup and the glass
10 sugar bowl, had been used by others before him.
Blank pages front and back were filled in with maps,
drawings, dates, comic cartoons, and organs of the
body; also with names and messages no longer clear
and never absolutely legible. On nearly every other
15 page there was some marginal notation, either in ink
or in very hard pencil. And unless someone had
upset a glass of water, the marks on page 177 were
from tears.
While Lymie read about the Peace of Paris, signed
20 on the thirtieth of May, 1814, between France and
the Allied powers, his right hand managed again and
again to bring food up to his mouth. Sometimes he
chewed, sometimes he swallowed whole the food that
he had no idea he was eating. The Congress of
25 Vienna met, with some allowance for delays, early in
November of the same year, and all the powers
engaged in the war on either side sent
plenipotentiaries. It was by far the most splendid and
important assembly ever convoked to discuss and
30 determine the affairs of Europe. The Emperor of
Russia, the King of Prussia, the Kings of Bavaria,
Denmark, and Wurttemberg, all were present in
person at the court of the Emperor Francis I in the
Austrian capital. When Lymie put down his fork and
35 began to count them off, one by one, on the fingers
of his left hand, the waitress, whose name was Irma,
thought he was through eating and tried to take his
plate away. He stopped her. Prince Metternich (his
right thumb) presided over the Congress, and
40 Prince Talleyrand (the index finger) represented
France.
A party of four, two men and two women, came
into the restaurant, all talking at once, and took
possession of the center table nearest Lymie.
45 The women had shingled hair and short tight skirts
which exposed the underside of their knees when
they sat down. One of the women had the face of a
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young boy but disguised by one trick or another
(rouge, lipstick, powder, wet bangs plastered against
50 the high forehead, and a pair of long pendent
earrings) to look like a woman of thirty-five, which
as a matter of fact she was. The men were older. They
laughed more than there seemed any occasion for,
while they were deciding between soup and shrimp
55 cocktail, and their laughter was too loud. But it was
the women’s voices, the terrible not quite sober pitch
of the women’s voices which caused Lymie to skim
over two whole pages without knowing what was on
them. Fortunately he realized this and went back.
60 Otherwise he might never have known about the
secret treaty concluded between England, France,
and Austria, when the pretensions of Prussia and
Russia, acting in concert, seemed to threaten a
renewal of the attack. The results of the Congress
65 were stated clearly at the bottom of page 67 and at
the top of page 68, but before Lymie got halfway
through them, a coat that he recognized as his
father’s was hung on the hook next to his chair.
Lymie closed the book and said, “I didn’t think you
70 were coming.”
Time is probably no more unkind to sporting
characters than it is to other people, but physical
decay unsustained by respectability is somehow more
noticeable. Mr. Peters’ hair was turning gray and his
75 scalp showed through on top. He had lost weight
also; he no longer filled out his clothes the way he
used to. His color was poor, and the flower had
disappeared from his buttonhole. In its place was an
American Legion button.
80 Apparently he himself was not aware that there
had been any change. He straightened his tie
self-consciously and when Irma handed him a menu,
he gestured with it so that the two women at the next
table would notice the diamond ring on the fourth
85 finger of his right hand. Both of these things, and
also the fact that his hands showed signs of the
manicurist, one can blame on the young man who
had his picture taken with a derby hat on the back of
his head, and also sitting with a girl in the curve of
90 the moon. The young man had never for one second
deserted Mr. Peters. He was always there, tugging at
Mr. Peters’ elbow, making him do things that were
not becoming in a man of forty-five.
Chapter 3 Main Idea

Over the course of the passage, the primary focus shifts from
A) Lymie’s inner thoughts to observations made by the other characters.
B) an exchange between strangers to a satisfying personal relationship.
C) the physical setting of the scene to the different characters’ personality traits.
D) Lymie’s experience reading a book to descriptions of people in the restaurant.

1- Read each answer carefully and divide them into two ideas: one idea before the preposition "to", and
another idea after the preposition "to".

A) Lymie’s inner thoughts to observations made by the other characters.

B) an exchange between strangers to a satisfying personal relationship.
C) the physical setting of the scene to the different characters’ personality traits.
D) Lymie’s experience reading a book to descriptions of people in the restaurant.
The first part of the answer (before to) refers to the idea of the first part of the passage. The second part of the answer
(after to) refers to the idea of the second part of the passage.

2- Decide the main idea of the first part of the passage by skimming it.
3- Decide the main idea of the second part of the passage by skimming it.

N.B: We prefer to delay this question till we finish answering the rest of question so as we can understand
the passage better before skimming it.

4- Try to match the main idea of the first part of the passage with the first part of one of each answer
(before to).
5- Try to match the main idea of the second part of the passage with the second part of one of each
answer (after to).
When you read the first part of the passage carefully "paragraph 1 and 2", you will find that the main idea is
to show a man is preoccupied with reading a book: Lines (8–10) "The history book, which he propped
against the catsup and the glass sugar bowl, had been used by others before him." Lines (19-20) " While
Lymie read about the Peace of Paris, signed on the thirtieth of May"….etc.
And, When you read the second part of the passage carefully "paragraph 3 and 4", you will find that the
main idea is to describe the people in the restaurant and his father Mr. Peters: Lines (45-47) "The women
had shingled hair and short tight skirts which exposed the underside of their knees when they sat down."
Line (74-77) "Mr. Peters’ hair was turning gray and his scalp showed through on top. He had lost weight
also; he no longer filled out his clothes the way he used to."
So, the best answer here is (D).

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Chapter 3
Exercise 3:
1
My emotions are complicated and not
readily verifiable. I feel a vast yearning that is
simultaneously a pleasure and a pain. I am certain
of the consummation of this yearning, but I don’t
5 know yet what form it will take, since I do not
understand quite what it is that the yearning desires.
For the first time there is borne in upon me the full
truth of what I myself said to the doctor only an hour
ago: that my motives in this undertaking are not
10 entirely clear. For years, for a lifetime, the machinery
of my destiny has worked in secret to prepare for this
moment; its clockwork has moved exactly toward
this time and place and no other. Rising slowly from
the earth that bore me and gave me sustenance, I am
15 carried helplessly toward an uninhabited and hostile,
or at best indifferent, part of the earth, littered with
the bones of explorers and the wrecks of ships, frozen
supply caches, messages scrawled with chilled fingers
and hidden in cairns that no eye will ever see.
20 Nobody has succeeded in this thing, and many have
died. Yet in freely willing this enterprise, in choosing
this moment and no other when the south wind
will carry me exactly northward at a velocity of
eight knots, I have converted the machinery of my
25 fate into the servant of my will. All this I understand,
as I understand each detail of the technique by which
this is carried out. What I don’t understand is why I
am so intent on going to this particular place. Who
wants the North Pole! What good is it! Can you eat
30 it? Will it carry you from Gothenburg to Malm like
a railway? The Danish ministers have declared from
their pulpits that participation in polar expeditions is
beneficial to the soul’s eternal well-being, or so I read
in a newspaper. It isn’t clear how this doctrine is to
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Main Idea
35 be interpreted, except that the Pole is something
difficult or impossible to attain which must
nevertheless be sought for, because man is
condemned to seek out and know everything
whether or not the knowledge gives him pleasure. In
40 short, it is the same unthinking lust for knowledge
that drove our First Parents out of the garden.
And suppose you were to find it in spite of all, this
wonderful place that everybody is so anxious to stand
on! What would you find? Exactly nothing.
45 A point precisely identical to all the others in a
completely featureless wasteland stretching around it
for hundreds of miles. It is an abstraction, a
mathematical fiction. No one but a Swedish madman
could take the slightest interest in it. Here I am. The
50 wind is still from the south, bearing us steadily
northward at the speed of a trotting dog. Behind us,
perhaps forever, lie the Cities of Men with their
teacups and their brass bedsteads. I am going forth of
my own volition to join the ghosts of Bering and
55 poor Franklin, of frozen De Long and his men.
What I am on the brink of knowing, I now see, is
not an ephemeral mathematical spot but myself. The
doctor was right, even though I dislike him.
Fundamentally I am a dangerous madman, and what
60 I do is both a challenge to my egotism and a
surrender to it.
Over the course of the passage, the narrator’s
attitude shifts from
A) fear about the expedition to excitement about it.
B) doubt about his abilities to confidence in them.
C) uncertainty of his motives to recognition of them.
D) disdain for the North Pole to appreciation of it.
Chapter 3
2
The “wisdom of crowds” has become a mantra of
the Internet age. Need to choose a new vacuum
cleaner? Check out the reviews on online merchant
Amazon. But a new study suggests that such online
5 scores don’t always reveal the best choice. A massive
controlled experiment of Web users finds that such
ratings are highly susceptible to irrational “herd
behavior”—and that the herd can be manipulated.
Sometimes the crowd really is wiser than you. The
10 classic examples are guessing the weight of a bull or
the number of gumballs in a jar. Your guess is
probably going to be far from the mark, whereas the
average of many people’s choices is remarkably close
to the true number.
15 But what happens when the goal is to judge
something less tangible, such as the quality or worth
of a product? According to one theory, the wisdom
of the crowd still holds—measuring the aggregate of
people’s opinions produces a stable, reliable
20 value. Skeptics, however, argue that people’s
opinions are easily swayed by those of others. So
nudging a crowd early on by presenting contrary
opinions—for example, exposing them to some very
good or very bad attitudes—will steer the crowd in a
25 different direction. To test which hypothesis is true,
you would need to manipulate huge numbers of
people, exposing them to false information and
determining how it affects their opinions.
A team led by Sinan Aral, a network scientist at
30 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
Cambridge, did exactly that. Aral has been secretly
working with a popular website that aggregates news
stories. The website allows users to make comments
about news stories and vote each other’s comments
35 up or down. The vote tallies are visible as a number
next to each comment, and the position of the
comments is chronological. (Stories on the site get an
average of about ten comments and about three votes
per comment.) It’s a follow-up to his experiment
40 using people’s ratings of movies to measure how
much individual people influence each other online
(answer: a lot). This time, he wanted to know how
much the crowd influences the individual, and
whether it can be controlled from outside.
45 For five months, every comment submitted by a
user randomly received an “up” vote (positive); a
“down” vote (negative); or as a control, no vote at all.
The team then observed how users rated those
comments. The users generated more than
50 100,000 comments that were viewed more than
10 million times and rated more than 300,000 times
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Main Idea
by other users.
At least when it comes to comments on news
sites, the crowd is more herdlike than wise.
55 Comments that received fake positive votes from the
researchers were 32% more likely to receive more
positive votes compared with a control, the team
reports. And those comments were no more likely
than the control to be down-voted by the next viewer
60 to see them. By the end of the study, positively
manipulated comments got an overall boost of about
25%. However, the same did not hold true for
negative manipulation. The ratings of comments that
got a fake down vote were usually negated by an up
65 vote by the next user to see them.
“Our experiment does not reveal the psychology
behind people’s decisions,” Aral says, “but an
intuitive explanation is that people are more
skeptical of negative social influence. They’re more
70 willing to go along with positive opinions from other
people.”
Duncan Watts, a network scientist at Microsoft
Research in New York City, agrees with that
conclusion. “[But] one question is whether the
75 positive [herding] bias is specific to this site” or true
in general, Watts says. He points out that the
category of the news items in the experiment had a
strong effect on how much people could be
manipulated. “I would have thought that ‘business’ is
80 pretty similar to ‘economics,’ yet they find a much
stronger effect (almost 50% stronger) for the former
than the latter. What explains this difference? If we’re
going to apply these findings in the real world, we’ll
need to know the answers.”
85 Will companies be able to boost their products by
manipulating online ratings on a massive scale?
“That is easier said than done,” Watts says. If people
detect—or learn—that comments on a website are
being manipulated, the herd may spook and leave
90 entirely.
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from a discussion of an experiment and its results to
A) an explanation of the practical applications of the
results.
B) a consideration of the questions prompted by the
results.
C) an analysis of the defects undermining the
results.
D) a conversation with a scientist who disputes the
results.
Chapter 3
3
Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet
reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each
year on medical research is wasted. This is not because
of fraud, although it is true that retractions are on the
rise. Instead,it is because too often absolutely nothing
happens after initial results of a study are published. No
follow-up investigations ensue to replicate or expand on
a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new
technologies.
The problem is not just what happens after
publicationscientists often have trouble choosing the
right questions and properly designing studies to answer
them. Too many neuroscience studies test too few
subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers
publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases
that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug
companies find themselves unable to reproduce
promising drug targets published by the best academic
institutions. The growing recognition that something has
gone awry in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one
might guess, more research on research (aka, meta-
research)-attempts to find protocols that ensure that
peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.
It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other
stakeholders to fix this problem. We need to identify and
correct system-level flaws that too often lead us astray.
This is exactly the goal of a new center at Stanford
University (the Meta-Research Innovation Center at
Stanford), which will seek to study research practices
4
The world is very different now. For man holds in his
mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human
poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same
revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are
still, at issue around the globe. Let the word go forth
from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the
torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans-
born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a
hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and
unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those
human rights to which this nation has always been
committed, and to which we are committed today at
home and around the world.
To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of
the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial
control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced
by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to
find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope
to find them strongly supporting their own freedom-and
to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought
power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.
To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe
struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge
our best efforts to help them help themselves, for
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Main Idea
and how these can be optimized. It will examine the best
means of designing research protocols and agendas to
ensure that the results are
not dead ends but rather that they pave a path forward.
The center will do so by exploring what are the best
ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and
efficient.
For example, there is a lot of interest on collaborative
team science, study registration, stronger study designs
and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with
making scientific data, analyses and protocols widely
available so that others can replicate experiments,
thereby fostering trust in the conclusions of those studies.
Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating
their results has too often in the past been looked down
on with a kind of “me-too” derision that would waste
resources-but often they may help avoid false leads that
would have been even more wasteful.
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from
A) an explanation of a phenomenon to a narrative
illustrating this phenomenon.
B) the identification of a problem to a proposal for
solving this problem.
C) a prediction for the future to an explanation
underlying this prediction.
D) the introduction of an argument to a counterclaim
refuting this argument.
whatever period is required-not because we seek their
votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help
the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are
rich.
Finally, to those nations who would make themselves
our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that
both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the
dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf
all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
So let us begin anew-remembering on both sides that
civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always
subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but
let us never fear to negotiate.
Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and
precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms,
and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations
under the absolute control of all nations.
Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science
instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars,
conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean
depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.
And, if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the
jungle of suspicion,let both sides join in creating a new
Chapter 3
endeavor-not a new balance of power, but a new world
of law-where the strong are just, and the weak secure,
and the peace preserved.
All this will not be finished in the first one hundred
days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand
days; nor in the life of this Administration; nor even
perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin...
5
The ability to travel mentally through time sets
humans apart from many other species, yet little is
known about this core cognitive capacity. In particular,
what shapes the passage of the mind’s journey through
time?
A core facet of conscious experience is that one’s mind
periodically wanders from the here-and-now. From
memories of lost loves to expectations about forthcoming
vacations, mental time travel (MTT) makes it possible to
revisit the past and pre-experience the future. Present
across cultures and emerging early in childhood, MTT is
believed to serve a pivotal function in human cognition.
When confronted with complex and challenging
judgments, simulating future outcomes (i.e., prospection)
on the basis of prior experience (i.e., retrospection) is a
tactic that optimizes decision-making and behavioral
selection. That the past informs the future in this way
(i.e., recollection-guides-simulation) is evidenced from
research demonstrating that retrospection and
prospection rely on largely overlapping neural structures
and cognitive operations.
However, remarkably little is known about the actual
process of MTT and how it impacts people’s behavior. In
this respect, one emerging possibility is that MTT may
be represented in the sensory-motor systems that regulate
human movement (i.e., MTT is embodied). Put simply,
2
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Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from
A) a description of the history of the United States to
a proposal for improving the lives of its citizens.
B) a commitment to helping allies of the United
States to a call for better cooperation among
opposing nations.
C) an argument for improving the lives of people
around the world to a recognition of that
argument’s weaknesses.
D) an explanation of the foreign policies of the
United States to an example illustrating these
policies.
traveling mentally in time may initiate associated bodily
movements through space. Initial evidence for such a
thought-action coupling during MTT was reported in a
study in which spontaneous fluctuations in the direction
and magnitude of postural sway were assessed while
participants engaged in either retrospective or
prospective mental imagery. The results revealed that the
temporal locus of MTT did indeed influence the
direction of people’s movements - whereas retrospection
was accompanied by significant backwards sway,
prospection yielded postural movement in an anterior
direction.
Over the course of passage 1, the main focus shifts
from
A) a scientific study about mental time travel to an
example of how humans use mental time travel in
their daily lives.
B) a description of the evolution of mental time
travel to an evaluation of its limitations in
humans.
C) an explanation of mental time travel to a
description of a study about its neurological basis.
D) an argument in support of the existence of mental
time travel to a counter-argument refuting its
existence in humans.
Chapter 3
6
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses the body’s
natural magnetic properties to produce detailed images
from any part of the body. For imaging purposes the
hydrogen nucleus (a single proton) is used because of its
abundance in water and fat.
The hydrogen proton can be likened to the planet
earth, spinning on its axis, with a north-south pole. In
this respect it behaves like a small bar magnet. Under
normal circumstances, these hydrogen proton “bar
magnets” spin in the body with their axes randomly
aligned. When the body is placed in a strong magnetic
field, such as an MRI scanner, the proton’s axes all lined
up. This uniform alignment creates a magnetic vector
oriented along the axis of the MRI scanner.
MRI scanners come in different field strengths,
usually between 0.5 and 1.5 tesla. The strength of the
magnetic field can be altered electronically from head to
toe using a series of gradient electric coils, and, by
alerting the local magnetic field by these small
increments different slices of the body will resonate as
different frequencies are applied. When the
radiofrequency source is switched off the magnetic
vector returns to its resting state, and this causes a signal
(also a radio wave) to be emitted.It is this signal which is
used to create the MR images. Receiver coils are used
around the body part in question to act as aerials to
improve the detection of the emitted signal.The intensity
of the received signal is then plotted on a grey scale and
cross sectional images are built up.
Multiple transmitted radiofrequency pulses can be
used in sequence to emphasise particular tissues or
abnormalities. A different emphasis occurs because
different tissues relax at different rates when the
transmitted radiofrequency pulse is switched off. The
time taken for the protons to fully relax is measured in
two ways.The first is the time taken for the magnetic
vector to return to its resting state and the second is the
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time needed for the axial spin to return to its resting
state. The first is called T1 relaxation, the second is
called T2 relaxation.
An MR examination is thus made up of a series of
pulse sequences. Different tissues (such as fat and water)
have different relaxation times and can be identified
separately. By using a “fat suppression” pulse sequence,
for example,the signal from fat will be removed, leaving
only the signal from any abnormalities lying within it.
Most diseases manifest themselves by an increase in
water content, so MRI is a sensitive test for the detection
of disease. The exact nature of the pathology can be
more difficult to ascertain: for example, infection and
tumor can in some cases look similar. A careful analysis
of the images by a radiologist will often yield the correct
answer.
There are no known biological hazards of MRI
because, unlike x ray and computed tomography, MRI
uses radiation in the radiofrequency range which is found
all around us and does not damage tissue as it passes
through.
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from
A) an explanation of how magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) works to a discussion of MRI’s
practical advantages.
B) a story about the origin of magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) to a discussion of alternative
imaging methods used by scientists.
C) an explanation of tissue relaxation rates to a
summary of the magnetic properties of hydrogen
protons.
D) an introduction about the properties of
radiofrequency waves to a criticism of the health
risks of x-ray devices.
Chapter 3
7
For about 100 years, the scientific community has
repeatedly changed its collective mind over what viruses
are. First seen as poisons, then as life-forms, then
biological chemicals, viruses today are thought of as
being in a gray area between living and nonliving: they
cannot replicate on their own but can do so in truly living
cells and can also affect the behavior of their hosts
profoundly.
The seemingly simple question of whether or not
viruses are alive has probably defied a simple answer all
these years because it raises a fundamental issue: What
exactly defines “life?” A precise scientific definition of
life is an elusive thing, but most observers would agree
that life includes certain qualities in addition to an ability
to replicate. For example, a living entity is in a state
bounded by birth and death. Living organisms also are
thought to require a degree of biochemical autonomy,
carrying on the metabolic activities that produce the
molecules and energy needed to sustain the organism.
This level of autonomy is essential to most definitions.
Viruses, however, parasitize essentially all
biomolecular aspects of life. That is, they depend on the
host cell for the raw materials and energy necessary for
nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, processing and
transport, and all other biochemical activities that allow
the virus to multiply and spread. One might then
conclude that even though these processes come under
viral direction, viruses are simply nonliving parasites of
living metabolic systems. But a spectrum may exist
between what is certainly alive and what is not.
A rock is not alive. A metabolically active sack, devoid
of genetic material and the potential for propagation,is
also not alive. A bacterium, though, is alive. Although it
is a single cell,it can generate energy and the molecules
needed to sustain itself, and it can reproduce. But what
about a seed? A seed might not be considered alive. Yet
it has a potential for life, and it may be destroyed. In this
regard, viruses resemble seeds more than they do live
cells.
Another way to think about life is as an emergent
property of a collection of certain non-living things. Both
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life and consciousness are examples of emergent
complex systems. They each require a critical level of
complexity or interaction to achieve their respective
states. A neuron by itself, or even in a network of nerves,
is not conscious-whole brain complexity is needed. A
virus, too, fails to reach a critical complexity So life
itself is an emergent, complex state, but it is made from
the same fundamental, physical building blocks that
constitute a virus. Approached from this perspective,
viruses, though not fully alive, may be thought of as
being more than inert matter: they verge on life.
In fact, in October [2004], French researchers
announced findings that illustrate afresh just how close
some viruses might come. Didier Raoult and his
colleagues at the University of the Mediterranean in
Marseille announced that they had sequenced the
genome of the largest known virus, Mimivirus, which
was discovered in 1992. The virus, about the same size
as a small bacterium,infects amoebae.
Sequence analysis of the virus revealed numerous
genes previously thought to exist only in cellular
organisms. Some of these genes are involved in making
the proteins encoded by the viral DNA and may make it
easier for Mimivirus to co-opt host cell replication
systems. As the research team noted in its report in the
journal Science, the enormous complexity of the
Mimivirus’s genetic complement “challenges the
established frontier between viruses and parasitic cellular
organisms.”
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from
A) an analysis of historical issues affecting a scientific
study to an assessment of that study
B) the presentation of a question to an analysis of
factors affecting its answer.
C) a scientific query to an argument proving that the
query is irrelevant and unnecessary
D) a statement of scientific facts to an argument
about the validity of those facts.
Chapter 3
8
Willow trees are well-known sources of salicylic acid,
and for thousands of years, humans have extracted the
compound from the tree’s bark to alleviate minor pain,
fever, and inflammation.
Now, salicylic acid may also offer relief to crop plants
by priming their defenses against a microbial menace
known as “potato purple top phytoplasma.” Outbreaks of
the cell-wallless bacterium in the fertile Columbia Basin
region of the Pacific Northwest in 2002 and subsequent
years inflicted severe yield and quality losses on potato
crops. The Agricultural Research Service identified an
insect accomplice-the beet leafhopper, which transmits
the phytoplasma to plants while feeding.
Carefully timed insecticide applications can deter such
feeding. But once infected, a plant cannot be cured. Now,
a promising lead has emerged. An ARS-University of
Maryland team has found evidence that pretreating
tomato plants, a relative of potato, with salicylic acid can
prevent phytoplasma infections or at least diminish their
severity Treating crops with salicylic acid to help them
fend off bacteria, fungi, and viruses isn’t new, but there
are no published studies demonstrating its potential in
preventing diseases caused by phytoplasmas.
Wei Wu, a visiting scientist,investigated salicylic
acid’s effects, together with molecular biologist Yan
Zhao and others at ARS’s Molecular Plant Pathology
Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland. “This work reached
new frontiers by demonstrating that plants could be
beneficially treated even before they become infected
and by quantifying gene activity underlying salicylic
acid’s preventive role:' according to Robert E. Davis, the
lab’s research leader.
For the study, published in the July 2012 Annals of
Applied Biology, the team applied two salicylic acid
treatments to potted tomato seedlings. The first
application
was via a spray solution 4 weeks after the seedlings were
planted. The second was via a root drench 2 days before
phytoplasma-infected scions were grafted onto the plants'
stems to induce disease. A control group of plants was
not treated.
In addition to visually inspecting the plants for disease
2
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symptoms, the team analyzed leaf samples for the
phytoplasma’s unique DNA fingerprint, which turned up
in 94 percent of samples from untreated plants but in
only 47 percent of treated ones. Moreover, symptoms in
the treated group were far milder than in untreated
plants. In fact, analysis of mildly infected treated plants
revealed phytoplasma levels 300 times below those of
untreated plants, meaning that the salicylic acid
treatment must have suppressed pathogen multiplication.
Significantly, the remaining 53 percent of treated plants
were symptom- and pathogen-free 40 days after exposure
to the infected scions.
Researchers credit salicylic acid with triggering
“systemic acquired resistance,” a state of general
readiness against microbial or insect attack. Using
quantitative polymerase
chain reaction procedures, the team also identified three
regulatory defense genes whose activity was higher in
treated plants than in untreated ones.
Why salicylic acid had this effect isn’t known. Other
questions remain as well, including how treated plants
will fare under field conditions. Nonetheless, such
investigations could set the stage for providing growers
of potato, tomato, and other susceptible crops some
insurance against phytoplasmas in outbreak-prone
regions.
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from
A) an overview of all research done to date on a
scientific topic to the future opportunities for
studying this topic.
B) background information needed to understand
an experiment to a description of the experiment
itself.
C) a summary of the experiments leading to a
particular scientific discovery to a philosophical
discussion of the discovery’s implications.
D) a description of a scientific inquiry to a
description of the pivotal moments in solving a
mystery related to that inquiry.
Chapter 3
9
Food is energy for the body. Digestive enzymes in the
mouth, stomach and intestines break up complex food
molecules into simpler structures, such as sugars and
amino acids that travel through the bloodstream to all our
tissues. Our cells use the energy stored in the chemical
bonds of these simpler molecules to carry on business as
usual. We calculate the available energy in all foods with
a unit known as the food calorie, or kilocalorie—the
amount of energy required to heat one kilogram of water
by one degree Celsius. Fats provide approximately nine
calories per gram, whereas carbohydrates and proteins
deliver just four. Fiber offers a piddling two calories
because enzymes in the human digestive tract have great
difficulty chopping it up into smaller molecules.
Every calorie count on every food label you have ever
seen is based on these estimates or on modest derivations
thereof. Yet these approximations assume that the
19thcentury laboratory experiments on which they are
based accurately reflect how much energy different
people with different bodies derive from many different
kinds of food. New research has revealed that this
assumption is, at best, far too simplistic. To accurately
calculate the total calories that someone gets out of a
given food, you would have to take into account a
dizzying array of factors, including whether that food has
evolved to survive digestion; how boiling, baking,
microwaving or flambéing a food changes its structure
and chemistry; how much energy the body expends to
break down different kinds of food; and the extent to
which the billions of bacteria in the gut aid human
digestion and, conversely, steal some calories for
themselves.
Nutrition scientists are beginning to learn enough to
hypothetically improve calorie labels, but digestion turns
out to be such a fantastically complex and messy affair
that we will probably never derive a formula for an
infallible calorie count.
Consider how vegetables vary in their digestibility.
We eat the stems, leaves and roots of hundreds of
different plants. The walls of plant cells in the stems and
leaves of some species are much tougher than those in
other species. Even within a single plant, the durability
of cell walls can differ. Older leaves tend to have sturdier
cell walls than young ones. Generally speaking, the
weaker or more degraded the cell walls in the plant
material we eat, the more calories we get from it.
Cooking easily ruptures cells in, say, spinach and
zucchini, but cassava (Manihot esculenta) or Chinese
water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) is much more
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resistant. When cell walls hold strong, foods hoard their
precious calories and pass through our body intact (think
corn).
Some plant parts have evolved adaptations either to
make themselves more appetizing to animals or to evade
digestion altogether. Fruits and nuts first evolved in the
Cretaceous
(between 145 and 65 million years ago), not long after
mammals were beginning to run between the legs of
dinosaurs. Evolution favored fruits that were both tasty
and easy to digest to better attract animals that could help
plants scatter seeds. It also favored nuts and seeds that
were hard to digest, however. After all, seeds and nuts
need to survive the guts of birds, bats, rodents and
monkeys to spread the genes they contain.
Even foods that have not evolved to survive digestion
differ markedly in their digestibility. Proteins may
require as much as five times more energy to digest as
fats because our enzymes must unravel the tightly wound
strings of amino acids from which proteins are built. Yet
food labels do not account for this expenditure. Some
foods such as honey are so readily used that our digestive
system is hardly put to use.
They break down in our stomach and slip quickly across
the walls of our intestines into the bloodstream: game
over.
Finally, some foods prompt the immune system to
identify
and deal with any hitchhiking pathogens. No one has
seriously evaluated just how many calories this process
involves, but it is probably quite a few. A somewhat raw
piece of meat can harbor lots of potentially dangerous
microbes. Even if our immune system does not attack
any of the pathogens in our food, it still uses up energy to
take the first step of distinguishing friend from foe. This
is not to mention the potentially enormous calorie loss if
a pathogen in uncooked meat leads to illness.
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from
A) an overview of the human digestive tract to an
indepth report on how the stomach functions
B) an explanation of one approach to calories to a
discussion on the need for a new approach
C) a description of the evolution of plants to a list of
different types of plant species
D) a theory about the chemical composition of food
to examples supporting this theory
Chapter 3
10
It seems like something out of a Robert Ludlum spy
novel. Someone tries to coerce you into revealing your
computer security passwords. You might be tempted to
give in, but it is impossible for you to reveal your
authentication credentials. You do not actually know
them because they are safely buried deep within your
subconscious.
Sounds a bit extreme just to make sure no one can log
on to your laptop or smartphone, but a team of
researchers from Stanford and Northwestern universities
as well as SRI International is nonetheless experimenting
at the computer-, cognitive- and neuroscience
intersection to combat identity theft and shore up cyber
security-by taking advantage of the human brain’s innate
abilities to learn and recognize patterns.
The researchers are studying ways to covertly create
and store secret data within the brain's corticostriatal
memory system, which is responsible for reminding us
how to do things. When a person needs to access a
computer, network or some other secure system, they
would use special authentication software designed to
tease out that secret data.
To test this concept, the researchers devised a
computer game requiring players to tap buttons on a
keyboard as large black dots descending down their
screen cross a horizontal line-very similar in concept to
the video game Guitar Hero. During an initial training
session lasting from 30 minutes to an hour, the dots fall
at different speeds and in various locations, forming
patterns that repeat until participants become adept at
hitting the appropriate buttons at the right time. In effect,
users' corticostriatal memory becomes adept at repeating
a particular pattern over time, such as dialing a phone
number or typing a word on a keyboard without looking
at one's fingers.
The researchers refer to this as "serial interception
sequence learning" training, during which a person
unwittingly learns a specific sequence of keystrokes that
can later be used to confirm that person's identity. To log
on to, for example, a Web site, the user would play the
game the same each time that pattern of dots appears,
proving his identity and allowing him access.
"While the planted secret can be used for
authentication, the participant cannot be coerced into
revealing it since he or she has no conscious knowledge
of it," according to the researchers in a study they
presented August 8 at the USENIX Security Symposium
in Bellevue, Wash. As currently conceived, the implicit
learning approach being studied might protect against
someone either forcing or tricking you to reveal a
password, says lead author Hristo Bojinov, a Stanford
University Ph.D. computer science candidate. Such
coercion could take the form of physical or verbal threats
demanding your password or other security credentials,
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Main Idea
or it could be a seemingly legitimate phone call or e-mail
designed to coax out this information.
The researchers say they have tested their approach
on 370 players so far and continue to add new
participants to their study. The test currently requires at
least 30 minutes of training to get reliable results. "It is
unlikely that training time can be shrunk much because
this type of brain memory takes time to get trained,"
Bojinov says. "It may be possible to reduce the
authentication time [that follows training], but it is yet to
be seen how much." . . .
Whether this approach is practical depends upon the
system being defended. It is unlikely, for example, that
Yahoo or Google would implement this approach to
security for their free e-mail services. Would someone
want to play a game for several minutes every time they
want to log onto their e-mail? A government facility
housing nuclear weapons, however, could better justify
the time commitment required to log in using the
sequence learning method, particularly if users log in
once each day and such an approach promises to improve
security, says Nicolas Christin, associate director of
Carnegie Mellon University's Information Networking
Institute.
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from
A) a rejection of hypothetical scenarios to the
dismissal of these scenarios.
B) a description of a research study to a discussion
of the study’s possible applications.
C) an explanation of scientific work to an argument
about the ethics of using this work in different
ways.
D) the application of one scientific study to a
consideration of that study’s results for an entire
scientific field.
 Chapter 3 Main Idea

Answers
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3
1- D 1- D 1- C
2- B 2- C 2- B
3- C 3- B 3- B
4- C 4- 4- B
5- C 5- B 5- C
6- C 6- D 6- A
7- B 7- A 7- B
8- C 8- B 8- B
9- D 9- D 9- B
10- C 10- A 10- B
11- A
12- C

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 Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Vocabulary
In vocabulary questions, we can solve the question by using one of two techniques:
a. Contextual Clue:
We can use the contextual clue especially with the modern English vocabulary because the modern English
vocabulary has many synonyms, some of which are near synonyms and some are far synonyms:
For example, the word SIMPLE. You couldn’t respond me directly if I asked you what does the word simple
mean? You must check the sentence in which the word SIMPLE exists to decide its meaning.
Ex1: “The yesterday’s exam was very SIMPLE as I solved all without one mistake.”
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
For sure here the writer means the exam was easy.
EX2: “This man is very rich, but when you talk to him you will find him so SIMPLE”
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
Here the author uses the word SIMPLE to describe the rich man as a modest man.
EX3: “I don’t like to wear a colorful t-shirts, and all my clothes are SIMPLE.
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
The writer means that his clothes are without to much colors or drawings, so he means that his clothes are
unadorned.
EX: “This land is SIMPLE, without any lakes or hills.
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
As per the context the writer means that the land is straight without lakes or hills

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 Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Exercise 1
1-
It seems to us incontestable that our common As used in line 21, “common” most nearly means
happiness, above all that of women, requires that A) average.
they never aspire to the exercise of political rights B) shared.
and functions. C) coarse.
D) similar.

2-
The researchers were also able to devise a As used in line 65, “devise” most nearly means
mathematical model that describes the movement A) create.
and formation of these waves. B) solve.
C) imagine.
D) begin.
3-
"Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. Was As used in line 1 and line 65, “directly” most
that it? Had he followed form—had he asked his nearly means
mother to speak to his father to approach a A) frankly.
go-between—would Chie have been more receptive?" B) confidently.
C) without mediation.
"I ask directly because the use of a go-between takes D) with precision.
much time."

4-
"Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. Was As used in line 2, “form” most nearly means
that it? Had he followed form—had he asked his A) appearance.
mother to speak to his father to approach a B) custom.
go-between—would Chie have been more receptive?" C) structure.
D) nature.

5-
involved today. Though disfranchised, we have few As used in line 36, “best” most nearly means
women in the best sense; we have simply so many A) superior.
reflections, varieties, and dilutions of the masculine B) excellent.
gender. C) genuine.
D) rarest.
6-
waves into account. “If we want to have more and As used in line 19, “capture” is closest in meaning to
more accurate climate models, we have to be able to A) control.
capture processes such as this,” Peacock says. B) record.
C) secure.
D) absorb.
7-
Lady Carlotta stepped out on to the platform of In line 2, “turn” most nearly means
the small wayside station and took a turn or two up A) slight movement.
and down its uninteresting length, to kill time till the B) change in rotation.
train should be pleased to proceed on its way. C) short walk.
D) course correction.

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 Chapter 4 Vocabulary
8-
During the drive to the Quabarl mansion In line 55, “charge” most nearly means
Lady Carlotta was impressively introduced to the A) responsibility.
nature of the charge that had been thrust upon her; B) attack.
she learned that Claude and Wilfrid were delicate, C) fee.
sensitive young people. D) expense.

9-
If you credit the demographers, this transit trend As used in line 58, “credit” most nearly means
has legs. The “Millenials,” who reached adulthood A) endow.
around the turn of the century and now outnumber B) attribute.
baby boomers, tend to favor cities over suburbs. C) believe.
D) honor.

10-
has legs. The “Millenials,” who reached adulthood As used in line 61, “favor” most nearly means
around the turn of the century and now outnumber A) indulge.
baby boomers, tend to favor cities over suburbs, and B) prefer.
are far more willing than their parents to ride buses C) resemble.
and subways. D) serve.

11-
wings and take short hops into the air. So when a As used in line 7, “challenged” most nearly means
group of graduate students challenged him A) dared.
to come up with new data on the age-old B) required.
ground-up-tree-down debate, he designed a project C) disputed with.
to see what clues might lie in how baby game birds D) competed with.
learned to fly.

12-
Ken called the technique WAIR, for wing-assisted As used in line 61, “document” most nearly means
incline running, and went on to document it in a A) portray.
wide range of species. It not only allowed young B) record.
C) publish.
D) process.

13-

Some argue that because the free markets allow we need to be clear on what we are talking about.
5 for personal choice, they are already ethical. Others As used in line 6, “embraced” most nearly means
have accepted the ethical critique and embraced A) lovingly held.
corporate social responsibility. But before we can B) readily adopted.
label any market outcome as “immoral,” or sneer at C) eagerly hugged.
10 economists who try to put a price on being ethical, D) reluctantly used.

14-

influence on general practice. And how can woman As used in line 50, “reason” most nearly means
be expected to co-operate unless she know why she A) motive.
ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her B) sanity.
reason till she comprehend her duty, and see in what C) intellect.
manner it is connected with her real good? D) explanation.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary
15-

Many moral dilemmas arise when these three As used in line 58, “clashes” most nearly means
versions pull in different directions but clashes are A) conflicts.
not inevitable. B) mismatches.
C) collisions.
D) brawls.

16-

the last century. Society is but the reflection of man As used in line 24, “rule” most nearly refers to
himself, untempered by woman’s thought; the hard A) a general guideline.
iron rule we feel alike in the church, the state, and the B) a controlling force.
home. C) an established habit.
D) a procedural method.

17-

History suggests that those will be hard lines to As used in line 68, “hold” most nearly means
hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public A) maintain.
that such barren environments are worth preserving. B) grip.
C) restrain.
D) withstand.

18-

“Right,” she says and swiftly checks off a few more As used in line 16, “planting” most nearly means
boxes before planting her sweeping signature on the A) seeding.
bottom of the page. B) placing.
C) settling.
D) cultivating.
19-

Trees are felled to provide the logs for wood stoves, still As used in line 42, “form” most nearly means
a major form of heating in the tow ns and villages of A) structure.
rural France. B) measure.
C) shape.
D) method.
20-

Then, one warm morning, it was a Monday, she As used in line 61, “seized” most nearly means
remembered later, Absalom seized her hand and kissed A) clutched.
it. B) captivated.
C) overpowered.
D) afflicted.
21-

According to Smith, the ideal economic environment for As used in line 18, “open” most nearly means
a society is free-market capitalism, a structure in which A) unrestricted.
open competition among producers yields the best B) exposed.
products for consumers, manufactured and sold at the C) public.
D) accessible.
lowest possible prices.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

b. Parts of the word:

We can use the parts of the word to identify the word’s meaning or to get the nearest meaning to it.

1- Prefixes:
The prefix added to the beginning of the word to change its meaning:
Ex:
increase: Go up ….. decrease: Go down / arch: control … monarch: one sided
control.

2- Suffixes:
The suffix added to the end of the word to determine its type: noun, verb, or adjective …..etc.
Ex:
Act + ive = adj (active) / Active + ate = verb (activate) / Activate + tion = noun (activation)
Happy = adj / Happily = adv / Happiness = noun

3- Roots:
The origin meaning of the word
Ex:
Oper = work
Operate – operation - cooperation – operator
Examples:
1- As used in line 16 “bilateral” nearly means to
(A) biological
(B) two-sided
(C) natural
(D) harmonious

The prefix "bi" means "two", so you have to choose the word that has any part refers to the word
"two", so the answer is (B) two-sided.

2- As used in line 17 “symmetry” nearly means to

(A) simplicity
(B) obstinacy
(C) appearance
(D) proportion

The prefix "sym" means "together or with", so you have to choose the word that has any part
refers to the word "with or together", so the answer is (D) proportion.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Exercise 2:
1- As used in line … “urbane” nearly means to 9- As used in line … “aggregate” nearly means to
(A) crowded (A) result
(B) polished (B) difference
(C) rural (C) product
(D) friendly (D) sum
2- As used in line … “decant” nearly means to 10- As used in line.. “therapeutic” nearly means to
(A) bisect (A) curative
(B) speak wildly (B) restful
(C) bequeath (C) warm
(D) pour off (D) stimulating
3- As used in line …“antithesis” nearly means to 11- As used in line .. “transmute” nearly means to
(A) contrast (A) remove
(B) conclusion (B) change
(C) resemblance (C) duplicate
(D) examination (D) carry
4- As used in line … “heretical” nearly means to 12- As used in line … “inoculate” nearly means to
(A) heathenish (A) make harmless
(B) impractical (B) infect
(C) quaint (C) cure
(D) unorthodox (D) overcome
5- As used in line … “coalesce” nearly means to 13- As used in line …“querulous” nearly means to
(A) associate (A) peculiar
(B) combine (B) fretful
(C) cover (C) inquisitive
(D) conspire (D) shivering
6- As used in line…“redundant” nearly means to 14- As used in line …“autonomy” nearly means to
(A) necessary (A) tyranny
(B) plentiful (B) independence
(C) diminishing (C) plebiscite
(D) superfluous (D) dictatorship
7- As used in line … “atrophy” nearly means to 15- As used in line“terminology”nearly means to
(A) soften (A) technicality
(B) waste away (B) finality
(C) grow (C) formality
(D) spread (D) nomenclature
8- As used in line … “analogy” nearly means to 16- As used in line …“invariable” nearly means to
(A) similarity (A) diverse
(B) transposition (B) eternal
(C) variety (C) inescapable
(D) distinction (D) uniform

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Official Questions:
1- Test no 1 quest no 12: 4- Test no 3 quest no 16
"This frequent experience of gift-giving can "The “Millenials,” who reached adulthood
engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers." around the turn of the century and now
outnumber baby boomers, tend to favor
In line 10, the word “ambivalent” most nearly cities over suburbs"
means
As used in line 61, “favor” most nearly
A) unrealistic.
means
B) conflicted.
A) indulge.
C) apprehensive.
B) prefer.
D) supportive.
C) resemble.
D) serve.
2- Test no 1 quest no 18:
"Perhaps givers believe that bigger gifts 5- Test no 3 quest no 47
convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and "We further postulate that the proper
consideration." dosage necessary to prevent mite infestation
may be better left to the bees"
As it is used in line 54, “convey” most nearly
means As used in line 35, “postulate” most nearly
A) transport. means to
B) counteract. A) make an unfounded assumption.
C) exchange. B) put forth an idea or claim.
D) communicate. C) question a belief or theory.
D) conclude based on firm evidence.
3- Test no 2 quest no 25:
6- Test no 4 quest no 3
"We know that the human brain is highly
"My emotions are complicated and not
plastic; neurons and synapses change as
readily verifiable. I feel a vast yearning that
circumstances change."
is simultaneously a pleasure and a pain. I
am certain of the consummation of this
As used in line 40, “plastic” most nearly
yearning, but I don’t know yet what form it
means
will take"
A) creative.
B) artificial.
As used in lines 1-2, “not readily verifiable”
C) malleable.
most nearly means
D) sculptural.
A) unable to be authenticated.
B) likely to be contradicted.
C) without empirical support.
D) not completely understood.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

BASIC WORD PARTS

In addition to reviewing the SAT High-Frequency Word List, what other quick vocabulary-building
tactics can you follow when you face an SAT dead- line?

One good approach is to learn how to build up (and tear apart) words. You know that words are
made up of other words: the room in which you store things is the storeroom; the person whose job
is to keep the books is the bookkeeper.

Just as words are made up of other words, words are also made up of word parts: prefixes,
suffixes, and roots. A knowledge of these word parts and their meanings can help you determine
the mean- ings of unfamiliar words.

Most modern English words are derived from Anglo-Saxon (Old English), Latin, and Greek.
Because few students nowadays study Latin and Greek (and even fewer study Anglo-Saxon!), the
majority of high school juniors and seniors lack a vital tool for unlocking the meaning of unfamiliar
words.

Build your vocabulary by mastering basic word parts. Learning thirty key word parts can help
you unlock the meaning of over 10,000 words. Learning fifty key word parts can help you unlock
the meaning of over 100,000!

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

COMMON PREFIXES
Prefixes are syllables that precede the root or stem of a word and change or refine its meaning.

Prefix Meaning Illustration

abduct lead away, kidnap
abjure renounce
ab, abs, atro from, away from, down
abject degraded, cast down
atrophy waste away
ambidextrous skilled with both hands
ambi both ambiguous of double meaning
ambivalent having two conflicting emotions
anarchy lack of government
an, a without anemia lack of blood
amoral without moral sense
Anagram similarity, arrangement
ana Again, same
Analogy similarity
antecedent preceding event or word antediluvian
ante before ancient (before the flood) ante-nuptial before the
wedding
antipathy hatred
anti against, opposite antiseptic against infection
antithetical exactly opposite
archetype original
arch chief, first archbishop chief bishop
archeology study of first or ancient times
bicameral composed of two houses (Congress)
bi two biennial every two years
bicycle two-wheeled vehicle
catastrophe disaster
cata down cataract waterfall
catapult hurl (throw down)
circumnavigate sail around (the globe)
circum around circumspect cautious (looking around)
circumscribe limit (place a circle around)
combine merge with
commerce trade with
communicate correspond with coeditor joint editor
com (co, col, con,
with, together collateral subordinate, connected
cor)
conference meeting
corroborate confirm

contravene conflict with

contra, contro against
controversy dispute

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

debase lower in value

de down, away decadence deterioration
decant pour off
dichotomy division into two parts
di two
dilemma choice between two bad alternatives
diagonal across a figure diameter distance across a
dia across
circle diagram outline drawing
discord lack of harmony
dis not, apart
disparity condition of inequality; difference
dyslexia faulty ability to read
dys faulty, bad
dyspepsia indigestion
ex, e out expel drive out extirpate root out eject throw out
extracurricular beyond the curriculum extraterritorial
extra, extro beyond, outside beyond a nation’s bounds extrovert person interested
chiefly in external objects and actions
Heresy unacceptable or different religious belief
here / heres against, different Heretic who reject a doctrine that is considered to be
correct
hyperbole exaggeration
hyper above; excessively
hyperventilate breathe at an excessive rate
hypo beneath; lower hypoglycemia low blood sugar
inefficient not efficient illegible
in (il, im, ir) not impeccable not capable of sinning; flawless
irrevocable not able to be called back
invite call in
in (il, im, ir) in, on, upon illustration something that makes clear impression
effect upon mind or feelings irradiate shine upon

inter between, among intervene come between international between nations

intramural within a school

intra, intro within
introvert person who turns within himself
macrobiotic tending to prolong life
macro large, long
macrocosm the great world (the entire universe)
megalomania delusions of grandeur
mega great, million
megaton explosive force of a million tons of TNT
meta involving change metamorphosis change of form
microcosm miniature universe microbe minute organism
micro small
microscopic extremely small

mischance unfortunate accident misnomer wrong name

mis / mal bad, improper
malevolent envious / bad man

misanthrope person who hates mankind

mis hatred
misogynist woman-hater

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

monarchy government by one ruler

mono one
monotheism belief in one god
multifarious having many parts
multi many
multitudinous numerous
neologism newly coined word
neo new
neophyte beginner; novice
noncommittal undecided
non not
nonentity person of no importance
ortho Straight, erect, hard, origin orthodox conventional, fanatic
panacea cure-all
pan all, every
panorama unobstructed view in all directions
permeable allowing passage through
per through, completely
pervade spread throughout
perimeter outer boundary
peri around, near
periphery edge
polygamist person with several spouses
poly many
polyglot speaking several languages
postpone delay
post after posterity generations that follow
posthumous after death
preamble introductory statement
pre before prefix word part placed before a root/stem
premonition forewarning
primordial existing at the dawn of time
prim first
primogeniture state of being the first born
propulsive driving forward
pro forward, in favor of, with
proponent supporter
proto first prototype first of its kind
pseudo FALSE pseudonym pen name
reiterate repeat
re again, back
reimburse pay back
retrospect looking back
retro backward
retroactive effective as of a past date
se away, aside secede withdraw seclude shut away seduce lead astray
semiannual every six months
semi half, partly
semiconscious partly conscious
sub (suc, suf, subway underground road subjugate bring under
under, less control succumb yield; cease to resist
sug, sup, sus)
supernatural above natural things
super, sur over, above supervise oversee
surtax additional tax
synchronize time together synthesize combine together
syn (sym, syl, sys) with, together
sympathize pity; identify with

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

syllogism explanation of how ideas relate

system network
telemetry measurement from a distance
tele far
telegraphic communicated over a distance
transport carry across
trans across
transpose reverse, move across
ultramodern excessively modern
ultra beyond, excessive
ultracritical exceedingly critical
unfeigned not pretended; real unkempt not combed;
un not
disheveled unwitting not knowing; unintentional
undergird strengthen underneath
under below
underling someone inferior
unison oneness of pitch; complete accord
uni one
unicycle one-wheeled vehicle
vicarious acting as a substitute
vice in place of
viceroy governor acting in place of a king
withhold hold back; keep
with away, against
withstand stand up against; resist

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

COMMON ROOTS AND STEMS

Roots are basic word elements that have been carried over into English. Stems are variations of
roots brought about by changes in declension or conjugation.
Root or Stem Meaning Illustration
acrimonious bitter; caustic
ac, acr sharp acerbity bitterness of temper
acidulate to make somewhat acid or sour
primeval of the first age
aev, ev age, era coeval of the same age or era
medieval or mediaeval of the middle ages
act deed
ag, act do
agent doer
demagogue false leader of people
agog leader
pedagogue teacher (leader of children)
agrarian one who works in the field agriculture
agri, agrari field
cultivation of fields
aggr sum, total Aggregate total
alias assumed (another) name
ali another
alienate estrange (turn away from another)
altitude height
alt high
altimeter instrument for measuring height
altruistic unselfish, considering others
alter other
alter ego a second self
amorous loving, especially sexually
am love amity friendship
amicable friendly
animadvert cast criticism upon
anim mind, soul unanimous of one mind
magnanimity greatness of mind or spirit
annuity yearly remittance
ann, enn biennial every two years
perennial present all year; persisting for several years
anthropology study of man
anthrop man misanthrope hater of mankind
philanthropy love of mankind; charity
aptitude skill
apt fit
adapt make suitable or fit
aqueduct passageway for conducting water
aqua water
aquatic living in water
archaeology study of antiquities (study of first things)
arch ruler, first monarch sole ruler
anarchy lack of government

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

astronomy study of the stars

aster star asterisk star-like type character (*)
disaster catastrophe (contrary star)
audible able to be heard
aud, audit hear
auditorium place where people may be heard
Authority rule, power
auth Power, reality
authentic
autocracy rule by one person (self)
auto self automobile vehicle that moves by itself
autobiography story of one’s own life
bellicose inclined to fight
belli war belligerent inclined to wage war
rebellious resisting authority
benefactor one who does good deeds
ben, bon good benevolence charity (wishing good)
bonus something extra above regular pay
bibliography list of books
biblio book bibliophile lover of books
Bible The Book
biography writing about a person’s life
biology study of living things
bio life
biochemist student of the chemistry of living
things
brevity briefness
breve short abbreviate shorten
decadent deteriorating
cad, cas to fall cadence intonation, musical movement
cascade waterfall
capture seize
cap (capt, cept,
to take participate take part
cip)
precept wise saying (originally a command)
decapitate remove (cut off) someone’s head
capit, capt head
captain chief
carnivorous flesh-eating
carn flesh carnage destruction of life
carnal fleshly

recede go back, withdraw

ced, cess to yield, to go
antecedent that which goes before process go forward

celerity swiftness
decelerate reduce swiftness
celer swift
accelerate increase swiftness

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

century one hundred years

cent one hundred centennial hundredth anniversary
centipede many-footed, wingless animal
chronology timetable of events
chron time anachronism a thing out of time sequence
chronicle register events in order of time
incision a cut (surgical)
cid, cis to cut, to kill homicide killing of a man
fratricide killing of a brother
incite stir up, start up
cit, citat to call, to start excite stir up
recitation a recalling (or repeating) aloud
civilization society of citizens, culture
civi citizen civilian member of community
civil courteous
clamorous loud
clam, clamat to cry out declamation speech
acclamation shouted approval
claustrophobia fear of close places
claud (claus,
to close enclose close in
clos,clud)
conclude finish
agnostic lacking knowledge, skeptical
cognosc, cognit to learn incognito traveling under assumed name cognition
knowledge
accord agreement (from the heart)
cord heart cordial friendly
discord lack of harmony
incorporate organize into a body
corpor body corporeal pertaining to the body, fleshly
corpse dead body
incredulous not believing, skeptical
cred, credit to believe credulity gullibility
credence belief
curator person who has the care of something
cur to care sinecure position without responsibility
secure safe
curr, curs to run excursion journey cursory brief precursor forerunner
debt something owed
deb, debit to owe
indebtedness debt debenture bond
democracy rule of the people
dem people demagogue (false) leader of the people
epidemic widespread (among the people)
epidermis skin
derm skin
pachyderm thick-skinned quadruped

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

dermatology study of skin and its disorders

diary a daily record of activities, feelings, etc.
di, diurn day
diurnal pertaining to daytime
abdicate renounce
dic, dict to say diction speech
verdict statement of jury
docile obedient; easily taught
doc, doct to teach document something that provides evidence
doctor learned person (originally, teacher)
dominate have power over
domin to rule
domain land under rule dominant prevailing
viaduct arched roadway
duc, duct to lead
aqueduct artificial waterway
dynamic powerful
dynam power, strength dynamite powerful explosive
dynamo engine making electrical power
egoist person who is self-interested
ego I egotist selfish person
egocentric revolving about self
energy power
erg, urg work
metallurgy science and technology of metals
error mistake
err to wander erratic not reliable, wandering
knight-errant wandering knight
eulogize praise
eu good, well, beautiful euphemism substitution of pleasant way of saying
something blunt
fallacious misleading
fall, fals to deceive infallible not prone to error, perfect
falsify lie
transfer bring from one place to another
fer, lat to bring, to bear translate bring from one language to another
conifer bearing cones, as pine trees
infidel nonbeliever, heathen
fid belief, faith
confidence assurance, belief
confine keep within limits
fin end, limit
finite having definite limits
flexible able to bend
flect, flex bend
deflect bend away, turn aside
fortuitous accidental, occurring by chance
fort luck, chance
fortunate lucky
fortitude strength, firmness of mind
fort strong
fortification strengthening

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

fortress stronghold
fragile easily broken
frag, fract break infraction breaking of a rule
fractious unruly, tending to break rules
fugitive someone who flees
fug flee
refuge shelter, home for someone fleeing
effusive gushing, pouring out
fus pour
diffuse widespread (poured in many directions)
monogamy marriage to one person
bigamy marriage to two people at the same time
gam marriage
polygamy having many wives or husbands at the same
time
genus group of animals with similar traits
gen, gener class, race generic characteristic of a class
gender class organized by sex
digress go astray (from the main point)
grad, gress go, step regress go backwards
gradual step by step, by degrees
epigram pithy statement
graph, gram writing telegram instantaneous message over great distance
stenography shorthand (writing narrowly)
gregarious tending to group together as in a herd
greg flock, herd aggregate group, total
egregious conspicuously bad; shocking
exit way out
it, itiner journey, road
itinerary plan of journey
projectile missile; something thrown forward
jac (jact, jec) to throw trajectory path taken by thrown object
ejaculatory casting or throwing out
perjure testify falsely
jur, jurat to swear
jury group of men and women sworn to seek the truth
laboratory place where work is done
labor, laborat to work collaborate work together with others
laborious difficult
election choice
leg (lect, lig) to choose, to read legible able to be read
eligible able to be selected
legislature law-making body
leg law legitimate lawful
legal lawful
library collection of books
liber, libr book libretto the “book” of a musical play
libel slander (originally found in a little book)
liber free liberation the fact of setting free

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

liberal generous (giving freely); tolerant

entomology study of insects
log word, study etymology study of word parts and derivations
monologue speech by one person
soliloquy speech by one individual
loqu, locut to talk loquacious talkative
elocution speech
elucidate enlighten
luc light lucid clear
translucent allowing some light to pass through
magnify enlarge
magn great magnanimity generosity, greatness of soul
magnitude greatness, extent
malevolent wishing evil
mal bad malediction curse
malefactor evil-doer
mallet Hammer / maul Malleable flexible, able to be hammered
manufacture create (make by hand)
man hand manuscript written by hand
emancipate free (let go from the hand)
maritime connected with seafaring
mar sea submarine undersea craft
mariner seaman
maternal pertaining to motherhood
mater, matr mother matriarch female ruler of a family, group, or state
matrilineal descended on the mother’s side
missile projectile
mit, miss to send dismiss send away
transmit send across
mobilize cause to move
mob (mot, mov) move motility ability to move
immovable not able to be moved
admonish warn
mon, monit to warn premonition foreboding
monitor watcher (warner)
mortuary funeral parlor
mori, mort to die moribund dying
immortal not dying
amorphous formless, lacking shape
morph shape, form metamorphosis change of shape
anthropomorphic in the shape of man
immutable not able to be changed
mut change mutate undergo a great change
mutability changeableness, inconstancy

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

nat born innate from birth prenatal before birth nativity birth
navigate sail a ship
nav ship circumnavigate sail around the world
naval pertaining to ships
negation denial
neg deny renege deny, go back on one’s word
renegade turncoat, traitor
nomenclature act of naming, terminology
nomen, nomin name nominal in name only (as opposed to actual)
cognomen surname, distinguishing nickname
novice beginner
nov new renovate make new again
novelty newness
omniscient all knowing omnipotent all powerful
omni all omnivorous eating everything
to work operate work
oper
cooperation working together
pacify make peaceful
pac peace pacific peaceful
pacifist person opposed to war
dispassionate free of emotion
pass feel impassioned emotion-filled
impassive showing no feeling
patriotism love of one’s country (fatherland)
pater, patr father patriarch male ruler of a family, group, or state
paternity fatherhood
pathology study of diseased tissue
path disease, feeling apathetic lacking feeling; indifferent
antipathy hostile feeling
impediment stumbling block; hindrance
ped, pod foot tripod three-footed stand
quadruped four-footed animal
pedagogue teacher of children
ped child
pediatrician children’s doctor
compulsion a forcing to do
pel, puls to drive repel drive back
expel drive out, banish
petition request
pet, petit to seek appetite craving, desire
compete vie with others
philanthropist benefactor, lover of humanity
phil love Anglophile lover of everything English
philanderer one involved in brief love affairs

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

to place postpone place after

pon, posit
positive definite, unquestioned (definitely placed)
portable able to be carried
port, portat to carry transport carry across
export carry out (of country)
omnipotent all-powerful
poten able, powerful potentate powerful person
impotent powerless
psychology study of the mind
psych mind psychosis mental disorder psychopath mentally ill
person
putative supposed (calculated)
put, putat to trim, to calculate computation calculation
amputate cut off
inquiry investigation
quer (ques, quir, inquisitive questioning query question
to ask
quis)
querulous complaining, whining, or fretful
regicide murder of a ruler
reg, rect rule regent ruler
insurrection rebellion; overthrow of a ruler
derision scorn
rid, ris to laugh
ridiculous deserving to be laughed at
rog, rogat to ask interrogate question
prerogative privilege
interrupt break into
rupt to break bankrupt insolvent rupture a break
sacred holy
sacr holy
sacrilegious impious, violating something holy
science knowledge
sci to know omniscient knowing all
conscious aware
periscope device for seeing around corners
scop watch, see
microscope device for seeing small objects
transcribe make a written copy
scrib, script to write script written text
circumscribe write around, limit
dissect cut apart
sect cut
bisect cut into two pieces
sedentary inactive (sitting)
sed, sess to sit
session meeting
consent agree
resent show indignation
sent, sens to think, to feel
sensitive showing feeling

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

consecutive following in order

sequi (secut, sequence arrangement
to follow
seque) sequel that which follows
non sequitur something that does not follow logically
absolve free from blame
solv, solut to loosen dissolute morally lax
absolute complete (not loosened)
insomnia inability to sleep
somn sleep somnolent sleepy
somnambulist sleepwalker
philosopher lover of wisdom
soph wisdom
sophisticated worldly wise
spectator observer
spec, spect to look at aspect appearance
circumspect cautious (looking around)
respiratory pertaining to breathing
spir breathe
spirited full of life (breath)
stringent strict
string, strict bind constrict become tight
stricture limit, something that restrains
constructive helping to build
stru, struct build
construe analyze (how something is built)
tangent touching
tang (tact, ting) to touch contact touching with, meeting
contingent depending upon
contemporary at same time
tempor time extemporaneous impromptu
temporize delay
tenable able to be held
ten, tent to hold tenure holding of office
retentive holding; having a good memory
interminable endless
term end
terminate end
terrestrial pertaining to earth
terr land
subterranean underground
thermostat instrument that regulates heat
therm heat
diathermy sending heat through body tissues
distort twist out of true shape or meaning
tors, tort twist torsion act of twisting
tortuous twisting
distract pull (one’s attention) away
tract drag, pull intractable stubborn, unable to be dragged
attraction pull, drawing quality

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

intrude push one’s way in

trud, trus push, shove
protrusion something sticking out
urban pertaining to a city
urbane polished, sophisticated (pertaining to a city
urb city
dweller)
suburban outside of a city
vacuous lacking content, empty-headed
vac empty
evacuate compel to empty an area
invade enter in a hostile fashion
vad, vas go
evasive not frank; eluding
intervene come between
veni (vent, ven) to come prevent stop
convention meeting
veracious truthful
ver TRUE verify check the truth
verisimilitude appearance of truth
verbose wordy
verb word verbiage excessive use of words
verbatim word for word
vertigo turning dizzy
vers, vert turn revert turn back (to an earlier state)
diversion something causing one to turn aside
deviation departure from the way
via way viaduct roadway (arched)
trivial trifling (small talk at crossroads)
vision sight
vid, vis to see evidence things seen
vista view
invincible unconquerable
vinc (vict, vanq) to conquer victory winning
vanquish defeat
vivisection operating on living animals
viv, vit alive vivacious full of life
vitality liveliness
avocation calling, minor occupation
voc, vocat to call provocation calling or rousing the anger of
invocation calling in prayer
malevolent wishing someone ill
vol wish
voluntary of one’s own will
revolve roll around
volv, volut to roll evolve roll out, develop
convolution coiled state

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

COMMON SUFFIXES
Suffixes are syllables that are added to a word. Occasionally, they change the meaning of the word; more
frequently, they serve to change the grammatical form of the word (noun to adjective, adjective to noun,
noun to verb).

Suffix Meaning Illustration

capable of (adjective portable able to be carried interminable not able to be
able, ible
suffix) limited legible able to be read
like, pertaining to cardiac pertaining to the heart aquatic pertaining to the
ac, ic
(adjective suffix) water dramatic pertaining to the drama
audacious full of daring
acious, icious full of (adjective suffix) perspicacious full of mental perception
avaricious full of greed
maniacal insane
pertaining to (adjective or
al final pertaining to the end
noun suffix)
logical pertaining to logic

full of (adjective or noun eloquent pertaining to fluid, effective speech suppliant

ant, ent
suffix) pleader (person full of requests) verdant green

dictionary book connected with words

like, connected with
ary honorary with honor
(adjective or noun suffix)
luminary celestial body
consecrate to make holy enervate to make weary
ate to make (verb suffix)
mitigate to make less severe
exasperation irritation
ation that which is (noun suffix)
irritation annoyance
democracy government ruled by the people
cy state of being (noun suffix) obstinacy stubbornness
accuracy correctness
mutineer person who rebels
eer (er, or) person who (noun suffix) lecher person who lusts
censor person who deletes improper remarks
evanescent tending to vanish
escent becoming (adjective suffix)
pubescent arriving at puberty
making, doing (adjective terrific arousing great fear
fic
suffix) soporific causing sleep
capable of (adjective portable able to be carried interminable not able to be
able, ible
suffix) limited legible able to be read
like, pertaining to cardiac pertaining to the heart aquatic pertaining to the
ac, ic
(adjective suffix) water dramatic pertaining to the drama
audacious full of daring
acious, icious full of (adjective suffix)
perspicacious full of mental perception

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

avaricious full of greed

maniacal insane
pertaining to (adjective or
al final pertaining to the end
noun suffix)
logical pertaining to logic

full of (adjective or noun eloquent pertaining to fluid, effective speech suppliant

ant, ent
suffix) pleader (person full of requests) verdant green

dictionary book connected with words

like, connected with
ary honorary with honor
(adjective or noun suffix)
luminary celestial body
consecrate to make holy enervate to make weary
ate to make (verb suffix)
mitigate to make less severe
exasperation irritation
ation that which is (noun suffix)
irritation annoyance
democracy government ruled by the people
cy state of being (noun suffix) obstinacy stubbornness
accuracy correctness
mutineer person who rebels
eer (er, or) person who (noun suffix) lecher person who lusts
censor person who deletes improper remarks
evanescent tending to vanish
escent becoming (adjective suffix)
pubescent arriving at puberty
making, doing (adjective terrific arousing great fear
fic
suffix) soporific causing sleep

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 Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Answers
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Official Questions
1- B
1- B 1- B 2- D
2- A 2- D 3- C
3- C 3- A 4- B
4- B 4- D 5- B
5- B 5- B 6- D
6- B 6- D
7- C 7- B
8- A 8- A
9- C 9- D
10- B 10- A
11- A 11- B
12- B 12- B
13- B 13- B
14- C 14- B
15- A 15- D
16- B 16- D
17- A
18- B
19- D
20- A
21- A

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