Electromagnetic Properties of

Materials

Lecture 1

1
Contents

1- Atomic Structure
2- Electron Energy
3- Shell and Subshell
4- Ionization
5-Types of bonding
6- Types of Material
2
Atomic Structure
number of electrons = number of protons
= number of neutrons 6
C
 p = 6, n=6, e=6

3
Electron Energy
mv 2 q1q2
FC = , Fa =
r 4 0 r 2 
Fc = Fa
2 q1 = q2 = e
mv q1q2
=
r 4 0 r 2

mv 2 e2 2
= mv 2 =
e
r 4 0 r 2 4 0 r

4
Electron Energy
Kinetic Energy

K .E = 0.5mv 2
2
e
mv 2 =
4 0 r
2
e
 0.5mv 2 =
8 0 r
e2
K .E =
8 0 r 
5
Electron Energy
Potential Energy

P.E = −eV
e
P.E = −e
4 0 r
−e 2
P.E =
4 0 r 

6
Electron Energy
Total Energy

ET = K .E + P.E
e2 e2
ET = −
8 0 r 4 0 r
e2  1 1
ET =  − 
 
 0 r  8 4
−e 2
ET =
8 0 r 
7
Electron Energy
Total Energy

−e 2
ET =
8 0 r
n 2 h 2 0
r=
 e2 m
Cons tan t value

−e 4 m 1
 ET =
8h 2 0 2 n 2
−13.6
e = 1.6 *10 −19
m = 9.1*10 −31 ET = 2
eV
n
0 = 8.854*10−12 h = 6.625*10−34 To convert from eV to Joules,
8
you can multiply by 1.6×10-19.
Shell and Subshell
Shell Subshell or orbital

N e = 2n 2 s, p, d , f
N e = 2(1) 2 = 2

N e = 2(2) 2 = 8 s2
6
N e = 2(3) = 18
2 p
10
N e = 2(4) = 32
2 d
f 14
9
Shell and Subshell

10
Shell and Subshell
C 6 Si14
2 2
1s , 2 s , 2 p 2 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 2
2, 4 2,8, 4
Cr 24
1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s 2 ,3d 4 
1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s1 ,3d 5
2,8,13,1

Cu 29
1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s 2 ,3d 9 
1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s1 ,3d 10 11
12
Shell and Subshell

13
Shell and Subshell

14
Ionization

15
Types of Bonding
1. Ionic Bonding NaCl

2. Covalent Bonding Si

3. Metallic Bonding

16
Types of Materials
1. Conductors Al, Cu
2. Semiconductors Si
3. Insulators

Conductors

Cu 29
1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s1 ,3d 10
Semiconductors
Al13
Si14
1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p1
1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 2
17
Types of Materials

18
Types of Materials
In Diamond, all of the electrons are matched an covalent bonds to other carbon atoms (4
covalent band). Thus, carbon diamond is insulator where there are not free electrons.
In graphite, 3 of the 4 electrons remain in covalent bonds with 3 bonds. Thus, carbon
graphite is an conductor because there is one free electron in each atom. The conductivity
of carbon graphite is 105 while the conductivity of carbon diamond is 0.001.

19
PhET Simulation
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/conductivity/latest/conductivity.html?simulation=con
ductivity

20
References

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