ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Named Reactions
1. Wurtz Reaction: Alkyl halides reacts with sodium metal in the
Wurtz reaction. prese nce of dry ether to form an alkane is called
Example: CHy-CH,-Cl+2Na+CI-CH-CH Dry ether CHs-CH,-CH,-CH+ 2NaCI
2. Swart Reaction: Fluoro Alkanes are prepared from
Called Swart reaction. Chloro/Bromo alkanes reacts with AgF is
Example: CHs-CHz-Cl+AgF CHy-CHz.F+ AgCi
(Fluoro ethane)
3. Finkelstein Reaction: lodoalkanes are
Finkelstein reaction.
prepared from Chloro/Bromo alkanes reacts with Nal, is called
Example: CH3-CHz-Cl+Nal Acetone, CH3-CH-+NaCl
(lodoethane)
4. Willamson Synthesis: Alkyl halides reacts with
iscalled Williamson synthesis.
Sodium alkoxide in the presence of Dry ether to form ethers
Example: CHa-CHz-Cl+Na0-CH-CH, Dry ether,
CHy-CHz-0-CH-CHat NaCl
(Diethyl ether)
5. Wurtz Fitting Reaction: Alkyl halides reacts with aromatic halides in the
form alkyl benzene. presence of Sodium and Dry ether to
Example: (o-Cl+2Na+C-CH, Dry ether CH3 +2NaCI
(Toluene)
6. Fitting Reaction: Aromatic halides reacts with Sodium metal in the presence of dry ether to form
biphenols.
Example: (o-C+2Na+C|<o) Dry ether, (oo) +2NaCI
7. Esterification: Alcohols reacts with acids in the presence of concentrated HzSO4 to form an ester is called
Esterification.
Example: CHg-CH,-OH +HOOC-CH3 HzSO4 CHCO0 CH-CH3+ H0
(Ethyl acetate)
8. Kolbe's Reaction: Phenol reacts with NaOH toform
Sodium Phenoxide and further it reacts with CO, and HCI
to form Salicylic acid, is called Kolbe's
reaction.
OH ONa CO OH
Example: + NaOH HCI COOH + NaCl

9. Reimer - Tiemann Reaction: When phenol is treated with

Chloroform in the presence of Sodium
to form Salicylaldehyde is called Reimer- Tiemann reaction. hydroxide
OH OH
Example: + CHCI, +3NaOH 650C CHO +3NaCl + 2H,0

10. Aldol Condensation: The aldehyde with a-Hydrogen containing compounds

presence of dil. NaOH to form an aldol is called Aldol condensation.
are SelfCondensed in the
Example: CH3-CH0+ CH3-CHO dil. OH
NaOH CH,-CH-CHCHO (Aldol)
11.Crossed Aldol Condensation: When two different aldehydes are condensed in
form aldol is called Crossed Aldol Condensation.
the presence of dil. NaOH to
Example: CH3-CHO+ CH3-CH-CHO dil. OH
NaOH CH,-CH-CH-CHO
CHa
12. Clemmensen Reduction: When Carbonyl compounds reduced in the presence of Zn-Hg and HCIto form an
alkanes.
Example: CH3-CHO Zn-Hg, CH3-CH3+ Hz0
HCI (Ethane)
 24.

13. Wolf Kishner Reduction:When carbonyl compounds are reduced in the presence of Hydrazine and KOH+
Ethylene glycolto form an alkane.
Example: CH3-CHO + H2N-NH2 CH-CH=N-NH, Ethylene glycol CHs-CHa +N2
KOH (Ethane)
14. Etard Reaction: Chromyl Chloride oxidizes toluene to aChromium Complex, which on Hydrolysis to give
Benzaldehyde.
Example: CHs CH (OCrClhOH)2
+ CrO,Ch CS2

H30*
CHO

15. Gattermann - Koch Reaction:Benzene reacts with CO and HCl inthe presence of AICl, to form Benzaldehyde.
Example: (o)+ co +HCI AlCl3CHO

16. Tollens Reaction: Ammonical Silver Nitrate is called Tollen's reagent. When Tollen's reagent is added to
Aldehyde on warming it forms Silver mirror on the inner walls of the test tube.
Example: R-CHO + Ag:0 + RCOOH +2Ag

17. Fehling's Test: On heating Fehling solution with aldehyde a reddish brown precipitate is formed.
Example: R-CHO + 2Cu +5OH- -º RCOO+3H,0 + Cuz0

18. Cannizaro Reaction: Aldehydes which do not have any a-hydrogens atom, undergo self-oxidation and
reduction on treating with concentrated alkali is called Cannizaro reaction.

Example: H-C-H + H-C-H Conc. CH3-OH + HCOONa

NaOH

19. HVZ (Hell - Volhard - Zelinsky): The a-hydrogens of a carboxylic acids are substituted by Cl, in the
of Red Phosphorus is called HVZ reaction.
presence
Example: CH3-COOH + Clz Red P. CH,-COOH + HCI

20. Decarboxylation: Sodium salt of Carboxylic acids loses CO; when it reacts with soda lime (NaOH +
form Alkane.
CaO) to
Example: CH3-C00Na +NaOH CaO CH¡ +Na,CO3
(Methane)
21. Acetylation: When Anisole reacts with Acetyl Chloride in the presence of AlCl3.
OCH3 oCHa OCH3

Example:ô) + CH,COCI AlCls

COCH3
22. Diazotization: Aniline dissolved in ice cold solution of HCland followed by reacting with NaNO, to
form an
orange red precipitate Benzene diazonium Chloride.
NH N;*CI
Example: + HCI+ NaNO, 0°-50

23. Sandmeyer Reaction: Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with HCl in the
Chlorobenzene is called Sandmeyer reaction. presence of Cu2Cl, to form
N;'Ct C
Example: + HCI CuzClz + N2
ne
and KOH+

24. Gattermann Reaction: Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with HClin the presence of Cu powder to form
Chlorobenzene is called Gattermann reaction.
NCI C
Example: + HCI Cu + N2

25. Phenyl Isocyanide Test/ Carbyl Amine Test: Aromatic or Aliphatic primary Amines reacts with Chloroform
and NaOH to form Phenyllsocyanide iscalled Phenyl Isocyanide test/ CarbylAmine test.
NH2 NC
Example: + CHCI3+ 3NaOH +3NaCl+3H,0

26. Hoffmann Bromamide Synthesis:Amides reacts with NaOH and Brz to form Amines.
Example: CH-CO-NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH + CHy-NH, +Na,CO0,+ 2NaBr+ 2H,0

27. Gabriel-Phthalimide Synthesis:This test is used to prepare Aliphatic primary Amines,

Phthalimide on treatment with ethanolic KOH forms Potassium salt of Phthalimide which on heating
With alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces primary Amine.

Example: KOH NaOH COONa

NH R-X H0 + R-NH,
-COONa