Chapter 18

Lecture and
Animation Outline
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 Functions
1. Excretion
2. Blood volume and blood pressure
control
3. pH regulation
4. Concentration of solutes
5. Vitamin D production
6. Red blood cell concentration
Components of Urinary System
• 2 kidneys

• 2 ureters

• 1 urinary bladder

• 1 urethra
Figure 18.2a
 Kidney Characteristics
• Shape and size:
- bean shaped
- weighs 5 oz. (bar of soap or size of fist)

• Location:
between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar
vertebra
 Kidney Structures
• Renal capsule:
- connective tissue around each kidney
- protects and acts as a barrier

• Hilum:
- indentation
- contains renal artery, veins, nerves, ureter
• Renal sinus:
contains renal pelvis, blood vessels, fat

• Renal cortex:
outer portion

• Renal medulla:
inner portion
• Renal pyramid:
junction between cortex and medulla

• Calyx:
tip of pyramids

• Renal pelvis:
- where calyces join
- narrows to form ureter
 Nephron
• What is it?
- functional unit of kidneys
- over 1 million/kidney
 Components of Nephron
• Renal corpuscle:
structure that contains a Bowman’s capsule
and glomerulus
• Bowman’s capsule:
- enlarged end of nephron
- opens into proximal tubule
- contains podocytes (specialized cells
around glomerular capillaries)
• Glomerulus:
contains capillaries wrapped around it
• Filtration membrane:
- in renal corpuscle
- includes glomerular capillaries, podocytes,
basement membrane

• Filtrate:
fluid that passes across filtration membrane

• Proximal tubule:
where filtrate passes first
• Loop of Henle:
- contains descending and ascending loops
- water and solutes pass through thin walls
by diffusion

• Distal tubule:
structure between Loop of Henle and collecting
duct

• Collecting duct:
- empties into calyces
- carry fluid from cortex through medulla
Figure 18.5a
Figure 18.4
Flow of Filtrate through Nephron
1. Renal corpuscle
2. Proximal tubule
3. Descending loop of Henle
4. Ascending loop of Henle
5. Distal tubule
6. Collecting duct
7. Calyx
8. Renal pelvis
9. Ureter
 Blood Flow through Kidneys
1. Renal artery
2. Interlobal artery
3. Arcuate artery
4. Interlobular artery
5. Afferent arteriole
6. Glomerulus
7. Efferent ateriole
8. Peritubular capillaries
9. Vasa recta
10. Interlobular vein
11. Arcuate vein
12. Interlobar vein
 Urine Formation-Filtration
• Movement of water, ions, small molecules
through filtration membrane into Bowman’s
capsule
• 19% of plasma becomes filtrate
• 180 Liters of filtrate are produced by the
nephrons each day
• 1% of filtrate (1.8 L) become urine rest is
reabsorbed
• Only small molecules are able to pass
through filtration membrane

• Formation of filtrate depends on filtration

pressure

• Filtration pressure forces fluid across

filtration membrane

• Filtration pressure is influenced by blood

pressure
 Urine Production-Reabsorption
• 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and reenters
circulation
• Proximal tubule is primary site for
reabsorption of solutes and water
• Descending Loop of Henle concentrates
filtrate
• Reabsorption of water and solutes from distal
tubule and collecting duct is controlled by
hormones
 Urine Production-Secretion
• Water, small ions, by products of
metabolism, drugs, urea are found in urine
 Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
• Ureters:
small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis
of kidney to bladder
• Urinary bladder:
- in pelvic cavity
- stores urine
- can hold a few ml to a max. of 1000 ml
• Urethra:
- tube that exits bladder
- carries urine from urinary bladder to
outside of body
 Regulation of Urine
Concentration and Volume

•Three Hormonal Mechanisms

1.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
2.Antidiuretic Hormone
3.Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
1. Renin acts on angtiotensinogen to produce
angiotensin I
2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts
angiotensin I to angtiotensin II
3. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
4. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to
release aldosterone
5. Aldosterone increases rate of active transport
of Na+ in distal tubules and collecting duct
6. Volume of water in urine decreases
 Antidiuretic Hormone
Mechanism
1. ADH is secreted by posterior pituitary
gland
2. ADH acts of kidneys and they absorb
more water (decrease urine volume)
3. Result is maintain blood volume and
blood pressure
 Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
1. ANH is secreted from cardiac muscle to
right atrium of heart when blood pressure
increases
2. ANH acts on kidneys to decrease Na+
reabsorption
3. Sodium ions remain in nephron to become
urine
4. Increased loss of sodium and water
reduced blood volume and blood pressure
 Urine Movement
• Micturition reflex:
activated by stretch of urinary bladder wall

• Action potentials are conducted from bladder

to spinal cord through pelvic nerves
• Parasympathetic action potentials cause
bladder to contract
• Stretching of bladder stimulates sensory
neurons to inform brain person needs to
urinate
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Body Fluid Compartments

1. Intracellular fluid

2. Extracellular fluid
Regulation of Extracellular
Fluid Composition

•Thirst Regulation

•Ion Concentration Regulation

 Thirst Regulation
• Water intake is controlled by hypothalamus
in thirst center

• Conc. of blood increase thirst center

responds by initiating sensation of thirst

• When water is consumed, conc. of blood

decreases and sensation of thirst
decreases
 Regulation of Acid-Base
Balance
Buffers
- Chemicals resist change in pH of a sol’n
- Buffers in body contain salts of weak acids
or bases that combine with H+
- 3 classes of buffers: proteins, phosphate
buffer, bicarbonate buffer
Respiratory System
- Responds rapidly to change in pH
- Increased resp. rate raise pH due to rate of
carbon dioxide elimination being increased
- Reduced respiratory rate reduced pH due
to rate of carbon dioxide elimination being
reduced
Kidneys
• Nephrons secrete H+ into urine and directly
regulate pH of body fluids
• More H+ if pH is decreasing and less H+ if
pH is increasing
 Acidosis and Alkalosis
• Acidosis occurs when pH of blood falls
below 7.35
• 2 types are resp. acidosis and metabolic
acidosis
• Alkalosis occurs when pH of blood
increases above 7.45