Handle Material and Equipment

Handling and transporting materials and machinery and materials according

to enterprise guidelines should be practiced. However, Maintenance is vital to any
workplace if it is to operate in a safe and effective manner. Maintenance can also
be a potential workplace safety issue if not properly addressed.

All parts of a workplace should be safe to use, whether internal or external.

Maintenance of the workplace and equipment should be in place to keep the
building in an efficient state and equipment in good working order.

The introduction of a proactive maintenance system should include:

 Regular maintenance and, if necessary, inspection, testing, adjustment,

lubrication and cleaning
 Potential defects being remedied and access to defective equipment
prevented in the meantime
 Regular maintenance and remedial work being carried out, with a record
keeping

Maintenance in agriculture covers a wide range of tasks and is necessary for

almost all work processes on farms: from maintenance of machines and vehicles,
as well as maintenance of silos (storage), buildings, electrical installations and
farmyards. Although many accidents occur during maintenance, repair and
cleaning activities, poor data about maintenance-related accidents and diseases is
available.
This is partly because it is not easy to separate maintenance work from other
agricultural activites and it is difficult to identify the number of workers involved
specifically in maintenance, or to decide whether an accident is maintenance-
related.
Agricultural work is also a varied and demanding job with a high workload,
characterized by seasonal workload peaks (such as harvest times), a workload that
is determined by weather conditions (such as the need to complete haymaking
before a thunderstorm begins) and working in a wide variety of locations.
Occupational health and safety in agriculture differs from that for other
workplaces because the farm is often also a home: farmers frequently work and
live in the same location. This means that agriculture is one of the few industries in
which entire families are at risk of occupational injury because of the presence of
children under 14 and ageing persons over 65 on work sites.
Agricultural workers are more prone to accidents than most other
occupations for a number of reasons, which include: a. Working with giant farm
machines, vehicles, equipment; b. Multi-tasking without professional/adequate
training; c. Seasonal workload; and Long working hours and weekend work (six to
seven days in a week).
 Maintenance in agriculture influences almost all aspects of farm work, be it in
the state of buildings and infrastructure, or the operation of machines and
equipment. Farm workers may get harmed during maintenance work. Farm
workers may get harmed because of lack of maintenance or as a result of poor
maintenance.
Maintenance activities in agriculture are various and include the
maintenance of both machinery and infrastructure, and the tasks range from oil
and filter changes, battery charging and replacement, lubrication, clearing
blockages and maintenance of hydraulic systems and tractors to maintenance of
roofs and glasshouses, maintenance of silos, slurry tanks, bins and grain tanks or
maintenance of electric fences and roads. Because of the wide variety of tasks,
there are many different hazards involved, including:

 Mechanical hazards related to the maintenance of machinery, such as

crushing, entanglement and high-pressure fluid injection
 Electrical hazards when working with defective equipment or during
maintenance of electrical installations and equipment, or repair of broken
electric fences
 Thermal hazards related to the use of welding or heating equipment during
maintenance, or maintenance of equipment with hot surfaces or operating
fluids
 Chemical hazards related to the use of dangerous substances during
maintenance, or maintenance of equipment containing dangerous
substances
 Fire or explosion hazard during maintenance of facilities or equipment
containing dangerous and explosive substances such as tanks, bins and silos,
or fuel tanks
 Biological hazards during maintenance of installations contaminated by
biological agents, slurry tanks, ditches and sewage infrastructure
 Ergonomic hazards, such as awkward postures, poorly designed tools
 Hazards related to working in confined spaces
 Falls from height, slips, trips

Farmers often carry out a lot of maintenance work by themselves. This

applies to routine maintenance like general repair work as well as day-to-day
maintenance. Financial pressures lead to a situation in which farmers choose the
do-it-yourself approach instead of paying a specialist contractor. This increases the
risk of accidents because, on the one hand, the farmer may not have competences
in maintenance and on the other, machines and vehicles in agriculture are
becoming more and more sophisticated, thus requiring qualification in
maintenance and repair.
Name: ________________________________

The checklist presented here is intended to promote safety awareness and encourage safe maintenance practices.
IN THE WORKSHOP
□ Is your workshop organized so that everything has a designated place?
□ Are walkways and working platforms clear of debris and free of grease and oil to reduce trips and falls?
□ Are slippery surfaces due to oil or grease cleaned up immediately?
□ Is there space of at least two meters around a machine?
□ Are welding gas bottles secured upright, and when in use they can be moved easily on a trolley?
□ Do you use only fireproof materials in workshop construction?
□ Do you have solid walls to support tool boards and shelves, and to anchor benches?
□ Do you have extra lighting for using some machine tools?
□ Do you maintain a minimum temperature of 10 degrees Celsius in your workshop?
□ Is the access to your workshop limited to people who work in it?
□ Is battery charging done in a well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition such as welding flames or angle
grinding?
□ Do you avoid dangerous substances such as chlorinated solvents for degreasing?
□ Do you put degreasing baths in well-ventilated areas?
□ Is your workshop equipped with Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters to help prevent electrical shock?
□ Is arc welding done in a protected area so that others nearby are not affected by the ultraviolet light and suffer ‘arc-
eye’ as a result?
□ Are noise levels from equipment and machines such as compressors controlled or sited in a separate closed area or
outside?
□ Is PPE provided? (eye protection for chiseling, grinding and welding work; respiratory protection for work that creates
dust where extraction cannot be provided; foot protection where there is a risk of heavy objects falling onto the feet
□ Is a fully supplied first aid kit available?
□ Do you carry a communication system to call for help in emergencies?
FIRE SAFETY IN WORKPLACES
□ Are all workers on your farm informed about flammable and explosive hazards?
□ Are Material Safety Data Sheets available for all dangerous chemicals used?
□ Are fire-hazard areas appropriately signed?
□ Are all flammable materials stored safely (fire resting store, appropriate ventilation), well away from possible sources
of ignition? Also, where possible, stored away from buildings and perimeter boundaries?
□ Are compressed gas cylinders stored safely, away from flammable materials, preferably in the open air?
□ Are flammable materials on the farm kept to a minimum?
□ Are flammable liquid containers closed to stop vapor escaping? Where possible, are special safety containers which
have self-closing lids and caps used?
□ After each spell of work, do you check the area for smoldering matter or fire?
□ Are there enough properly maintained extinguishers of the right type to deal promptly with small outbreaks of fire?
□ Are escape routes marked and kept free from obstructions?
ELECTRICITY
□ Are electrical cords undamaged?
□ Are plugs checked regularly to make sure they are properly earthed?
□ Is equipment ever connected without using a plug top and/or socket?
□ Do you ever use unsuitable domestic type plugs and other accessories?
□ Do you ever use any equipment which has a temporary electrical joint, whether taped and untaped, on extension
cables?
□ Do you ever connect portable equipment, including infra-red lamps, to lighting circuits? □ Are improvised measures
taken and repairs carried out in an amateur fashion?
□ Are faulty equipment or faulty installations ever used?
□ Are high voltages ever imposed on electric fences where the fence earth electrode is too close to the farm installation
earth electrode?
□ Do plugs and sockets have keyway coding to prevent voltage mismatch so that, for example, a yellow plug will not be
connected to a blue socket?
□ Are plugs and sockets appropriate to the voltage of the equipment used?
□ Are plugs and sockets of sufficient capacity?
□ Are all exposed metal parts, normally non-current carrying, earthed?
□ Are protective conductors for earthing of sufficient size and properly installed, protected, and maintained?
□ Are protective conductors, if broken or disconnected, immediately restored?
□ Are earth electrodes made of base copper or hot-dipped galvanized rod or piping, at least 12mm in diameter, and
driven vertically into the soil for a length of not less than 1.2m?
□ Are your earthing circuits tested by a competent electrician?
□ Do you operate or tip high machinery or equipment under or near overhead power lines?
□ Do you/your family/your employees know how to free a victim from electrical contact and treat electrocution victims?
Name: ________________________________
A. Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer among the choices.

______1. What do you call that hand tool that is used for digging
smaller size of hole?
a. bolo b. crowbar c. grub hoe d. pruning shear
______2. Which tool is used for cutting grasses?
a. shovel b. bolo c. crowbar d. mattock
______3. What tool does NOT belong to the group?
a. crowbar b. mattock c. shovel d. pruning shear
______4. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important
in pre-horticultural operations because they _____.
a. make work easier b. make work faster
c. save time and effort d. all of the above
______5. A tool with one end of its blade flattened and the other is
pointed at right angles to its handle is --------
a. pick mattock b. crowbar c. bolo d. spade
______6. This tool resembles the appearance of spoon and is used for
transferring soil is
a. spade b. shovel c. spading fork d. grub hoe
______7. What implement in tilling the land is being pulled by a
working animal?
a. harrow b. native plow c. disc plow d. disc harrow
______8. An implement mounted to a tractor used to pulverize the
newly plowed soil.
a. trailer b. disc harrow c. native plow d. disc plow
______9. What equipment in horticultural operations is used to draw
water from a source?
a. sprinkler b. sprayer c. water pail d. water
pump
______10. A small cart used to transport things, usually in the form of
an open container with a single wheel in front and two handles at the
back is _________________.
a. hand tractor b. tractor c. basket d. wheel barrow
B. True or False Instruction: Write true if the
Statement is correct and False if it is wrong.
_____1. Electrical hazards when working with defective
equipment or during maintenance of electrical
installations and equipment, or repair of broken
electric fences
_____2. Farmers often carry out a lot of maintenance
work by themselves
_____3. Thermal hazards related to the use of welding
or heating equipment during maintenance, or
maintenance of equipment with hot surfaces or
operating fluids
_____4. Farm workers may get harmed because of lack
of maintenance or as a result of poor maintenance
_____5. Maintenance in agriculture covers a wide
range of tasks and is necessary for almost all work
processes on farms
_____6. Clean and make them free from rust and dirt
that keep the tools from functioning properly.
_____7. Segregate unserviceable tools, implements
and equipment that are beyond repair from those that
can be repaired
_____8. Using an old toothbrush with some lightweight
lubricating oil is a great way to work fresh oil into the
joints of most garden tools.
_____9. Maintenance is vital to any workplace if it is to
operate in a safe and effective manner.
_____10. Provide a sack or bag in one or two corners
of the workplace where you can throw your garbage.
Cleaning Tools and Equipment
Cleaning your tools may be the last thing you want to do after a day of work, but
it's essential for keeping your tools in good shape. And it really only takes a few seconds
per tool unless you've got something really nasty on your hands. It's well-worth the time
spent doing a little cleaning to save the time spent repairing a tool (or the money spent
replacing it) later.
General Cleaning Procedure:
The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning must adhere as much as
possible to the following procedures:
• Be properly trained on the cleaning procedures.
• Develop a cleaning program and schedule according to the recommended
frequency and the cleaning program should be monitored to ensure its
effectiveness.
• Cleaning must not take place while fresh vegetables are being harvested, packed,
handled, and stored.
• Water that is used for cleaning must be safe.
• The cleaning of equipment, tools, and containers must take place in a designated
area away from field
and the storage of agricultural inputs and fresh vegetables.
• When using cleaning and disinfection chemicals, the farmer and/or farm workers
must become familiar with the instruction use of these products.
• Strictly adhere to all precautionary statements and mixing instructions.
• Protect equipment’s, tools, containers and fresh vegetables when working with
any chemicals.

Cleaning your tools doesn’t have to be difficult at all if you’re prepared:

HAND TOOLS
You can clean most hand tools by simply wiping them down with a rag. If they're
dirty, don't be afraid to give them a good wash with soap and water. Just dry them well
afterward. Wipe with a clean rag (you really just want to leave a light film on them to
help keep the rust away). Wipe wooden handles with a rag dampened with a little
linseed oil.
GARDEN TOOLS
You can clean garden tools in much the same way as hand tools. Wash them if necessary,
dry, and oil them up. For a quick way to clean, some people like to keep a bucket of sand
mixed with a bit of oil. Just stab the tools into the bucket a few times to clean and oil
them at the same time. Some folks use motor oil in their sand, but even the little bit of
motor oil left on the tools can harm your soil, so for garden tools, stick with linseed oil.
You'll also want to rub down wooden handles with a bit of linseed oil.
 POWER TOOLS
Power tools are a little trickier to clean. First, make sure the tool is unplugged before you
clean it. Next, you'll want to get all the dust off. An air compressor can be really useful
for that. Wipe down the surface of the tool and then lubricate any moving parts.
Machine oil is a fine choice for this, but you should also check the manual that came
with the tool to see if they have better recommendations.

How to Clean and Sharpen Garden Tools before Storing

Regularly cleaning and oiling your garden tools will prevent rust, keep them
sharper, and allow the handles to stay strong. But if you’re not as diligent as you should
be—putting your tools away dirty or leaving them outside in the weather. Then before
you know it, they’re on the fast track to the trash bin.
Here’s how to get a shovel, or other garden tools, in shape and keep them that way.
Gather your weapons
To clean and maintain your tools, you’ll need the following:
• Cleaning Supplies: Detergent, garden hose, sprayer, sponge, old rags or towels
• Cleaning Tools: Steel wool, scrub brush, wire brush, and a rotary wire brush
attachment for your drill
• Sandpaper: (80 and 120 grit) made to work on both metal and wood
• Sharpening Tools: A fine metal file and a sharpening stone to hone edges
• Lubricating Oil: Such as boiled linseed oil, tung oil, motor oil, lamp oil, or cooking oil.
Boiled linseed and tung oil are probably the best choices, but you can use what you have
on hand.
• Safety Equipment: Wear gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask when working on
tools.
Step 1: Clean Tools
Start by giving your tools a good scrubbing to remove any mud and grit from the
blades and handles. Dry with old towels, then set them aside overnight so they dry
completely to avoid trapping moisture

Step 2: Remove Rust

Use steel wool or a wire brush to scrub away any rust that has accumulated on metal
parts. A rotary wire brush attachment chucked in a drill can make the job easier. As a
rule, you want to remove the rust with as little grinding and scraping of the steel as
possible to keep tools from becoming thinner and weaker over time.

Step 3: Sand Tools

Smooth worn wooden handles with medium grit sandpaper to remove splinters and
deteriorated finish. You can also use sandpaper to remove any remaining rust from
surfaces and crevices and to lightly polish the metal. When finished, thoroughly wipe
down the tools to remove any wood or metal sanding dust.

Step 4: Sharpen Tools

Use a metal file to lightly sharpen the edges of tools. Again, you don’t want to grind
away too much of the metal, just use it to smooth out nicks, remove burrs, and give a
nice clean edge. On some cutting tools (like hedge clippers and axes), you’ll need to
follow up with a sharpening stone lubricated with oil for a finer edge.

Step 5: Oil Tools

Using a clean rag, apply lubricating oil to both the wooden handle and the metal
blade. Rub the oil into the surface then wipe off any excess. The oil will help prevent
rust and condition the wood to keep it from absorbing water and prevent cracking.
After the handle has dried, apply a second coat of oil to the wood if needed. Tools with
fiberglass or composite handles will only need a good cleaning.
Maintaining Tools and Equipment
According to Ladia, et. al (2012), maintenance is work that is done regularly to
keep tools, equipment, and facilities in good condition and working order. We need to
learn the different kinds of maintenance in order to identify the activities and proper
procedures in the management of facilities as well as of the time, money and materials
involved.
The proper use of training tools, equipment, and facilities is the first and foremost
task in maintenance. It used in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual, as this
would evidently extend the life of the tools, equipment, and facilities. The manual would
indicate the part and the way to maintain it. We must always refer to it for reference.

Why do you have to maintain farm tools and equipment?

1. They last longer when maintained.
2. Tools and equipment that are maintained work more efficiently.
3. When you keep tools and equipment in good shape, you reduce the risk of injury to
the operator.
4. Regular maintenance reduces the cost of maintenance.

Types of Maintenance
1. Preventive maintenance – maintenance performed to prevent or find defects before
they develop into a breakdown.
2. Corrective maintenance – maintenance tasks initiated as a result of the observed
condition of an asset or system, before or after functional failure to correct a problem. It
is performed to repair, restore, replace or correct a failure.
3. Emergency maintenance – maintenance performed to put the item on hand
immediately to avoid serious consequences, such as loss of production, disrupted
schedule, extensive damage to assets, idle worker or for safety reasons. This should be
requested as soon as you become aware of a problem

What Can We Gain from Maintaining Our Facilities?

• Ensure a safe environment
• Improved morale of human resources
• Reduced operational cost
• Increased production
• Prolonged life of facilities
• Prompt delivery of services/products

Factors to Consider When Maintaining Farm Tools, Equipment, and Facilities

1. Manpower
2. Money (financial resources)
3. Methods and system
4. Machines (facilities)
5. Materials and supplies

Maintenance Program – includes all maintenance activities to be undertaken, manpower

needed, maintenance methods to be used, all the materials and supplies needed and
cost involved in the maintenance.
Maintenance Schedule – is a list allocating specific maintenance of an area, including
tools and equipment for a specified period. It is also just a part of the maintenance
program.
Maintenance Checklist – is a list of maintenance tasks typically derived through some
analysis, generated automatically as work orders at a predetermined frequency.

Tools Maintenance and Safety Rules

According to Asuncion (1991), tools will last longer when properly kept and
maintained. A good worker keeps and takes good care of his tools. The following are
some pointers to follow in keeping tools in good condition:

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them to check if they are in good working
condition. This can be detected when they are used smoothly with ease and speed. The
sharpness of bladed tools and tips of pointed ones should always be maintained, while
non-bladed or non-pointed tools should always be kept clean to prevent them from
rusting.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before keeping it in the tool
cabinet. To keep the tool from rusting, make sure that the tool is dry before storing it.
3. Oil the metal parts of a tool to prevent any form of damage that may be caused by air,
water, or rust.

Safety Rules to Strictly Follow to Avoid Accidents

1. Avoid wearing loose clothing when working. Sleeves should be fitting and shirts
tucked in as much as possible. Remove ties and jewelry.
2. Injuries or accidents that occur should be reported immediately to the teacher.
3. Never use your lips to fold small materials like fasteners or any small metal articles
when working.
4. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp edge of cutting tools is
away from the edge of the work table or work bench.
5. Keep working areas clean and free from shavings of any kind.
6. Ensure the safety of your classmates when carrying long and heavy tools to avoid
accidents.
7. Never use dull or damaged tools.
8. Keep fingers away from the edge of sharp cutting tools.
9. Know and observe safety measures specific of each tool or operation.
10. Convenience outlets and power tools used should be checked before and after each
use. Switch off the power before leaving the shop.
11. Keep tools in their proper places.
Practice 5 S
According to Ladia, et al. (2012), 5S is the name of a workplace organization
methodology that uses a list of five (5) Japanese words. Translated into English, they all
begin with the letter “S”. The list describes how items are stored and how the new order
is maintained.

• Seiri (Sort)- taking out and disposing of unnecessary items

• Seiton (Systematize) - arranging tools, equipment, and materials in order for the
easiest
and most efficient access
• Seiso (Sweep)- cleaning even if things are not dirty
• Seiketsu (Standardize)- maintaining the workplace in high standard housekeeping
• Shitsuke (Self-discipline)- doing things spontaneously without being told
z
TLE 9 AGRI CROP – QUARTER II
Proper waste management is as important as the ecosystem balance. It might sound like an exaggeration but it is true. It
cannot be denied that waste problem if not foremost is one of the top dilemmas of every country. It doesn't just contribute to land
depletion due to waste depot necessity; it is also the number one contributor of air pollution due to incineration.
Proper waste management includes the proper collection, transfer, dispensation and removal of waste materials. It may also
include recycling to further extend its use, monitoring of waste material is also integrated. Wastes that are produced from human
activities can be recycled and even gather resources out of what we think are already useless. Waste would be likely a source of
health problems, environmental destruction and other form of negative impact on aesthetics.
There are different forms of proper waste management depending on the availability and need of an area. For some
developed and developing countries, for urban and rural areas as well as for residential and industrial producers, they differ on how
they handle their waste engendered as a whole, be it due to their day to day living or company operations.
Generally proper waste management is being done in order to resolve issues on climate change, as mentioned above,
incineration is being done as an alternative aside from dumpsites to diminish waste but it doesn't adhere on a cost effective manner
approach. Proper Waste Management could still be effective if waste is eliminated without harming the environment.
There is effective waste management applied in order to cope up with the mounting waste on dumpsites that triggers to a
lot of harmful effects. Refusing to buy materials that can't be recycled is one methods of proper waste management, reduce, reuse
and recycle are some of the accepted system also. Usually hazardous commercial and industrial proper waste management is the
responsibility of the generator, whereas non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in municipal areas is generally the liability
of local government.
Waste Materials Management
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The
term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the
environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid,
liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.
Methods of Disposal
1. Landfills
Throwing daily waste/garbage in the landfills is the most popularly used method of waste disposal used today. This process
of waste disposal focuses attention on burying the waste in the land. Landfills are commonly found in developing countries. There is
a process used that eliminates the odors and dangers of waste before it is placed into the ground. While it is true this is the most
popular form of waste disposal, it is certainly far from the only procedure and one that may also bring with it an assortment of space.
This method is becoming less these days although, thanks to the lack of space available and the strong presence of methane
and other landfill gases, both of which can cause numerous contamination problems. Landfills give rise to air and water pollution
which severely affects the environment and can prove fatal to the lives of humans and animals. Many areas are reconsidering the use
of landfills.
2. Incineration/Combustion
Incineration or combustion is a type disposal method in which municipal solid wastes are burned at high temperatures so
as as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. The biggest advantage of this type of method is that it can reduce the
volume of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume, decreases the space they take up and reduce the stress on landfills.
This process is also known as thermal treatment where solid waste materials are converted by Incinerators into heat, gas,
steam and ash. Incineration is something that is very in countries where landfill space is no longer available, which includes Japan.
3. Recovery and Recycling
Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next use. These discarded items are then
processed to extract or recover materials and resources or convert them to energy in the form of useable heat, electricity or fuel.
Recycling is the process of converting waste products into new products to prevent energy usage and consumption of fresh
raw materials. Recycling is the third component of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle waste hierarchy. The idea behind recycling is to reduce
energy usage, reduce volume of landfills, reduce air and water pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and preserve natural
resources for future use.
4. Plasma gasification
Plasma gasification is another form of waste management. Plasma is a primarily an electrically charged or a highly ionized
gas. Lighting is one type of plasma which produces temperatures that exceed 12,600 °F . With this method of waste disposal, a vessel
uses characteristic plasma torches operating at +10,000 °F which is creating a gasification zone till 3,000 °F for the conversion of solid
or liquid wastes into a syngas.
During the treatment solid waste by plasma gasification, the waste’s molecular bonds are broken down as result of the
intense heat in the vessels and the elemental components. Thanks to this process, destruction of waste and dangerous materials is
found. This form of waste disposal provides renewable energy and an assortment of other fantastic benefits.
5. Composting
Composting is an easy and natural bio-degradation process that takes organic wastes i.e. remains of plants and garden and
kitchen waste and turns into nutrient rich food for your plants. Composting, normally used for organic farming, occurs by allowing
organic materials to sit in one place for months until microbes decompose it. Composting is one of the best method of waste disposal
as it can turn unsafe organic products into safe compost.
On the other side, it is slow process and takes lot of space and turns it to Waste to Energy (Recover Energy) Waste to energy
(WtE) process involves converting of non-recyclable waste items into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes.
This type of source of energy is a renewable energy source as non-recyclable waste can be used over and over again to create energy.
It can also help to reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources. Waste-to-Energy, also widely
recognized by its acronym WtE is the generation of energy in the form of heat or electricity from waste.
6. Avoidance/Waste Minimization
The easier method of waste management is to reduce creation of waste materials thereby reducing the amount of waste
going to landfills. Waste reduction can be done through recycling old materials like jar, bags, repairing broken items instead of buying
new one, avoiding use of disposable products like plastic bags, reusing second hand items, and buying items that uses less designing.
Recycling and composting are a couple of the best methods of waste management. Composting is so far only possible on a
small scale, either by private individuals or in areas where waste can be mixed with farming soil or used for landscaping purposes.
Recycling is widely used around the world, with plastic, paper and metal leading the list of the most recyclable items. Most material
recycled is reused for its original purpose.

Recycling/ composting practices and procedures

1. The first step required for recycling is collecting recyclable materials from communities.
2. The second step involves processing the recyclable materials.
3. The last step, but certainly not the least, involves the purchasing of recycled products.

Composting Methods
1. Hot Composting
Hot composting is the most efficient method for producing quality compost in a relatively short time. In addition, it favors
the destruction of weed seeds, fly larvae and pathogens. While hot composting, using the windrow or bin method, requires a high
degree of management, hot composting, using the in-vessel method, requires a lesser degree of management.
2. Cold Composting
This method is ideal for adding organic matter around trees, in garden plots, in eroded areas etc. The time required to
decompose organic matter using this method is governed, to a large extent, by environmental conditions and could take two years or
more.
3. Sheet Composting
Sheet composting is carried out by spreading organic material on the surface of the soil or untilled ground and allowing it to
decompose naturally. Over time, the material will decompose and filter into the soil. This method is ideally suited for forage land, no-
till applications, erosion control, roadside landscaping etc. The process does not favor the destruction of weed seeds, fly larvae,
pathogens etc. and composting materials should be limited to plant residue and manure. Again, decomposition time is governed by
environmental conditions and can be quite lengthy.
4. Trench Composting
Trench composting is relatively simple. Simply dig a trench 6 - 8 inches deep, fill with 3 - 4 inches of organic material and
cover with soil. Wait a few weeks and plant directly above the trench. This method does not favor the destruction of weed seeds, fly
larvae and pathogens and the composting process can be relatively slow.
5. Loading the Bin / Windrow
Place the raw materials in layers using a balance of high carbon (moist) and low carbon (dry) materials. Each layer should be
no more than four to six inches in depth. Spray each layer with a light mist of CBCT Stock Solution (Mix CBCT Concentrate and water
at a rate of 1:200). This will initiate and accelerate the composting process and eliminate odors).
Procedure:
Step 1. Start with a 4 to 6 inch layer of coarse material set on the bottom of the composter or on top of the soil.
Step 2. Add a 3 to 4 inch layer of low carbon material.
Step 3. Add a 4 to 6 inch layer of high carbon material
Step 4. Add a 1 inch layer of garden soil or finished compost.
Step 5. Mix the layers of high carbon material, low carbon material, and soil or compost.
Repeat steps 2 through 5 until the composting bin is filled (maximum 4 feet in height). Cap with dry material.
 Lesson 2
Types of Equipment, Tools and Materials
Farm tools, implements and equipment play very important role in agricultural crop production. Their availability
makes the work easier and faster. However, even if one may have the most sophisticated tools, implements, but does not know how
to use them, they are useless. In order to do crop production operations successfully, one must have a good working knowledge of
the tools, implements and equipment before using them.
Definition of terms:
Hand tools – objects that are usually light and are used without the help of animals and machines
Farm implements – accessories pulled by animals or mounted to machineries to make the work easier
Equipment – powered tool machine used in farming.

Equipment
These are machineries used in horticultural operations especially in vegetable production. They are used in land preparation and in
transporting farm inputs and products. This equipment needs a highly skilled operator to use.
1. Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and 2. Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc 3. Water pumps are used to draw
harrow in preparing a large area of land. plow and disc harrow in preparing much irrigation water from a source.
bigger area of land.

Farm Implements
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually
used in the preparation of wide land. These are usually made of a special kind of metal.
Plows. These are farm implements used in
horticultural operations either pulled by a working
animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for
tilling large areas, making furrows and inters row
cultivation. Plows pulled by working animals are
made of either a combination of metal or wood or
pure metal. They are used to till areas with a
shallower depth than that of the disc plows which
are pulled by tractors.

Other materials, tools and equipment

1. Water pails – for hauling 2. Sprinklers – for watering 3. Wheel barrow – for hauling 4. Sprayers – for spraying
water, manure and fertilizers seedlings and young plants trash, manures, fertilizers, insecticides, foliar fertilizers,
planting materials and other fungicides and herbicide
equipment

Hand Tools
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or machines. They are being used in performing farm activities
which involve small areas like school garden and home garden.
 1. Bolo is used for cutting of 3. Pick-mattock is used for 5. Shovel is used in removing 7. Hand trowel is used for
grasses and weeds, loosening and digging canals, breaking hard trash, digging loose soil, moving loosening the soil around the
pulverizing the soil topsoil and for digging up stones soil from one place to another growing plants and putting small
and tree stumps. and for mixing soil media. amount of manure in the soil.

2. Crowbar is used for digging big 4. Grab-hoe is used for breaking 6. Rake is used for cleaning the 8. Hand cultivator is used for
holes and for digging out big hard topsoil and pulverizing soil. ground and levelling the topsoil. cultivating the garden plot by
stones and stumps. loosening the soil and removing
young weeds around the plant.

It has been mentioned earlier that tools, implements and equipment facilitate work conveniently but then a user must bear
in mind that knowledge on the usability of these tools lead a safe and successful endeavour. Before using any of the tools,
implements, and equipment, always check whether or not they are still usable or serviceable. Always check or refer to the manual of
operations as prescribed by the manufacturer for other tools and equipment that are new to you. Always ask the assistance of skilled
operator whenever necessary. Tools that are defective should be separated and be fixed immediately to avoid accident.
Lesson 2
CHECK FROM TOOL, MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT

Machinery breakdowns are always costly. But they are especially costly during
planting and harvests, when getting seed in the ground and grain out of the field in a
timely fashion are critical to maximizing yield.

Causes of Machinery breakdowns:

Not reading the operator's manual Improper maintenance
Poor electrical connections Overrunning machine's capability
Not replacing worn parts when needed Tightener Misalignment
Improper storage Improper weather-related use
Garden tools are probably the most neglected of tools. We use them, abuse them,
and put them away dirty and wet only to see them rust and lose their effectiveness over
time. But with proper maintenance and a little time spent, your tools can last and be
effective for many years to come.
1. Proper Tool Storage 2. Clean and Dry Tools 3. Prevent Rust
General Tool Maintenance
First, for wood-handled tools, sand the handle if it becomes rough.
Second, you will want to apply some type of lubricant like Boeshield T-9 to your
pruners, loppers, and similar tools.
Third remove rust that has already formed.
1. Keep Your Tools Sharp 2. Cleaning Your Garden Tools
3. Storing Your Garden Tools 4. Sharpening Dull Garden Tools

1. Many farmers may forget to check the troubleshooting section, which can cost them
even more time out of the field.
a. Not reading the Operator’s Manual b. Improper Maintenance
c. Poor electrical connection d. Overrunning machines capability
e. Not replacing worn out when needed
2. Sometimes farmers or their employees will miss some grease or lube locations on a
new machine because they didn't go through all the lube locations the first time with
the owner's manual out.
a. Not reading the Operator’s Manual b. Improper Maintenance
c. Poor electrical connection d. Overrunning machines capability
e. Not replacing worn out when needed

3. “This is a big cause of breakdowns with today's newer machinery and is a hard one
for owners to try to prevent”.
a. Not reading the Operator’s Manual b. Improper Maintenance
c. Poor electrical connection d. Overrunning machines capability
e. Not replacing worn out when needed

4. You should find where a machine's maximum performance level is and then “pull it
back a hair” so that you are not running it at maximum constantly.
a. Not reading the Operator’s Manual b. Improper Maintenance
c. Poor electrical connection d. Overrunning machines capability
e. Not replacing worn out when needed

5. Many times when a part on a machine breaks, farmers replace just the part that
broke or failed, but fail to check or replace other parts that may have caused the initial
failure.
a. Not reading the Operator’s Manual b. Improper Maintenance
c. Poor electrical connection d. Overrunning machines capability
e. Not replacing worn out when needed

6. Running tractors in poor weather conditions also can result in problems.

a. Overrunning machine's capability b. Not replacing worn parts when
needed
c. Tightener misalignment d. Improper storage
e. Improper weather-related use

7. The problem is that debris will attract rodents, which will often nest inside or gnaw
at wires. The dust itself can interfere with electrical connections
a. Overrunning machine's capability b. Not replacing worn parts when needed
c. Tightener misalignment d. Improper storage
e. Improper weather-related use

8. This puts tension on the belt or chain and can cause it to break or wear excessively.
a. Overrunning machine's capability b. Not replacing worn parts when
needed
c. Tightener misalignment d. Improper storage
e. Improper weather-related use

9. By replacing only the broken part, you will temporarily fix the problem but will likely
have another breakdown soon because you did not fix all the worn parts.
 a. Overrunning machine's capability b. Not replacing worn parts when
needed
c. Tightener misalignment d. Improper storage
e. Improper weather-related use

10. Overrunning the machine puts a strain on all the drives and makes breakdowns
much more likely to occur.
a. Overrunning machine's capability b. Not replacing worn parts when
needed
c. Tightener misalignment d. Improper storage
e. Improper weather-related use

Lesson 3
Manual Handling Procedures and Techniques
Manual handling covers a wide range of activities including: lifting, pushing, pulling, holding,
restraining, throwing and carrying. It includes repetitive task such as packing, typing, assembling, cleaning and
sorting, using hand tools, operating machinery and equipment, and handling and restraining animals.
Not all manual handling tasks are hazardous, but because most jobs involve some form of manual
handling, most workers are at some risk of manual handling injury.
Good posture and lifting techniques can help reduce the risks, but research indicates that making
changes to workplace design is the most effective way to prevent manual handling injury.
Farm safety-manual handling
Farmers and farm workers are commonly affected by muscle and ligament strains. Lifting a
heavy load the wrong way, sudden jolts or even a bad posture over a period of time can injure soft tissue,
particularly the muscle at the back. Good posture and safe working habits can prevent most injuries. Keep a
record of injuries to pinpoint areas to improve.
Regularly talk with your family and others workers about how to further improve manual
handling practices and reduce any risks.
The following guidelines offer general safety tips for operating tractors:
1. Know your tractor and how to use it safely. Regularly review the safety precautions in your operator’s
manual.
2. Prepare for tractor work by inspecting the vehicle and wearing appropriate clothing.
3. Ensure that new and inexperienced workers are properly trained in tractor operation.
4. Never allow riders. A tractor should only have one person on board.
5. Teach children to use tractors only after they have developed the strength, size, and maturity to
operate tractor safely.
6. Install an approved roll-overprotective structure (ROPS and seatbelt on any tractor that is not
equipped with these features. ROPS prevent tractor turnover injuries, but if only the seatbelt is on.
7. Always wear a seatbelt, when driving a tractor equipped with ROPS.
8. Disengage drivers and turn the engines off before leaving the tractor unattended.
9. Keep yourself and others away from moving parts.
10. Hitch loads only to the drawbar. When using three-point rear hitches, add front end weights to
maintain stability and control steering.
11. Never bypass start the engine.

Tractor driving safety

The following guidelines provide tips for tractor driving safety.
1. Watch where you are going at all times. Be sure that everyone is out of way before moving.
2. Watch for and avoid obstacle, ditches, embankments and holes.
 3. Slow down when turning, crossing slopes or driving on rough slick or muddy surfaces.
4. It is safer to backup an incline.
5. Apply power slowly when pulling a heavy load.
6. Lock the brake pedals together for single action breaking.

Ways to reduce back pain and prevent injury include:

1. Warm up cold muscles thoroughly before engaging in any manual work.
2. Lift and carry loads correctly, by keeping the load close to the body and lifting with your thigh
muscles.
3. Get help to lift or carry a heavy load whenever possible, using another worker or appropriate
mechanical aids.
4. Organize your work are to reduce the amount of bending, twisting and stretching required.
5. Maintain correct posture.
6. Take frequent brakes.
7. Cool down after heavy work with gentle, sustained stretches.
8. Exercise regularly to strengthen muscles and ligaments.
9. Lose any excess body fats.
10. Be aware that mattresses that are too hard or too soft can contribute to back ache.

Lifting heavy loads

General suggestions:
1. When carting hay, use mechanical aids to lift and stack the bales.
2. Whenever possible, use wheelbarrows, trolleys, conveyors and other equipment to move heavy
loads.
3. Ask someone to help if you have to move a heavy load by hand.
4. Wear supportive back braces.

Common OHS Hazards, Risks, and its Controls

OHS - Occupational Health and Safety
HAZARDS - the effect of unpredictable and unanalyzable forces in determining events
RISKS - exposure to hazards
ERGONOMICS - an applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things
interact most efficiently and safely
CONTROL - to reduce the incidence or severity of especially to innocuous levels
ASSESS - to determine the importance, size or value of a certain matter/ act

What is hazard? Hazards are any things that can harm workers. There are health hazards and safety hazards.
Health Hazards
Think of a health hazard as any agent, situation or condition that can cause an occupational illness. A Health hazard may
produce serious and immediate (acute) effects, or cause long term (chronic) problems. All or part of the body may be affected.
Occupational illnesses occur when someone is exposed to a chemical or biological substance, a physical agent or other stressors that
can harm them. Someone with an occupational illness may not recognize the symptoms immediately. For example, noise-induced
hearing loss is often difficult for victims to detect until it is advanced and irreversible.
Types of Health Hazard
1. Chemical Hazards, such as battery acid, solvents and pesticides.
2. Biological Hazards, such as bacteria, viruses, dust and molds. Often called “biohazards” (e.g., animal borne disease, moldy,
tetanus).
3. Physical Agents (energy) strong enough to cause harm, such as electric currents, heat, light, vibration, noise and radiation.
4. Work Design (ergonomic) hazards, such as lifting, moving or repositioning of heavy loads.
5. Workplace stress, such as stress associated with work shifts, work load and harassment.
Safety Hazards
A safety hazard is anything that could cause a physical injury, such as cut or fracture. Safety hazards cause harm
when safety hazard controls are not adequate. Remember to check the adequacy of controls during your inspections.
A Hazard Control System
Using the following steps is practical and effective way of controlling hazards. It can work for a ‘’formal’’ or”informal”
inspection. The steps are:
Step 1: Spotting known and potential hazards.
A hazard is any situation, activity, procedure, equipment or animal that could harm someone.
When spotting hazards, focus on all farm tasks, equipment and substances.

Step 2: Assessing or identifying the risks of these hazards

Next, determine the risk of harm for the hazard(s) you’ve spotted. The risk of harm is the chance
(or like hood) that the hazard will actually harm someone.

Step 3: Making the changes that will eliminate or control the hazard.
1. Eliminate hazard posed by equipment, animals, and environment if at all possible.
2. Substitute something safer by using a different machine, material or work practice that poses
less risk to perform the same task.
3. Use engineering/design controls when it’s not possible to eliminate hazards or substitute
safer materials or emergency.
4.Protecting the workers if other controls are inadequate.
5. Ensure someone at the worksite is trained in giving first aid.

TLE 10 – Agri Crop

Name: __________________________ Score: _____________
Grade & Section: __________________ Date: ______________
Identify the following by choosing the correct answer from the box. Write the
letter on space provided.
a. an adequate source of water b. soil c. accessibility
d. topography e. availability of additional labor
f. ownership of the farm or site g. location h. time
i. nursery hygiene j. planning

____1. In case the area is rented, terms and condition should be clear before putting up the
nursery.
____2. The site should be close to the main road.
____3. The site should be near to a natural source of water or a deep well.
____4. Keeping nursery clean and tidy.
____5. Establishing a nursery needs a considerable amount of _____ and ______.
____6. The site must be away from strong winds.
____7. Additional labor is a necessity.
____8. A good source of sandy loam or loamy soil should be as close as possible to the site.
____9. The gradual slope prevents waterlogging.
True or False.
_______1. Use correct lifting methods.
_______2. Overload wheelbarrows and trolleys.
_______3. Don’t use sharp tools with caution and concentration.
_______4. Separate recycling weekly.
_______5. Always wear your PPE.
_______6. Nursery hygiene helps increase the emergence of weeds, infection, fungus and
pests.
_______7. Conduct on all tools and equipment before using them.
_______8. At the end of the day wash down working benches.
_______9. Don’t return tools and equipment after use in their designated areas.
_______10. Sorting, weeding and pruning of potted and newly propagated seedlings should be
done regularly.

TLE 10 – Agri Crop

Name: __________________________ Score: _____________
Grade & Section: __________________ Date: ______________
Identify the following by choosing the correct answer from the box. Write the
letter on space provided.
a. an adequate source of water b. soil c. accessibility
d. topography e. availability of additional labor
f. ownership of the farm or site g. location h. time
i. nursery hygiene j. planning

____1. In case the area is rented, terms and condition should be clear before putting up the
nursery.
____2. The site should be close to the main road.
____3. The site should be near to a natural source of water or a deep well.
____4. Keeping nursery clean and tidy.
____5. Establishing a nursery needs a considerable amount of _____ and ______.
____6. The site must be away from strong winds.
____7. Additional labor is a necessity.
____8. A good source of sandy loam or loamy soil should be as close as possible to the site.
____9. The gradual slope prevents waterlogging.

True or False.
_______1. Use correct lifting methods.
_______2. Overload wheelbarrows and trolleys.
_______3. Don’t use sharp tools with caution and concentsration.
_______4. Separate recycling weekly.
_______5. Always wear your PPE.
_______6. Nursery hygiene helps increase the emergence of weeds, infection, fungus and
pests.
_______7. Conduct on all tools and equipment before using them.
_______8. At the end of the day wash down working benches.
_______9. Don’t return tools and equipment after use in their designated areas.
_______10. Sorting, weeding and pruning of potted and newly propagated seedlings should be
done regularly.