_____ involves the representation of
employees' immediate interests, primarily the
regulation of wages, hours, and terms and
conditions of employment.
∆ Business unionism
Which of the following was a goal of the
National Labor Union?
∆ The establishment of consumer and producer
cooperatives
The actions of the _____ were the impetus for
the establishment of the conspiracy doctrine.
∆ Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers
Which of the following is a provision of the Taft
Hartley Act?
∆ It ended administratively initiated change by
the NLRB, and made rule making subject to
court review
_____ allowed professionals in an agency to
decide whether to join a bargaining unit.
∆ Executive Order 11616
Which of the following is the desired outcome
of corporatism?
∆ The employment relationship is jointly
governed by unions, employers, and the
government
_____ unionism is said to occur when the
union's prime goal is to enhance itself at the
expense of the workers it represents.
∆ Predatory
Who was the founder of the National Labor
Union?
∆ William Sylvis
The Knights of Labor was initially in conflict with
the Roman Catholic Church because:
∆ it was a secret society
Uplift unionism is primarily oriented toward
changing the fabric of society, overthrowing the
capitalist system and replacing it with worker
control of industry.
False
The Erdman Act prohibited discrimination
against railroad employees based on union
membership.
True
Yellow-dog contracts indicated that employees
who signed them understood that union
membership was grounds for discharge.
True
The Norris-La Guardia Act allowed the
enforcement of yellow-dog contracts.
False
Executive Order 10988 created the Federal
Impasse Panel to render binding decisions when
negotiations reach an impasse.
False
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
safeguards for unions were lost, the Wagner Act
re-secured organizing rights and specified
employer illegal activities.
True
The Labor Management Relations Act is also
known as the Norris-La Guardia Act.
False
EXPLAIN yellow-dog contracts. Which of the following could be enjoined under
section 9 of the Norris-La Guardia Act?
∆ The freedom to unions was discouraged
through the use of yellow-dog contracts, which ∆ Violent picketing
applicants and employees were required to
sign, indicating they understood union
membership was grounds for discharge. Over
time, yellow-dog contracts were seen as The _____ Act, passed during a period of
instruments of coercion that severely restricted relative weakness for organized labor, only
the private rights and potential economic considered employer practices.
power of employees.
∆ Wagner

What were the major duties of the National

Labor Relations board? Local unions are most often chartered by and:
∆ The major duties of the National Labor ∆ affiliated with a national union
Relations Board were to determine which, if
any, union was the employees' choice to
represent them and to hear and rule on alleged
unfair practices. What is the duty of stewards?
∆ They represent grievants to the employer
Briefly explain the Norris-La Guardia Act.
∆ The Norris-LaGuardia Act was passed in 1932. Which of the following Acts requires local
The act severely restricted the power of federal elections at least once every three years?
courtsto issue injunctions against union
activities. The act also forbade federal courts ∆ Landrum-Griffin Act
from enforcing yellowdog contracts. While the
act a neutral policy that protected numerous
previously enjoinable activities, it did not open
any right to demand that employers recognize a Which system ensures that the labor contract
union of their employees. meets union standards and is administered
fairly for all bargaining unit members?
∆ Internal check-and-balance
Define business unionism.
∆ Business unionism involves the
representation of employees' immediate Most national unions elect officers at their
interest, primarily the regulation of wages, _____, which are legally required to meet at
hours, and terms of conditions of employment. least every five years.
∆ conventions
Which of the following federal labor laws covers
only private-sector, non-managerial, rail and
airline employees and employers? The Railway Labor Act applies to public sector
railway and airline employees.
Railway Labor Act

False
Which of the following is a purpose of the
Railway Labor Act?
If the NLRB finds that an unfair labor practice
occurred, it can issue cease-and-desist orders.
∆ Eliminating any restrictions on joining a union
True

Civil rights laws and regulations broadly prohibit
employers from taking race, sex, color,
religion,national origin, or
age (being age 40 or over) into account when
making employment decisions.
True
The National Labor Relations Board is
responsible for conducting representation
elections and resolving or ruling on unfair labor
practice charges.
True
A local union's jurisdiction does not affect its
organizational structure.
False
In unionized employment, an individual cannot
be both an employee and a union member.
False
National unions are ultimately governed by
their conventions.
True
Explain the Copeland Anti-Kickback Act.
∆ The Copeland Anti-Kickback Act prohibits
anyone from requiring or coercing employees
on a public works construction project (or
project financed by loans or grants from the
federal government) to kick
back part of their compensation as a condition
of continued employment.
What are the major provisions of the Federal
Unemployment Tax Act?
∆ Payroll tax is paid by the employer (except in
a few states) on defined levels of income. Levels
vary across states, and rates vary across
employers within states, depending on the rate
and duration of layoffs from each employer.
There are legislated levels of income
replacement for workers who are
involuntary unemployed through no fault of
their own. Replacement is generally at 50% or
less of regular income for a duration of 26
weeks or until new employment is secured,
whichever is less.
List the four major dimensions along which local
union jurisdictions are defined.
1) the type of work performed or the industry in
which it is accomplished (craft and industrial
jurisdictions)
2) a specified geographic area
3) the type of activity involved (organizing,
bargaining, etc.)
4) the level of union government applying the
jurisdiction
Briefly explain the forms that union mergers
take. What are the three types of mergers?
∆ Union mergers take two forms: 1) absorption,
in which a small or rapidly declining union
becomes a part of a larger national, and 2)
amalgamation, in which two unions of roughly
equal size merge to form a new union.
Mergers involve one of three types of
relationships between the merging partners: 1)
symbiotic, in which two unions represent
workers whose outputs are interdependent; 2)
commensalistic, in which two unions competed
to organize the same employees; and
3) scale, wherein a large union seeks to
increase its efficiency or power.
_____ make employees aware of union
activities and try to get new members involved.
Stewards
Which of the following positively influences
new members' attitudes toward the union and
their later commitment to the union's programs
and activities?
Socialization
Unions usually negotiate union security clauses
into collective bargaining agreements.
If there is a(n) _____ agreement in the contract,
new employees will be required to join True
immediately after the probationary period.
union shop
Business agents make employees aware of
union activities and try to get new members
involved.
Which of the following factors is associated with
higher rates of free riding? False
Being younger, white, or a woman
Free riding in federal employee unions is rare.
_____ appears to be related both to individual False
differences and to a positive labor relations
climate.
Dual commitment Union activists tend to be more satisfied with
their employment.
False
_____ commitment to the union was predicted
by low economic outcomes, perceived
involvement in the union, and lack of support
from the employer. Stewards reduce stress in the work unit by
acting as buffers between management and
Unilateral workers.
True
_____ occurs when goods are sold below their
production costs.
Pro-union attitudes are strong predictors of
Dumping union commitment.
True
Unions oppose the importation of goods and
services that were produced in _____
Marxist work beliefs independently contribute
to higher feelings of satisfaction.
sweat shop conditions False

Unions receive more favorable treatment from

the _____ during Democratic administrations.
NLRB

In unionized environments, individuals are

simultaneously employees and union members.
True
Labor Union
is a formal or informal group of workers who
join together to influence the nature of their
employment

2 tier pay
2 tier wage system
Is a type of payroll system in which one group of
workers receives lower wages and/or employee
benefits than another.
Hot Cargo
Is a clause in union contract allowing employees
to refuse to handle or work on goods shipped
from a struck plant or to provide services to an
employer listed on a union unfair list.
3 Objectives of the Employment Relationship
efficiency, equity, and voice
Efficiency
productive use of scarce resources for economic
prosperity
Equity
the provision of fair labor standards for both
material outcomes and personal treatment
Voice
the ability of employees to have meaningful
input into workplace decisions
Pareto Optimality- Economic Definition of
Efficiency
no one can be made better off without making
someone else worse off
Market Failure
something that prevents the invisible hand from
producing efficient outcomes
Collective Bargaining
representatives of the employer and the
employees negotiate the terms and conditions
of employment that will apply to the employees
Union Density
the percentage of workers that are union
members
Neoclassical Economics School
focuses on the economic activity of self-
interested agents, such as firms and workers, in
competitive markets. Supply and demand,
efficiency is the goal. (also known as
mainstream economics)
Human Resource Management School
focuses attention to the inside of a firm, takes
into account the welfare of the employees
Industrial Relations School
the labor problem is believed to stem from an
inequality of bargaining power between
corporations and individual workers. it takes a
group of workers to fight against large
corporations.
Critical Industrial Relations School
traditionally labeled "Marxist industrial
relations", believes the class or ideology that
has the greatest power in society can design
and control institutions to serve their own
interest. capitalism is the exploitation of
employees.
 a form of a social movement in which workers
and unions from multiple workplaces join
together to pursue common interests, most
frequently in the political and social arenas
Unitarist View
conflict is not seen as an inherent or a
permanent feature of the employment
relationship; conflict is seen as a manifest of
poor human resource management policies. Legal Environment
The Human Resource Management School has
this view the set of laws explicitly pertaining to labor
relations

Pluralist View
sees the workplace as characterized by multiple
interest- a plurality on interest. the Industrial
Relations School has this view
Economic Environment
includes the labor market, the market for the
employer's products or services, markets for
other factors of production, and the state of the
overall economy

Class Conflict
conflict is not limited to higher wages or better
benefits; it is a social conflict of unequal power
relations
Concession Bargaining
many unions agreed to wage, benefit, and work
rule concessions(or give backs) to try to save
jobs

Union Wage Premium

unionized workers in the united states are Technical
generally estimated to have wages
approximately 15 percent higher than nonunion context that includes the nature of production,
workers work organization, and technology

Shock Effect Cognition

the presence of a union shocks managers out of the process of information and knowledge
complacency and forces them to develop better
managerial practices and policies that improve
workplace efficiencies including more formal
human resources policies such as training
programs and objectives rather than subjective
selection test Motivation
a drive to do something

Labor Movement
Personality
enduring dispositional quality or stable mental
state
Feelings (affect)
includes three distinct psychological concepts
that vary over time and with experiences-
attitudes, moods, and emotions
Ethical Subjectivism
"morality is a private matter"-moral judgments
are feelings, not facts, so each person is entitled
to his or her own ethical stabdards
Ethical Relativism
"respect the diversity of cultures"- no ethical
theory theory is universal
Ethics of Utility
utilitarianism- focuses on maximizing net social
welfare(utility)
Ethics of Liberty
libertarianism- emphasizes individual freedom
National Labor Union
founded in 1866, only lasted six years but it
established a precedent for the labor
movement by uniting diverse unions into a
single federation- foreshadowing todays AFL-
CIO
Knights of Labor
started as a union in the garment industry and
emphasized secrecy to prevent employers from
breaking it. they were an example of uplift
unionism- they were concerned with the moral
worth of a person
Uplift Unionism
a philosophy in which a union aspires chiefly to
elevate the moral, intellectual, and social life of
the worker
American Federation of LaborAFL)
started from representatives from 25 different
unions in 1886, the first president was Samuel
Gompers, and this was a "union federation" not
a labor union, it was a support organization for
the independent unions
Business Unionism
used by the AFL and emphasizes immediate
improvements in basic employment conditions-
wages, hours, and working conditions. it
accepts capitalism but seeks labors fair share
Craft Unionism
unions were divided along craft lines
Pullman Strike
1894, strike where the owner cut wages and
laid off about 1/4 of the workers and took their
rent out of their checks. Eugene Debs and the
American Railway Union stepped in and
workers refused to deal with Pullman rail cars
Industrial Workers of the WorldIWW) Congress of Industrial OrganizationsCIO)
"wobblies"- was from 1905 to 1925 and was 1938, a union federation of industrial unions to
about trying to unite skilled and unskilled rival AFL federation of craft unions
workers together in unions.

AFL-CIO
Open Shop Movement
formed in 1955 after the two reconciled
a concerted drive by employers and their
employers' associations in the early 1900's to
create and union-free workplaces

PATCO
1981 president Reagan fired the air traffic
Wagner Act or National Labor Relations controllers and hired replacement workers
ActNLRA)
1935, explicit protections for workers trying to
form unions. encouraged unionization, enacted
legal protections for workers and outlawed
company unions Injunctions
court ordered restraints on action to prevent
harm or damage to someone else, became a
powerful anti-union legal weapon in the late
1800s and early 1900s
National Industrial Recovery ActNIRA)
1933, encouraged and emboldened workers to
form unions. contained public works program to
create jobs and a framework to establish
industry codes of fair competition Norris-LaGuardia Act
1932, seeks to protect unionization efforts by
limiting the jurisdiction and authority of the
courts of the US. Forbids courts from issuing
injunctions
Industrial Unionism
seeks to organize all of the workers in a
workplace or industry regardless of their
occupations or their skill levels
Railway Labor Act
1926, primary purpose is to avoid strikes and
other forms of labor management conflict
which disrupt interstate commerce and weaken
Committee for Industrial OrganizationCIO) the economy, airlines were added to act in 1936
1935, Lewis and leaders from seven other
unions formed this to pursue unionization of
the mass manufacturing industries through
industrial unionism
Section 7
the core of the Wagner Act says employees can An informal process of agreement used by EEOC
have right to self organize, to form, join or assist for resolving charges of discrimination
unions, collective bargain
Conciliation

Taft Hartley Act

What is EEOC
1947, also known as the Labor Management
Relations Act, amends the Wagner Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Landrum-Griffin Act What is conciliation?

known as the Labor Management Reporting and involves a third party that establishes the facts,
Disclosure Act, guarantees all union members conducts an inquiry and offers solution.
equal rights

Legal theory that makes employers liable for

Employment Law the abusive acts of employees if the employer
knew or should have known about the
pertains to individual employment rights employees' propensity for such conduct.
Negligent hiring

In a union setting the grievance procedure is a

function of
Money provided to temporarily assist
Conflict resolution employees who are laid off through no fault of
their own
Unemployment compensation

The phases in the Relations process are

Recognition
A union shop clause states that
Negotiation
Workers who take a job in bargaining unit must
Administration join the union within a certain period of time.

A union shop is on where What is the first step that these employees
must take if they no longer wish to be
Membership is required within a specified time represented by their union?
period after being hired
The employees must request a desertification
election.
Which of the following legislation prohibits
mandatory retirement based on age?
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967)
What is OWBPA?
Older Worker's Benefit Protection Act (1990),
age related over 40
What is Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1973)
Discrimination against people with disabilities.
What is Title I of Americans with Disabilities Act
(1990)
Applies to 15 or more employees.
The Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)
was enacted by Congress in
1935
What is Wagner Act (National Labor Relations
Act)?
Provides for certain protections for specific
workers in the private sector in regards to their
ability to establish labor unions.
The Labor Management Relations Act
Provides that employees may not
terminate/discriminate against an employee for
union involvement
The act which prohibits employers with 15 or
more workers from discriminating in
employment, public services & transportation,
public accommodations, and telecom is
Title 1 of the American with Disabilities Act
(1990)
A firm that requires employees who refuse to
join the union to pay equivalent amounts equal
to union dues and fees for the union
representative services is defined as
Agency Shop
The "National Labor Code" includes which of
the following?
The Wagner Act
The Taft-Hartley Act
The Landrum-Griffin Act
Taft-Harley Act
Restricts the activities and power of the labor
unions
Landrum-Griffin Act
Labor unions must file report on where they
spend their money
Contract provisions to aid the union in obtaining
and retaining members are referred to as
union security provision

Which is not mandatory bargaining items
Hot cargo clauses
What is the largest labor union?
National Education Assoc (NEA)
What labor laws amended by NLRA and added
unfair union labor practices
Taft-Hartley Act
A firm that requires employees who refuse to
join the union to pay amounts equal to union
dues and fees for the union's representative
service is known as
Agency shop
The process by which a third party assist
negotiators in their discussions and also suggest
settlement proposal is know as
Mediation
Which is not a type of a strike?
Empathy Strike
Details of an employment agreement are often
spelled out in a formal
employment contract
A firm that requires individuals to join a union
before they can be hired
closed shop
The LMRA was enacted by which of the
following acts?
Taft-Hatley Act
A means by disputes arising form different
intepretations of a labor contract are settled by
a third party
Grievance arbitration
Research has identified three psychological
determinants that influence a person's decision
to join or avoid a union. What are the three
determinants?
Perception of the work environment
Desire to participate
Strong beliefs about the union
When is the NLRB authorized to conduct an
election?
1. When a petition has been filed by an
employee, an individual, a labor organization, or
an employer.
2. When 30% or more eligible employees have
sign authorization cards.
What is a consent election?
An agreement between an employer and the
union to waive the pre-election hearing
What is the very first step in the union
desertification process?
When an employee or group of employees
request a decertification.
Which of the following is an example of an
employee who must join the union as a
condition of employment?
Union Shop
Which is considered illegal: Agency, Union,
Close, Hiring halls.
Closed
What is an example of a union organizer
working within the company that the union
wants to unionize?
Salting
What percent of employees must sign union
representation cards to hold an election?
30%
The NLRB can waive an election based on all
except?
Employees' signatures were obtained through
threatening and coercing.
When an employer allows supervisors to
arbitrarily discipline employees without cause,
it is most directly violating which objective of
the employment relationship?
A. Efficiency.
B. Equity.
C. Voice.
D. None of the above are violated.
B. Equity
The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 protected
unionization by:
A. Limiting the ability of courts to interfere in
union organizing activities.
B. Granting the courts the right to issue
injunctions against employers who interfered
with union organizing activities.
C. Defining unfair labor practices of employers.
D. Creating a Mediation Board to help settle
disputes between labor and management.
A. Limiting the ability of courts to interfere in
union organizing activities.
The crucial feature of collective bargaining is
that management's traditional authority to
unilaterally establish terms and conditions of
employment is replaced by
____________________ negotiations.
A. Equitable
B. Bilateral
C. Competitive
D. None of the above
B. Bilateral
The significance of the Railway Labor Act is that
it:
A. Was declared unconstitutional and was seen
as a major blow to the labor movement.
B. Set the stage for national legislation that
protected workers rights to unionize and
bargain collectively.
C. Was the first major piece of labor legislation
to require collective bargaining in all industries.
D. All of the above.
B. Set the stage for national legislation that
protected workers rights to unionize and
bargain collectively.
Which of the following unions is typically
considered to be an uplift union?
A. Industrial Workers of the World.
B. American Federation of Labor.
C. National Labor Union.
D. Knights of Labor.
D. Knights of Labor
According to the human resources school of
thought, the labor problem stems from:
A. Market failures.
B. An imbalance of bargaining power between
employers and employees.
C. Poor management.
D. Class divisions.
C. Poor management
The CIO formed as a result of:
A. Differences with the AFL over unionization by
industry, rather than by craft.
B. Differences with the AFL over who should
lead the union.
C. A need for broader representation of skilled
craftsworkers.
D. The high concentration of power with the
AFL.
A. Differences with the AFL over unionization by
industry, rather than by craft.
Which of the following outcomes cannot
generally be attributed to unions?
A. Higher income and living standards for
workers.
B. Greater protection for workers against unfair
treatment by employers.
C. Greater flexibility in work rules.
D. Greater emphasis on legislation and social
programs that assist working people.
C. Greater flexibility in work rules.
In a perfectly competitive labor market:
A. Employees can never be paid below a
subsistence level .
B. No one can be made better off without
making someone else worse off.
C. Employers can never make so little profit that
they go out of business.
D. Both employer and workers will make
enough money to survive.
B. No one can be made better off without
making someone else worse off.

The first federation of U.S. labor organizations
representing unions from different occupations
and industries was:
A. The American Federation of Labor.
B. The Congress of Industrial Organizations.
C. The Industrial Workers of the World.
D. The National Labor Union.
D. The National Labor Union.
Most countries base their industrial relations
system on the perspective that:
A. Worker rights should be valued over
employer rights.
B. Employer rights should be valued over
worker rights.
C. There should be balance between worker
and employer rights.
D. Consumer rights should be valued over
worker rights.
C. There should be balance between worker
and employer rights.
Which of the following is not a category of
statutory law?
A. Business law.
B. Labor law.
C. Common law.
D. Employment law.
C. Common law.
Which statement best describes the significance
of the 1842 court case, Commonwealth vs.
Hunt?
A. It legitimized the injunction.
B. It established the conspiracy doctrine.
C. It stated that neither the ends of labor unions
nor the means to achieve those ends were
legal.
D. It declared that unions were not necessarily
unlawful conspiracies.
D. It declared that unions were not necessarily
unlawful conspiracies.
An important activity of the AFL unions was
establishing and maintaining:
A. Job standards through work rules.
B. Union loyalty through secret rituals and
codes.
C. Moral principles through education and
individual reform.
D. Operating rules for local unions.
A. Job standards through work rules.
In 1806, a group of Philadelphia shoemakers
was convicted of ____________________ for
joining together and refusing to work unless
their terms were met.
A. Illegal assembly
B. Tyranny
C. Unpatriotic actions
D. Illegal conspiracy
D. Illegal conspiracy
Which of the following is not a goal of U.S. labor
law?
A. To balance efficiency, equity, and voice.
B. To strike a balance between property rights
and labor rights.
C. To create a peaceful means for settling labor
and employer disputes.
D. To ensure that property and individual rights
are given precedence over labor's rights.
D. To ensure that property and individual rights
are given precedence over labor's rights.
Which of the following is not typically
considered characteristic of the "labor problem"
in the early 1900s:
A. Long work hours of 72 hours per week and
more.
B. Unsafe and unsanitary working conditions.
C. Job insecurity and the constant fear of
unemployment.
D. The high cost of health care and health
insurance.
D. The high cost of health care and health
insurance.
Which of the following was not a primary
function of the American Federation of Labor?
A. Arbiter of disputes between local unions over
jurisdiction.
B. Coordinator of the bargaining and strike
activities of several unions.
C. Direct negotiator with employers over wages,
hours and working conditions.
D. Initiator of new union organizing drives.
C. Direct negotiator with employers over wages,
hours and working conditions.
Regardless of the impact on productivity or
efficiency, it is argued that industrial democracy
is important to the U.S. because:
A. Democracy is often the most efficient means
by which to make decisions.
B. A country cannot truly value the concept of
democracy without supporting democratic
principles in the workplace.
C. In a democratic society, businesses can be an
important training ground in which individuals
learn to express their voice.
D. All of the above
B. A country cannot truly value the concept of
democracy without supporting democratic
principles in the workplace.
The American Federation of Labor believed that
allowing skilled craftsmen to establish and
enforce their own work rules and work
standards would:
A. Promote their dignity of workers.
B. Reinforce their ability to participate in a
democratic society.
C. Maintain high standards of the craft.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
In the mainstream school of thought, unions
are:
A. necessary to correct market imperfections.
B. acceptable as a way to correct market
imperfections.
C. irrelevant in that they have little effect on the
competitiveness of the market.
D. monopolies that restrict market competition.
D. monopolies that restrict market competition.
Which of the following appears to be true about
management and worker views on employee
voice?
A. Managers prefer to negotiate with groups of
employees, in order to get multiple
perspectives at the same time.
B. The majority of workers prefer to negotiate
with management individually over workplace
issues.
C. Workers express a preference for
representation in the workplace that is
independent of management.
D. Managers prefer for employees to have
independent representation in the workplace.
C. Workers express a preference for
representation in the workplace that is
independent of management.
Which of the following best summarizes the
trends in U.S. union density since the 1980s?
A. Decreases in both the private and public
sectors.
B. Increases in both the private and public
sectors.
C. Stable in the private sector and decreases in
the public sector.
D. Increases in the public sector and decreases
in the private sector.
D. Increases in the public sector and decreases
in the private sector.
Conflicts between employers and employees
can best be described as conflicts between:
A. Property rights and individual rights.
B. Consumer rights and privacy rights.
C. Rights of the privileged and rights of the
underprivileged.
D. Economic rights and worker rights.
A. Property rights and individual rights.
According to the industrial relations school, the
best method to increase bargaining power of
workers in their relationships with management
is to:
A. Regulate markets to ensure that they are
competitive.
B. Support the formation of individual labor
unions and collective bargaining.
C. Support the formation of employer and
worker cooperatives.
D. Prosecute and fine employers who mistreat
workers.
B. Support the formation of individual labor
unions and collective bargaining.
Welfare capitalism is characterized by:
A. Worker cooperatives or worker-owned
companies that redistribute wealth in such a
way as to eliminate the need for welfare
programs.
B. Management systems that emphasize orderly
hiring and firing procedures, wage incentives,
protective insurance, positive work culture, and
employee voice.
C. Taxes on the rich which are then
redistributed to unemployed workers.
D. A free trade system which results in a high
concentration of wealth among a very few and
large numbers of people on welfare.
B. Management systems that emphasize orderly
hiring and firing procedures, wage incentives,
protective insurance, positive work culture, and
employee voice.
The significance of the Haymarket Square Riot,
starting with the battle between strikers and
their replacements at McCormick Reaper Works
was:
A. It signaled the decline of unions in the U.S.
B. It was instrumental in turning public opinion
away from employers and toward unions.
C. It resulted in better wages, hours, and
working conditions for McCormick employees.
D. It weakened the Knights of Labor even
though the union had encouraged workers not
to strike.
D. It weakened the Knights of Labor even
though the union had encouraged workers not
to strike.
 D. Pass laws that promote good management
policies.
C. Pass laws that promote competition.
The first permanent union in the U.S. is
attributed to the:
A. textile industry.
B. railroad industry. Which of the following statements is true:
C. shoemakers' industry. A. Common law is a body of laws based on
customs, traditions, and judicial precedent
D. auto industry. rather than on legislative statute.
C. shoemakers' industry. B. Common law and business law are essentially
the same concepts.
C. Labor law and employment law are
essentially the same concepts.
The American Federation of Labor focused its D. Statutory law is a body of laws based on
organizing efforts on: customs, traditions, and legislative statute.
A. Craft workers of all kinds. A. Common law is a body of laws based on
customs, traditions, and judicial precedent
B. Industrial workers . rather than on legislative statute.
C. Workers of all kinds
D. Skilled craft workers.
D. Skilled craft workers. The Wagner Act of 1935 is grounded in which of
the following principle beliefs regarding
conflict?
A. Conflict between management and labor is
unnatural and should be avoided at all costs.
Today the strongest segment of unionization is:
B. Conflict between management and labor is
A. Craft workers. inevitable and collective bargaining between
equal partners is the preferred method for
B. Industrial workers. resolving disputes.
C. Public sector workers. C. Conflict between management and labor is
inevitable because of class and social
D. Militant workers. differences.
C. Public sector workers. D. Collective bargaining should be necessary
only in extreme cases of employer abuse.
B. Conflict between management and labor is
inevitable and collective bargaining between
equal partners is the preferred method for
In the mainstream economic perspective, the resolving disputes.
role of the government is to:
A. Pass laws that protect worker rights and
income.
B. Pass laws that protect employer interests. A yellow dog contract is
C. Pass laws that promote competition. A. A promise by a worker to join a union.
B. A promise by a worker not to join or support
a union.
C. A secondary boycott against an employer
because they have violated a contract.
D. A cease and desist order from the court.
B. A promise by a worker not to join or support
a union.
According to the industrial relations school, the
role of the government and legislation should
be to:
A. Ensure that labor markets are competitive.
B. Stay out of labor markets completely.
C. Ensure that labor and management's relative
power is balanced.
D. Regulate wages, hours and working
conditions to ensure that they are fair to
workers.
C. Ensure that labor and management's relative
power is balanced.
36. News and other media portrayals of unions
and union workers tend to:
A. Reinforce stereotypes of unions made up of
greedy and lazy workers that engage in
frequent and violent strikes.
B. Portray union workers as hard-working, self-
sacrificing employees.
C. Provide a balanced view of workers and the
organizations they work for.
D. Reinforce stereotypes of unions as
champions of "the little guy," looking for social
justice and workplace representation.
A. Reinforce stereotypes of unions made up of
greedy and lazy workers that engage in
frequent and violent strikes.
37. In the critical industrial relations school, the
primary aim of labor unions should be to?
A. Bargain better wages, hours and working
conditions.
B. Improve human resource management
practices.
C. Replace capitalism with socialism.
D. Do nothing; there is no useful role for unions
in the critical industrial relations school.
D. Do nothing; there is no useful role for unions
in the critical industrial relations school.
38. The conditions associated with the "labor
problem" were made possible in part due to a
prevailing management attitude that labor was:
A. A valued resource that should be carefully
managed.
B. An interchangeable and expendable factor of
production.
C. Fully capable of speaking out for itself.
D. Protected by existing labor laws.
B. An interchangeable and expendable factor of
production.
39. Which of the following unions is most
accurately described as a revolutionary union?
A. The American Federation of Labor.
B. The United Auto Workers.
C. The Industrial Workers of the World.
D. The Knights of Labor.
C. The Industrial Workers of the World.
40. Union contracts are:
A. Legally enforceable for both employees and
employers.
B. Largely voluntary agreements that neither
party is required by law to follow.
C. Not allowed by law.
D. Legally enforceable for the employees only.
A. Legally enforceable for both employees and
employers.
41. According to the human resource
management school, equity will be achieved
only:
A. If employer actions are regulated by
employment laws.
B. When workers produce to their maximum
capabilities.
C. If employers become responsive to employee
needs.
D. When market supply and demand are in
balance.
B. When workers produce to their maximum
capabilities.
42. NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel
Corporation is a notable labor relations case
because:
A. It declared the National Industrial Recovery
Act to be unconstitutional.
B. It upheld the constitutionality of the National
Labor Relations Act.
C. It established a test to determine whether an
employer had violated the NLRA.
D. It meant that employers could no longer use
injunctions to stop unionization attempts.
B. It upheld the constitutionality of the National
Labor Relations Act.
43. The first national labor unions began to
develop in the 1850s, due in part to:
A. The advent of the rail industry which made it
easier for union leaders to travel to various
organizing points.
B. Powerful labor leaders.
C. Favorable legislation and courts that were
friendly towards unions.
D. Increasing emphasis on craft development.
A. The advent of the rail industry which made it
easier for union leaders to travel to various
organizing points.
44. Workplace governance under the
mainstream economics model should include:
A. Government intervention that establishes
laws regarding good workplace practices.
B. Government intervention in the form of laws
and rules that protect the rights of individuals
to enter contracts.
C. Government intervention in the form of laws
and rules that protect worker rights to bargain
collectively and establish labor standards.
D. No government involvement.
D. No government involvement.
45. In the 1920's many employers who followed
the human resources school of thought
believed that nonunion representation plans
were:
A. unnecessary if management was exercising
good human resources.
B. a threat to management's decision-making
authority.
C. helpful in promoting mutual respect,
cooperation and loyalty.
D. vital to protecting worker rights and
interests.
C. helpful in promoting mutual respect,
cooperation and loyalty.
46. Compared to other countries, the system of
labor relations in the U.S. is
A. Loosely regulated.
B. Tightly regulated.
C. Similarly regulated.
D. Unfairly regulated.
B. Tightly regulated.
47. In the earliest years of our country's
formation, work was characterized as:
A. Skilled industrial jobs.
B. Craft workers employed by factories and
shop owners.
C. Self-employed farmers, shopkeepers and
craftsman.
D. Unskilled industrial jobs.
C. Self-employed farmers, shopkeepers and
craftsman.
48. From a societal standpoint, the main
purpose of a labor relations system is:
A. To equalize the distribution of income across
society.
B. To ensure public safety, promote worker
voice in politics, and reduce income inequalities
that create a tax burden.
C. To control the actions of employers and
employees so that they are clearly acting in the
best interests of society.
D. To protect the profit maximization goals of
business and ensure competition in the
marketplace.
B. To ensure public safety, promote worker
voice in politics, and reduce income inequalities
that create a tax burden.
49. Which of the following was formed first?
A. Industrial unions.
B. Business unions.
C. National unions.
D. Craft unions.
D. Craft unions.
50. According to the critical industrial relations
perspective, the answer to "the labor problem"
is:
A. New management methods.
B. Union representation.
C. Free market supply and demand.
D. Social unrest and agitation that will lead to
worker control.
D. Social unrest and agitation that will lead to
worker control.
51. Which of the following is not true about the
decline in demand for unions in the U.S.?
A. To some extent, protective legislation
ensuring safety and income security has served
to replace union representation.
B. It can be largely attributed to the fact that
individuals who experience union
representation are unhappy with it and decide
they do not want it.
C. U.S. unions have not put enough money into
union organizing and have therefore not done a
good job of "selling" their services.
D. Employers may be more likely to listen to
their employees and respond to their changing
needs thus reducing employees' need for
outside representation.
B. It can be largely attributed to the fact that
individuals who experience union
representation are unhappy with it and decide
they do not want it.
52. Union density in the United States is
currently estimated at ____________________.
A. over 40 percent
B. about 25 percent
C. 20 percent
D. less than 15 percent
D. less than 15 percent
53. Under the Wagner Act of 1935, an employer
has a legal obligation to do all of the following
except:
A. Bargain with a duly elected representative of
the employees.
B. Make concessions in response to union
demands during a bargaining session.
C. Refrain from punishing employees who ask
for better wages, hours, and working
conditions.
D. Refrain from coercing employees to vote
"no" in a union election.
B. Make concessions in response to union
demands during a bargaining session.
B. Government intervention in the form of laws
and rules that protect the rights of individuals
to enter contracts.
C. Government intervention in the form of laws
and rules that protect worker rights to bargain
collectively and establish labor standards.
D. No government involvement.
C. Government intervention in the form of laws
and rules that protect worker rights to bargain
collectively and establish labor standards.
56. At present, the gap between those
employees who say they want unions and those
that have union representation in the private
sector at their workplace is about:
A. 30%.
B. 50%.
C. 75%.
D. 25%.
A. 30%.

57. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 did all of the

54. When an employer adopts an employee following except:
participation program, such as a workplace
safety committee, it is most directly addressing A. Outlawed the use of secondary boycotts.
which objective of the employment
relationship? B. Required unions to bargain in good faith with
management.
A. Efficiency.
C. Gave states the right to pass right-to-work
B. Equity. laws.
C. Voice. D. Prohibited employers from expressing their
views and opinions on unionization.
D. Exclusive representation.
D. Prohibited employers from expressing their
C. Voice. views and opinions on unionization.

55. Workplace governance under the industrial 58. The Clayton Act of 1914 was significant
relations model should include: because:
A. Government intervention that establishes A. It explicitly exempts labor unions from the
laws regarding good workplace practices. Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
B. It is the first legislation to give labor unions
the right to exist.
C. It outlawed all activities of unions, including
organizing, picketing and striking.
D. It was effective in protecting unions' rights to
picket and strike.
B. It is the first legislation to give labor unions
the right to exist.
59. An injunction is:
A. A court-ordered restraint on action to
prevent harm or damage to someone else.
B. A charge of conspiracy against the
government.
C. The right of an employer to fire any
employee, at any time.
D. A rule that prohibits union organizing.
A. A court-ordered restraint on action to
prevent harm or damage to someone else.
60. The Railway Labor Act of 1926 applies to all
of the following except:
A. Workers in the railway industry.
B. Workers in the airline industry.
D. All of the above are covered under the
Railway Labor Act.
C. Workers in the trucking industry.
1. After 3 years of union representation,
employees at Stellar Snowboard Manufacturing
company decide that they wish to end their
relationship with the union. The employees
must:
A. Stop paying all union dues.
B. File a petition for decertification election.
C. Petition the employer to stop negotiating
with the union.
D. Request that a new union begin negotiating
on their behalf.
B. File a petition for decertification election.
2. Relative bargaining power is closely related
to:
A. The parties' resistance points.
B. Management's strike leverage.
C. The union's strike leverage.
D. The parties' willingness to compromise.
C. The union's strike leverage.
3. Employees who do not have the protection of
the NLRA:
A. Are prohibited by law from joining a union.
B. May strike or picket but could be terminated
for doing so.
C. Are prohibited by law from any collective
action including strikes and pickets.
D. Are allowed to join a union but cannot strike.
B. May strike or picket but could be terminated
for doing so.
4. A person's broad image of unions as either
"good" or "bad" institutions in society are
called:
A. Union instrumentality.
B. General beliefs about unions.
C. Workplace social identity.
D. Utility maximization.
B. General beliefs about unions.

5. On a cold winter day, a group of employees
decides that the temperature in their
manufacturing plant is unbearably cold.
Together, the employees approach their
employer and request that the heat be turned
up. The employer:
A. Must collectively bargain with this group of
employees over the plant temperature.
B. May refuse the employees' request.
C. Must turn up the heat at the request of the
employees.
D. Can fire the employees for insubordination.
B. May refuse the employees' request.
6. The Employee Free Choice Act would address
all of the following except:
A. Insufficient penalties for employers who
violate the NLRA.
B. Attempts to delay first contract settlements.
C. Employee dissatisfaction with union
representation.
D. Attempts to delay representation elections.
C. Employee dissatisfaction with union
representation.
7. 60 days before contract negotiations are set
to begin, the parties provide the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service:
A. Authorization cards.
B. Petition for election.
C. Notice of intent to strike or lockout.
D. Notice of intent to bargain.
D. Notice of intent to bargain.
8. A union acceptance attitude in a
paternalistic/strategic organization is likely to
result in:
A. Participatory management.
B. Adversarial HR management.
C. Union suppression.
D. Union substitution.
A. Participatory management.
9. In negotiations, once both parties have
presented their initial proposals, it is common
for them to start bargaining with the:
A. Hardest issues first.
B. Easiest issues first.
C. Employer's issues first.
D. Union's issues first.
B. Easiest issues first.
10. When the Teamsters Union, which had
traditionally represented truck drivers, and
other employees in the transportation industry,
began to organize police and firefighters, it
could be considered a:
A. A strategic campaign.
B. An illegal campaign.
C. An opportunistic campaign.
D. A decertification campaign.
C. An opportunistic campaign.
11. If a union gathers signed authorization cards
from more than ____________________
percent of the employees, it can ask the
employer to recognize the union as the
bargaining agent of the employees.
A. 15
B. 30 D. The lack of penalties for union violators of
the NLRA.
C. 50
D. 65
C. 50
15. A union organizing tactic in which paid
union organizers attempt to get hired by a
company is known as:
A. Featherbedding.
12. A ____________________ change is when
the employer changes wages, benefits, or other B. Salting.
term and conditions of employment without
bargaining with the union. C. Gissel bargaining order.
A. Multilateral D. Hiring fraud.
B. Unilateral B. Salting.
C. Bilateral
D. Prolateral
B. Unilateral 16. Which of the following is not a form of bad
faith bargaining:
A. Forcing tactics.
B. Direct dealing.
13. In distributive bargaining, each party's
____________________ is often the other C. Surface bargaining.
side's resistance point.
D. Unilateral change.
A. negative settlement range
A. Forcing tactics.
B. BATNA
C. counter offer
D. target settlement
17. Cindy, an employee of Stellar Snowboard
D. target settlement Manufacturing has just signed an authorization
card during a union organizing campaign by
Local 79 of the Teamsters Union. Cindy has
agreed with which of the following statements:
A. "I am requesting the NLRB hold a
14. Which of the following is not a frequently representation election at my employer's place
expressed criticism of the NLRA certification of business."
process?
B. "I authorize Teamsters Local 79 to be my
A. Employers have more access to employees collective bargaining agent in negotiations with
than unions. Stellar Snowboard."
B. The lack of penalties for employer violators C. "I authorize Stellar Snowboard to deduct
of the NLRA. union dues for Teamsters Local 79 from my
paycheck."
C. The length of the election process.
D. "I authorize Teamsters Local 79 to use a
D. The lack of penalties for union violators of portion of my union dues money for the
the NLRA. purpose of political lobbying."
B. "I authorize Teamsters Local 79 to be my
collective bargaining agent in negotiations with
Stellar Snowboard."
18. The process of producing a legally binding,
written contract that specifies wages, benefits,
layoff policies, grievance procedures, etc. is
called:
A. Authorization campaigning.
B. Attitudinal structuring.
C. Direct dealing.
D. Collective bargaining.
D. Collective bargaining.
19. A type of unionism that is well-suited to
individuals that identify more with their
occupation than they do with a particular
company or industry is:
A. Business unionism.
B. Industrial unionism.
C. Craft unionism.
D. Job control unionism.
C. Craft unionism.
20. Arguably, the most important determinant
of a bargaining unit is:
A. Geographical location.
B. Functional integration.
C. Community of interests.
D. Size of the bargaining unit.
C. Community of interests.
22. A local union may represent:
A. Many workers from a single workplace.
B. Workers in a single occupation from several
workplaces.
C. Multiple occupations in multiple workplaces.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
21. A national labor federation is:
A. An association of labor unions that provides
support and leadership to the labor movement.
B. A labor union that represents workers from
across the nation.
C. A social union that focuses exclusively on
legislative and social change.
D. A professional association for labor leaders
from various unions across the country.
A. An association of labor unions that provides
support and leadership to the labor movement.
23. A union is said to have strong strike leverage
when:
A. Conditions are such that a strike would be
costless to the employer.
B. Conditions are such that a strike would be
costly to the employer.
C. The union has taken its members out on
strike.
D. The employer is in a strong bargaining
position forcing the union to strike.
B. Conditions are such that a strike would be
costly to the employer.
24. Election delays usually work in favor of
employers for all of the following reasons
except:
A. The union looks weak and unable to make
progress against the employer.
B. Union supporters may quit or be discharged.
C. The employer gains more time to campaign
against the union.
D. The NLRB may decide that a union election is
not feasible.
D. The NLRB may decide that a union election is
not feasible.
25. The appropriate bargaining unit defines:
A. Which occupations and locations of a
particular employer will be included in the
representation election.
B. Which employees will conduct the
negotiations with the employer.
C. Which bargaining unit gets to vote first in a
representation election.
D. The terms and conditions of employment.
A. Which occupations and locations of a
particular employer will be included in the
representation election.
26. All of the following could be another label
for integrative bargaining except:
A. Win-win bargaining.
B. Mutual gains bargaining.
C. Interest-based bargaining.
D. Traditional bargaining.
D. Traditional bargaining.
27. Which of the following groups typically has
the highest union density rate?
A. African American workers.
B. Hispanic workers.
C. White workers.
D. Asian workers.
A. African American workers.
28. The research shows that employer anti-
union campaigning during an employee attempt
to unionize:
A. Reduces the likelihood that employees will
vote for unions in an NLRB representation
election.
B. Increases the probability that employees will
vote "yes" in the election.
C. Has no effect on the outcome of the election.
D. Improves relationships between the
employees and the employer.
A. Reduces the likelihood that employees will
vote for unions in an NLRB representation
election.
29. The goal of integrative bargaining is:
A. Integrate the needs of the union and the
needs of the employees to get the best deal
possible.
B. Create a positive setting for negotiations.
C. Push the opposing party as close to their
resistance point as possible.
D. Unify the common interests of management
and the employees in a way that makes
everyone better off than before.
D. Unify the common interests of management
and the employees in a way that makes
everyone better off than before.
30. Most of the union organizing, negotiating,
and grievance handling is done by
____________________.
A. the AFL-CIO
B. local and national unions
C. company associations
D. the ICFTU
B. local and national unions D. The Department of Labor.
C. The NLRB

31. As it pertains to bad faith bargaining, direct

dealing occurs when:
34. The AFL-CIO serves a number of purposes
A. An employer goes around the union to for local and national unions including all of the
discuss issues directly with the employees in a following except:
way that undermines the union's ability to
bargain. A. Organizing, negotiating and grievance
handling.
B. A union discusses issues that have been
presented at the bargaining table with the B. Political lobbying.
employees, without the employer's permission.
C. Research of issues related to unions and their
C. The union and employer negotiate directly members.
with each other over wages, hours, and other
conditions of employment. D. Overall coordination and direction of the
union movement.
D. An arbitrator delivers a final and binding
arbitration decision. A. Organizing, negotiating and grievance
handling.
A. An employer goes around the union to
discuss issues directly with the employees in a
way that undermines the union's ability to
bargain.
35. The binders used to create a complete
record of the negotiation, including agendas,
proposals, cost estimates, and supporting
documents is called the:
32. The contract bar doctrine:
A. Arbitration decision.
A. Prohibits an employer from entering into a
collective bargaining agreement with a union. B. Bargaining book.
B. Prohibits a union from entering into any C. Supplementary contract document.
collective bargaining agreement with any
employer. D. Final offer package.
C. Prohibits a decertification election from being B. Bargaining book.
held during the life of an existing contract.
D. Specifies minimum standards that union
contracts must meet to be considered legal.
C. Prohibits a decertification election from being 36. The United Auto Workers represents all
held during the life of an existing contract. workers at a large auto parts manufacturing
company. Included in the bargaining unit are
welders, electricians, factory line workers, and
workers who load and unload stock. This model
of unionism is best described as:
33. In a union organizing campaign and election, A. Business unionism.
the appropriate bargaining unit is defined by:
B. Industrial unionism.
A. The Union.
C. Job control unionism.
B. Management.
D. Craft unionism.
C. The NLRB.
B. Industrial unionism.
40. In negotiating a contract, the terms and
conditions that are considered minimally
acceptable to either side are determined by
the:
37. National and local unions are governed by:
A. Contract zone.
A. Democratic methods in which union
members elect union leaders whose actions are B. BATNA.
constrained by a constitution, by-laws, and
elections. C. Strike zone.
B. Autocratic methods in which a powerful D. Target settlement.
leader issues mandates and orders.
B. BATNA.
C. Paternalistic methods in which benevolent
leaders "care for" their union members.
D. Laissez-faire methods in which union
members are allowed to do whatever they think
is in their best interest.
A. Democratic methods in which union
members elect union leaders whose actions are
constrained by a constitution, by-laws, and
elections.

38. Today most U.S. unions have a membership

that consists of workers:
A. From a single industry.
B. From a single craft or occupation.
C. From diverse occupations or industries.
D. From a particular region of the country.
C. From diverse occupations or industries.

39. Job control unionism, which has dominated

U.S. unions since WWII, is characterized by all of
the following except:
A. Detailed and legalistic union contracts.
B. Informal grievance procedures.
C. Narrowly defined jobs.
D. Low levels of employee input.
B. Informal grievance procedures.