A collection of basic equations known as Maxwell's equations define the interactions

and propagation of electric and magnetic fields in classical electromagnetism. They

were developed in the 19th century by James Clerk Maxwell and are crucial to
comprehending a variety of electromagnetic phenomena, such as the behavior of electric
circuits and the propagation of light.

The four equations that make up Maxwell's equations may be expressed in terms of
vector calculus as follows:

1. Gauss's Law of Electricity: This formula says that the charge density (ρ) at a given
place in space divided by the permittivity (ε0) of free space equals the divergence of the
electric field E at that point.

2. Gauss's Law of Magnetism: According to this equation, there are no magnetic

monopoles—i.e., isolated magnetic charges—because the divergence of the magnetic
field B at any point in space is zero.

3. Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction: This formula explains the process by

which an electric field is induced by a fluctuating magnetic field. The magnetic field B's
negative rate of change with respect to time is equal to the curl of the electric field Eis.

4. Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition: This formula connects the rate of change of
the electric field E with respect to time, the electric current J flowing through the loop,
and the circulation of the magnetic field B around it. In order to account for the
possibility that changing electric fields may also result in magnetic fields, Maxwell
added the last word to Ampère's formula.

The behavior of electric and magnetic fields, as well as how electric charges and
currents affect them, may be summed up in these four equations. They are commonly
expressed in terms of vector calculus in order to provide a succinct and beautiful
description of the connections between these domains. Wide-ranging in scope,
Maxwell's equations provide the groundwork for numerous technical advancements
such as contemporary electronics, radar, and radio transmission, as well as for classical
electromagnetism.