© studocu Allen Physics HandbookPhysics Handbook Downloaded from [Link] For More Visit [Link] [Link] inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh841 @gmailcom)| NV- Physics_HandBook V Units, Dimension, Measurements and Practical Physics Fundamental or base quantities “The quantities which do not depend upon other quantities for their complete definition are known a8 fundamental or base quantities Systems of Units eg quantities acceleration length, mass, time, ete ‘The quantities which can be expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities are known as derived] e.g, Speed (=distance/time), volume, force, pressure, etc Units of physical quani The chosen reference standard of measurement jn multiples of which, a physical quantity is expressed is called the unit of that quantity Physical Quantity = Numerical Value xUnit MKS_[—CGS_|_FPS_| MKSQ_[_MKSA TP eng} Leas] Legit Lenght Lens (mo) fem) (a) tm) bra), TH] Mass] Mass [Mass] Mass] Mase Akg) a) (pound) tka) (kg) TH] Tine] Time] Time —| Time | Time @ 6 9 6 a mm] = =| Charge | Carent (Qh tA) Fundamental Quantities in S.1. System and their units S.N.[ Physical Qty. | Name of Unit | Symbol 1 [Wass Telegram lg 2 [Length meter m 3_[ Time second s 4_| Temperature kelvin K 3 [Luminous inten candela ci 6] Blecttic curent ampere rN 7-_LAmount of substance mole Tal SI Base Quantities and Units Base Quantity ‘SI_Units Name Symbol Definition Length meter The meter is the length of the path waveled by light im vacuum during a time interval of 1/(299, 792, 458} of a second (1983) Mass Kiloara Ks The kilogram is equal to the mass of the Intemational prototype of the kilogram (a. platinum iridium alloy cylinder) kept at International Bureau of Weights and Measures, at Sevres, near Paris, France (1889) Time wecond The second is the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground stale of the cesium-133 atom (1967) Electric Current ampere ‘The ampere is that constant curvent which, i maintained in two straight parallel conductors of inlinile length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors 2 force equal to 2 x 10? Newton per metre of length 1948) Thermodynamic Temperature Telun ‘The Kelvin, isthe traction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water 1967) ‘Amount of Substance The mole is the amount of substance of @ system, which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon. 12. (1971) Tuminous Intensity candela ca The candela is the luminous intensity, in @ given dvection of a source that emits monochromatic radiation 0} frequency 540 x 10° hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian 1979} ——____. 1 Downloaded by nilabh singh (nlabhs @ [Link])Physics HandBook ALLEN Supplementary Units Limitations of dimensional analysis + Radian (rad) - for measurement of plane angle | | In Mechanics the formula for a physical quantity + Steradian (st) - for measurement of solid angle depending on more than three other physical ‘quantities cannot be derived. It can only be checked. paeoaiere aera ‘+ This method can be used only if the dependency is Relation which express physical quantiliesin terms of of mukiplication type, The formulae containing appropriate powers of fundamental units. exponential, trigonometrical and logarithmic —=E—<—X— functions can't be derived using this method ieee tjcimmenaional PAT aia Formulae containing more than one term which are added or subtracted like s = ut +¥% at? also * To check the dimensional correctness of a given can't be derived. physical relation «To derive relationship between different ical * The relation derived from this method gives no To de lationship bet aiferent . information about the dimensionless constants. quantities + Toconver units ofa physical quantity from one | | i dimensdnsate given, physical quantity may not system to another be unique as many physical quantities have the same_ ; _emy(ta fh) dimensions. nue na 2 monte] Gt) + sGgreste Rormatonubethermysical quads isa scalar or a vector where u = MILT! ¢ SIPREFIXES > ‘The magnitudes of physical quantities vary over a wide range. The CGPM recommended standard prefixes for ‘magnitude too large or too small to be expressed more compactly for certain powers of 10. Power of Power of re Prefix | Symbol a Prefix | Symbol PREFIXES To" mm E To dea a USED FOR 10 peta P 107 ent € DIFFERENT 10% tera T 107 ral ™ POWERS oa a 10 Tiere uw OF 10 mesa M 107 ano ilo k 1 pico P ecto i 10% Temto £ deca a 10 ato = Physical quantity Physical quantity Unit ‘Angular acceleration Freqieney Moment of mertia Resistance Self inductance Surface tension ewton/m UNITS ucla 3 Zi OF Magnetic fx Universal gas constant | joule K mo | wpoRTANT Pole strength Dipole moment coulmb-meter | DrveICAL Viscosity poise Stefan constant watt a= K= UANTITIES Reaciance ohm Permitviy of free space fe) [ coulombe7N-mt [2 Specifk hee Wige Permesbiiy offee wee aber/Am Strength of magnetic oa ai newton AT! mi Planck's constant joule-see Astronomical distance Parsee Enopy wk inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsNV- Physics_HandBook Ww DIMENSIONS OF IMPORTANT PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Physical quantity Dimensions Physical quantity Dimensions Momentum MLT Capacitance MALTA Calorie Mit Modulus of rigidity MIST? Tatent heat capacity MoT Magnetic permeability ML TAS Sell inductance MLA Pressure MIT (Coefficient of thermal conduct ML TK _ | Planck constant Mur Power MoT ‘Solar constant MET Impulse MoT Magnetic fac MLT AS Hole mobility in a semi conductor MILT A’ _| Curent density ML TA Bulk modulus of elasticity Mit ‘Young modulus MST Potential eneray Mur Magnetic field intensity ML TA’ Gravitational constant MDT __| Magnetic Induction MAH Light year POF Electric Permitivity MOL Tat Thermal resistance MOL? TK | Hectic Field MUTA Coefficient of viscosity Mbt? Resistance MLT? A® ‘SETS OF QUANTITIES HAVING SAME DIMENSIONS SN. ‘Quantities: Dimensions 1. | Strain, relractive index, relative density, angle, sold angle, phase, distance Sroluitrelaive purmeablity slave Perm angle sf contce’ Resets | ye p74 number, coefficient of friction, mechanical equivalent of heat, electric susceptibility, MPL! Th 2. Mass or inertial mass Meer) SP Momennim and mpi EES 7 —[ inst, fore, weigh tension energy sade wry SP Presta stone Yours modus bal modus shear Toda TOUT aT sigidity, energy densits * ML T TT gulr omentum and Pane constant Tey Acceleration, g and graviatonal eld nena Ly fa —[oatecetenson ree ails energy energy par ni aa) Tore wade tone os | coment r [Patent heat capacty and gravitons potential DELTA TO [Thermal eapaiy. Boman conan. ens LETC] {| 9t[ Work toraue intemal energy, poieiial energy, Knee ergy, moment of Tacs } CUP}. CI APR, Ye UB fd me aT meer 4 Fix Remueney, angubr Tequeneyanguby-wlecn, wlociy wradien veioociy i wee re , i } (ep ROnWES) time (ML T Fe Tvn. PR 7m, Power Mery j E ® 3 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])Physics HandBook SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS “Gravitational constant () COT 10 Ne KEY POINTS, ‘Speed of ight a vacuum EEROE + Trigonometric functions Permeability of vacuum (ash ax ae sind, c0s0, tan@ etc and their Permitoty of vacuo) Tse TE arrangements 0 are dimensionless + Dimensions of differential Planek constant (H 565 x10 ‘Atomie mass ont mT 166% 10 Te Energy equivalent of Tamu HSM ay Electron est ass 4 MeV OT x1 ge OST 4 * Dimensions of integrals cots [22] Tvogadro consiant Na 602 107 ma [fo ]-td Faraday constant a8 x TOC mak Siefan Bolamann constant (o) Bare lo We RT © We can't add or subtract two Wien constant) Zax 1 me physical quantities of different dimensions. Tydberg constant Wy 1097 10m ‘+ Independent quantities may Triple point for water Molar volume of ideal gas (NTP) BsieK Woe [eral am | bbe taken as fundamental ‘quantities in anew systern of units PRACTICAL PHYSICS ) Rules for Counting Signi ant, For a number greater than T + Allnon-zero digits are significant * All zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. Location of decimal does not matter + Ifthe numbe is without decimal part, then the terminal or trailing zeros are not significant. + Trailing zeros in the decimal part are significant igures For a Number Less than 1 “Any zero to the right of anon-zero digits significant. All zeros between decimal point and first non-zero digit are not significant Significant Figures ‘All accurately known digits in measurement plus the first uncertain digit together form significant figure, Ex. 0.108 ->3SF, 40.000 -> SSF, 1.23 x10 > 3SF, 0.0018 > 2SF Significant Digits The product or quotient will be reported as having as many significant digits as the number involved in the operation with the least number of significant digits For example : 0.000170 x 100.40 = 0.017068 Another example : 2.000 x 104 / 6.0 x 10 0.33 x10" Rules for rounding off digits : 1 2, For example : 8.0 800.0 = 2.4 x10? The sum or diference can be no more precbe than theleast precise number nvoled in the mathematical operation. Precision has to do with the number of positions to the RIGHT of the decimal. The more position tothe right ofthe decimal, the more precise the number. So a sum oF difference can have no ‘mote indicated postions to the right ofthe decimal as the number involved in the operation with the LEAST indicated postions tothe right of its deirnal For example : 160.45 + 6.732 = 167.18 falter rounding of) Another example : 45.621 + 4.36.41 = 43.5 {after rounding of If the digit to the right of the last reported digit i less than 5 round it and all digits to its tight off. If the digit to the right of the last reported digit is greater than 5 round it and all digits to its right off and increased the last reported digit by one. If the digit to the right of the last reported digit isa 5 followed by either no other digits or all zeros, round it and all digits to its right off and ifthe las reported digit is odd round up to the next even} digi, Ifthe last reported digit is even then leave i inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsaun Sey Physics HandBook For example if we wish to round off the following number to 3 significant digits: 18.3682 ‘The answer is : 18.4, Another example : Round. off 4.565 to three significant digits. ‘The answer would be 4.56. Rounding off 68769, — 684-46.8, 6.85 96.8, 61568, 665-66, 6957.0 Order of magnitude Power of 10 yequired to represent a quantity 49 = 4.9 x10! = 10! = order of magnitude =1 51=5.1x10! = 10? order of magnitude = 2 0.051 =5.1 x107~ 10°order of magnitude = -1 Errors Whenever an experiment is performed, two kinds ‘of errors can appear in the measured quanti {1) random and (2) systematic errors. 1. Random errors appear randomly because of ‘operator, fluctuations in external conditions and variability of measuring instruments, The effect of Least Count Exror Ifthe instrument has known least count, the absolute errors taken to be equal to the least count unless otherwise stated. absolute error in a measurement Relative error = ie of the measurement JA. Systematic errors: They have a known sign. The systematic enor is removed before beginning calculations, Bench ror ‘eerie ister Propagation of combination of errors Error in Summation and Difference : + (Aa+Ab) Envor in Product and Division ‘A physical quantity X depend upon ¥ & Z as X = Y*Z> then maximum possible fractional error in X. Error in Power of a Quantity 2) (28) -afn(23) (25) The poten eis nt apse the meter and denominator redependent on exch other eg #R= We cannot apply quotient rule X+Y to find the ervorin R. Instead we write the equation 11 1 RK Dillerentiating both as follows aR the ses, we get - E> xt BP xP Least count The smallest vaiue of a physical quantity which can bbe measured accurately with an instruments called the least count of the measuring instrument Vernier Callipers Least count = IMSD ~ 1 VSD (MSE > rain scale dison, VSD > Vener scale ison) adhe, Ex. Avvernier scale has 10 parts, which are equal to 9 parts of main scale having each path equal to 1 9 rm then least count = 1 mm=2 mm = 0.1 mm [9 MSD = 10 VSD ——. Downloaded by nilabh singh (elabn841 @[Link])Physics HandBook Sey Aun Vv. Zero Error Main scale Main scale Main scale 0 1] 0 1 0 1 | . DS. to} fo 310 Vernier scale Veer Seale Vernier Scale without zero error vith positive zero error —_with negative zero exror @ (ii) ‘The zero error is always subtracted from the reading to get the corrected value. Ifthe zero errar is positive, its value is calculated as we take any normal reading. Negative zero error = [Total no. of vsd - sd coinciding] xL.C. Screw Gauge Least count ‘on elu seale ne distance moved by spindle of a screw gauge for each tum of head is Imm. The edge of the humble is Imm aR - 0.01 mm provided with a angular scale carrying 100 equa divisions. The least count = ee Positive Zero Error Fe Is no object between the jaws (i.e. jaws are in piston error Le., +0.002 cn, contact}, the serewgauge should give zero reading. But (ek ie. +0.002 due to extra material on jaws, even ifthereis no object, it gives some excess reading. This excess reading is called Zero error. ‘itclar sate Negative Zero Error (3 division error) ie, -0.003 em 15 10 5 Zero of the circular oe scales blow the Me mroofmain scale 90 Circular scale Main scale’ h © zero ofthe circular referenee line E scale is above the le ‘ era of main scale bs bo ss Main scale reference line This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsSY Physics_HandBook Basic Mathematics used in Physics Binomial Theorem Quadratic Equation) Rools of ax? + bx + e0 are x Sum of roots x, + Product of roots x, 4ac> 0 4ac <0 For real roots, b For imaginary roots, b? log mn = log m + log n =log m-log n 303 ogg 0.4771 log m* = n log m log2 = 0.3010 ‘Arithmetic progression-AP. a, atd, a42d, a+3d, ...a4(n — Ud here d = common difference Sum of n terms S, =F [2a+(n-1}e] né term, a, =a + in - 1d nfa+)) 2 a(n+1}(2n+1) 6 (i) 14248 oo ee Note: () 1424+34445..4n = (Gi) 15428434 nt nln in! nin nlo=1),o nin Din-2) x Heal. If xc then (L+x)'=1 + nx & (1-x) (Componendo and dividendo theorem piq arb B pea & p-qa-b qo then (Geometrical progression GP a, ar, ar, ar’, .... here, r = common ratio BP term, a, = at! Sum of n terms S, = Sum of » terms S, (where fl <1] Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])Physics HandBook MY. ALLEN C ‘TRIGONOMETRY > 2a radian = 360° = 1 vad = 57.3" vempendiclar base perpendicular sno tsemne, | S80" Fmptense | tane~ PARES iy —_base__ wpotenuse hypotenuse a cot = Derpendicular base cosec 0 = Serpendicular on? e sind tend = ¢ 1 1 1 cosecd = ty seed = 35 cott = sin0 4 cos! = 1 1 tan‘0 = sect 1 + cot’? = cosectd Sin(\sB) = sinA\cosB scosAsinB_cos{A+B) = cosAcosB = sinsinB. tan At tanB, fan(A 2B) ~ ens onB sin2A = 2sinAcos onl 3B) tana tan 2A = Bap Rooslt 180 cos2A = costA-sin’A = L-2sin'A = 2cos°A-1 an2A sina = Ssina ~ dsin’o t pet 3 4 cos3a = 4cos'a - 3cosa 2sinAsinB = cos(A-B) — cos(A+B) 2eosAcesB = cosfA-B + costA-B) 2sinAcosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B) 0 a © ea ea ee 360" (0) | ows) | ia) | ows) [nia | ona) | emia) | m6) @r) 1 | a B | a sind a fo ° Z\|z |*' |> |# o | afi 1 1 cos | 1 ais)? |- | ajo fa tano | 0 1 | ]« a of» jo sin(90°+@)=cos® | sin(180°-8)=sin@——_sin(-0)=-sin 0 sin(90°-0)=cos@ 05 (90% 6)=-sin ® | cos(180" cos(-0)= cos £05(90"-0)=sin® tan(90°+6)=-cotd | tan(180%0)=-tano —tan{-4) =-tand tan(90%0)= cot sin(180°+0}=-sind | sin(270°-0)=~cos® sin(270°+6)=-cos® _ sin(360°-6)=-sino } 05(180°+ 0)=—cos | co270*-E)=—sind ——cos(270°+0)=sin@ _cos(360°-6)=cos0 j tan(180°+0)=tan® | tan(270°-8)=cot® —tan(270°+ 6)=—cot@_tan(360"-6) =—tan® i sine law For small 8 j sinBe@ cowl tand-@—snBatand | } cosine law i coat oo i cos8 = AEP cose i E inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN. NY- Phys :s HandBook Differentiation = ———_ Maxima & Minima of a function y=f(x)5 ays im Bat a . ’ ax For maximum value 2=0 & SY & dy + yesinx > Ze cosx « y=cosx > & =—sinx wo. ey & ax w we For minimum value = 0 & £ wyre" oyn ey 9 Bay yt _ & ede A f a varyin, tit , — Average of a vi wantity dy _atiats)), dlats)) ss ay + y= tl900) > FS ak yy ye Pode fee + yeklconstant) 2% = a4 yeKeonstan = 2=0 syed Integration ‘Arbitrary constant, k = constant +f fiide=g60+C © Kaba =) & +f Mebaa = af tec 2 flusvs wide =f utc fue fw + J sinxés = -cosx=€ +f const sine C séx 2 © femat + Slox+piax se Definite integration J fide = Jabal = atb) of ‘Area under the curve y= ff fom x mato a= bis A= | thxiex a Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @gmailcom)Physics HandBook SY. Aun aw FORMULAE FOR Area of a square = (de? DETERMINATION OF ‘Area of rectangle = length xbreadth ‘VOLUME, Aactatindle~ Hane het te Area ofa trapezoid 1 + x distance between paral! sides) x (sum of parallel sides) Area enclosed by acrcle = mr? (f= radius) © Volume of a rectangular Surface area ofa sphere = dre (r= radius) ee ‘ea of paralelogam = base x height length x breadth» height Avea of cared surface of onder ook Where = radius and ¢=length + Volume of a cube = side)* Area of whole surface of ender = 2mr(-+ 4) where = length Area of elipse = nab + Volume of a sphere = 4% (a& bare semi major and semi minor axis respectively) heres 3 Surface area ofa cube = hide (¢= rads) Total surface area of a cone = m+? © Volume of a cylinder = 1% where nré = sr fr? hF = lateral area {r= radius and £ = length) Arclengths = 10 ' + Volume of a cone = 4% ‘Area of sector = <2 (= radius and h = height) R= JA" s BPs 2AB cos Bsino Asino fees TB cond 4 PB A cost Vector subtraction =R=A+(-8) Bsind R= JA'SB-2ABeos0» P= FE IA =B then R=2Asing Addition of More than Two Vectors {Law of Polygon) If some vectors ate represented by sides ofa polygon in same order, then their resultant vector is represented by R-A-B+C+D In apolygon if head of the last vector coincide with the tail the fst vectors in other words vectors are forming closed ppohigon, then their resultant is mull vector. A-B+E+5+8-0 Rectangular component of a 3-D vector a A=AJ+Aj+Ak Angle made with x-axis ‘Angle made with y-axis Ay A Jar APe AE VArr ATA? cosp = This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN ‘Angle made with z-axis AA A JAD AD AE 1 ¢, m,n are called direction cosines Psmtentacostavcos?p cosy ALLAL SAE RPSAPCaTy Sata ae a= (Yar var ear) General Vector in x-y plane ci +yj=r{coséi +singj} EXAMPLES : 1. Construct a vector of magnitude 6 units making an angle of 60° with x-axis rleos60t + sino} = 6(15., 985) - af 38) Sot, F= ost + sin6o~ (25.85) «31 88} 2. Constuet an unit vector making an ange of 135° with x axis 1 Sol f= Meos135% + sn135") = FH 3) Multiplication of a vector by a number wai then magnitude of & is times 121 and direction of § is same as & Scalar product (Dot Product) frowaan Po] AJ+A J+A & B=B,+8,j-Bf then AB-A.B,+A,B,+A.B, and angle between A & B is given by p-AB___ABAHAB,+A.8, ‘AB JAt=A;+A2 (8; =B; +B? ij-0 o AxB=ABsind where a Physics HandBook 9 Component of perpendicular to 4, B velocity Electric fas, = EA =EAcos® where E-relecie field, A» Area Magnetic flux, 4,=BA=BAcos) where -—-B-smagnelic field, A» Area * Potential energy of dipole in where p->dipole moment, uniform field, U = —pE where E> Electric field Torque 7277 wherer—>postion vector F->force + Angularmomentam J.= 3 wherer-» postion seco hear momentum Linear velocity 9 = x7 wherer—> position vector, @ > angular velocity Torque on dipole placed in electric fick! @ =p xE where p— dipole moment, E electric field Tensor : A quantity that has diferent valuesin different directions is called tensor. Example : Moment of Inertia In fecttensors are merely a generalisation of scalars and vectors; a scalar sa zero rank tensor, anda vector isa frstrank tensor. 1+ Bectriccunrentisnot a vectorasit doesnot obey the law of vector akition + Aunitvector has no unit ‘+ Toavector onlya vector of same type can be adie and the resultant isa vector of the same type + _Ascalar ora vector can never be dhided bya vector IMPORTANT NOTES Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])ALLEN Physics HandBook NeY- v KINEMATICS ‘+ Distance and Displacement ‘otal length of path (ACB) covered by the particle, in definite time interval is ‘called distance. Displacement vector or displacement is the minimum distance (AB) and directed from inital position to final postion ‘* Displacement in terms of position vector FromAOAB AF = RoxdtyJtak and jaxityjeak AF =O — Xi 1 Gy —Ul) + be — 20 i Displacement ar + Average velocity Tet, Distance travelled + Average speed eS + For uniform motion Average speed = | average velocity = linsiataneous velocity a pede og) oer ee dag s + Velocity = HN gt yh ek) = ie Bj, Bev te Ve ae at tM) = ata a Me change in velocity, _ Av + Average Acceleration total time taken do ay4 + Acceleration an Bo S(uis ake Important points about fon 0” aoe + tn 1-D motion a= + Disance=Idszacement| and Average ||¢ Graphical integration in Motion speed? laverage velocity! analysis + If distance >Idisplacement| this |] If 2 = ft) immphes , (a) atleast at one point in path, |] a= St far= fath > -v, velocity is zero ee {0} The body must have retarded || > Change in velocity = Area . during the motion between acceleration curve and + Speed increase if acceleration and time axis, from, to ty velocity both are positive or negative AO) G2, both have same sign) an * vega fcfeonnofe | : 16 inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN = Change in position = displacement = _ area between velocity curve and time axis, from 1, ft, If a = fe) : (y=) + Inslanianeous velocity the lope of poston timeaune — [v=5E Eoporant (0-2) point about + Slope of velocitytime curve = instantaneous acceleration (a=) ar Slope of velocity = instant eration (a=) analysis of paiva. + vt curve atea gives displacement [lx fat] © at curve area ghes chinge in velouy [av = fat] Different Differentiation Displacement 7] velocity 7} Acceleration Integration Integration Different Cases vt graph stgraph 1. Uniform motion r g : 2. Uniformiy accelerated motion with u= Oat t= 0 3 3. Uniformly accelerated with uz 0 at i= 0 a“ p mutha tf, t 4. Uniformly avclerated motion with 0 and s =, ro ed 5. Uniformly retarded motion till velocity becomes zero Ne (- |S. ben 6. Uniformly retarded then accelerated in opposite direction ——....___s. 17 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh841 @gmailcom)Physics HandBook NY. Aun v ‘Motion with constant acceleration : Equations of motion [Su displacement in n® second) 8 In scalar form veusat (for one dimensional motion) : v? = ut+2as ‘There is no meaning of motion without reference or observer. fseference s not mentioned then we take the ‘ground. reference of motion. Generaly velocity o dsplacernent of the parte wrt, ground called actual velociy or actual displacement of the body. I we describe the motion of apartice w tt. and object which is. ao moving wrt. ground then velocity of particle wt, ground isis actual velocity (Z,,) andveloiy of partie w rt. moving objec ists relative velocity (VJ and the veloiy of moving object wa. ground)s the reference wlocity (i. ) then ¥, Prasat = Vane Differentiation, ET = ty = constant 5 : EY then 3S, = ¥,yxtime If jg =constant then we can we equation of metion in relative form yy = thy + yt C Seal = Beal + 5 Are a Vout Veet = That “The +2 (Bra “Sr) 18 inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN Relative velocity of Rai the Moving Man ‘A man walking west with velocity 9,,, represented by OA Let ¥, represented by OB as shown in figure. the rain be falling vertically downwards with velocity The relative velocity of rain wrt. man ¥,, wall be represented by diagonal OB of rectangle OBDC. Vg = WE v= By, 00890" = oF re If Gis the angle which 9, makes with the vertical direction then tan ‘Swimming into the River : ‘Arman can swim with velocily @, be, ts the veloaly of man war. sill water I water Is also flowing with f man relative to ground ¥,, velocity J, then velocity +95 Ifthe summing isin the diection of ow of wateror |» if man is crossing the river as shown in the fi along the downstream then, = V+ Vy i.e. and Uy notcollinear then use the vector algebra V4, (assuming v > v,) the + If the swimming is inthe direction opposite flow of water or along the upstream then v,, ——#, For shortest path Note : fv, > v then for minimum drifting sin = then [ton 4 —___. 19 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @gmailcom)ALLEN Physics HandBook Ney v [rein sukciaaind labodyis thrown vertically up with a velocity uin the uniform gravitational fie (neglecting ar resistance) then 6) Maximum height attained H = > (i) Time of ascent = time of descent 2u (i) ‘Total time of fight => (i) Velocity of fall at the point of projection = u (downwards) (0) Gallileo's law of odd numbers : For a freely falling body ratio of successive distance covered in equal time internval' $:8,:S): 8-13 2n-l ‘At any point on iis path the body will have same speed for upward journey ‘and downward journey, If a body thrown upwards crosses a point in time. 1, & t, respectively then height of point h 1 Maximum height H = gat, +t A body is thrown upward, downward & horizontally with same speed takes time t,, t & t, respectively to reach the ground then t, = Jt & height from where the particle was throw is H= C PROJECTILE MOTION Horizontal Motion © Athighest point wee = ua Ox- uta v Time of fight + T u cost ag 2 Horizontal range “Tae. 2utsindcosd _ utsin20 _ 24,4, t R=tucoso)T =2¥'sindcosd _ ui sino _ 2uyty Vertical Motion 8 8 8 i ~ ot where w= w sind; Itis same for 0 and (900) and maximum for 0 = , 45° gt? usinot —3 ge : 2 i Net acceleration = &=a,! +2,j--5 Maximum height H i At any instant ¥, = ucos®,v, = usin’ — gf H 7 1 Velocity of particle at time t o Rogen (u, ~g0] =ucosti + (usine- tii |g Equation of trajectory from horizontal is a, then = (1_-*) xtano(1—%) ox? =xtand- BaNON Bt ano St , BaF cos cost Teoss inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN RY Physics_HandBook (For projectile motion ‘A ody crosses two poinis at same height in time t, and t, the points are at distance x and y from starting point then flxty=R whet Gh=% at, {@) Average velocity from A to B is ucos® t Note : Ifa person can throw a bal to a maximum distance ‘x then the maximum height to which he ‘can throw the ball wall be (x/2) Horizontal projection from some height Ja Time of fight Ja Horizontal range R=uT J Angle of velocity at any instant with horizontal o-ta() Projectile motion on inclined plane- up vt sin'(0-a) JO. Maximum height: H . 2acosa Ja Range on inclined plane (e-a)cose score Jo Max. range: Rose = atangle @ gl sina) b Time of fight by Maximambeight:Hi = 2 htt 2 Range on inclined plane (Projectile motion on inclined plane - down| motion (put a = -a in above) 2u, Tey = Busnes) eos ufsin' (+a) a ~«geosa 2ut cosdsin(@ +a) R=0A a eos" a KEY POINTS, |> A postive acceleration can be associated with a "sowing down’ ofthe body because the ongin and the positive direction of motion are a matter of choice Jt Thext graph fora partde undergoing rectinear motion, cannot be as shown in figure because infinitesimal changes in velocity are physically possible only in infinitesimal ime. J+ In oblique projection ofa projec the speed gradually decreases up to the highest point and then increases ‘because the langential acceleration opposes the motion till the particle reaches the highest point, and then it favours the motion of the particle J+ In free fal, the initial velocity of a body may not be Je Abody can have acceleration even ifitsveloiy is zero atan instant Js Average velocity of a body may be equal to its instantaneous velocity, Jp The trajectory of an object moving under constant acceleration can be straight line or parabola. Jt The path of one projectile as seen from another projectile is a straight line as relative acceleration of one projectile wrt. another projectile is zero, —_—_—_—_— <9» 21 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])Physics HandBook ey ALLEN “v IMPORTANT NOTES 22 —____. This document is avilable fee of charge on © studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labh81 @gmailcom)aun YW. Physics HandBook YW LAWS OF MOTION & FRICTION FORCE ‘A push oF pull that one object exerls on another Forces in nature Tere are four fundamental forces iy nature * Gravitational force + Electromagnetic force * Strong nuclear force + Weak force ‘Types of forces on macroscopic objects ) Field Forces or Range Forces: ‘These are the forces in which contact between two objects is not necessary Ex. ( Gravitational force between two bodies. {il Electrostatic force between two charges. (b) Contact Forces Contact forces exist only as long as the objects are touching each other. Ex. (i) Normal force (i) Frictional force (c) Attachment to Another Body : Tension (T) in a string and spring force (F = kod comes in this group. NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION (or Galileo's law of Inertii Every body continues in its state of rest oF uniform ‘motion ina straight line unless compelled by an external unbalanced force to change that state, Inertia : Inertia is the property of the body due to ‘which body opposes the change of is state. Inertia of a body is measured by mass of the body, Newton's second law ed a | jdm dt am maa {Linear momentum B= mi) For constant mass system f= ma Momentum Tis the product of the mass and velocity ofa body Le, momentum j + SL Unit: kg ms + Dimensions : MLT#] ‘Newton's third law of motion ‘Whenever a parce A exer aforee on another patie B, B smuaneoushy exerts afore on A with the same ‘magnitude in the opposite directon be Bey =-Fyy Spring Force (According to Hooke's law) Tr equilbrium F=kx (k is spring constant) j eceanoan $ . Note : Spring fore is non impulsive in nature [Link] the lower spring is cut, find acceleration of the blocks, immediately after cutting the spring Sol. Initial stretches Xope m3 K On cutting the lower spring, by virtue of non impulsive nature of spring the stretch in upper spring remains same immediately after cutting the spring. Thus, Lower block = Jo 2mg= 2ma->a=9 and Kew the ed mg) Upper block te (822)- me = masa = 25 " Motion of bodies in contact ‘When two bodies of masses m, and m, are Kept on the frictionless surface and a force F isappled on one body, then the force with which one body presses the other atthe point of contact scaled force of contact. These two bodies will move with same acceleration, (i When the force F acts on the body with mass mas shown in figure () : F = (m, + mJa 23 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])jics_ HandBook AL ALLEN wv I the force exerted by m, on m, isf, force of contact) Let, >m, now for mass m,,m, ¢~ then for body m,: (F=f) ='ma wae * formassm,T—m,g=m,a {E}: Figs): FED vepresetaton of acton ad reacten forces net pln {otal mass be pled 2x Productof masses Sumoftwomasses © Reactionatthesuspensionof pulley For body m, + wm, ~ or - Amare {ema action of m,on my: f= Root ta em,) Pulley system Case “tt = ‘A single fixed pulley changes the direction of force For mass my, a ma only and in general, asnimed to be massless and Tema frictionless For mass m,: mg-T= ma ‘SOME CASES OF PULLEY Acceleration onl mg) mm, oe and = mom) im, +m,)° FRAME OF REFERENCE + Inertial frames of reference : A reference frame which is either at rest or in uniform motion along the straight line. Anon-accelerating frame of reference is called an inetial frame of reference Allthe fundamental laws of physics have been formulated in respect of inertial frame of reference. + Non-inertial frame of reference : An accelerating frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame of reference. [Newton's laws of motion are not directly applicable in such frames, before application we must add pseudo force Pseudo force: ‘The force ona body due to acceleration of non-inerial frame is called fictitious or apparent or pseido force and isghenby F <—miy, where & is acceleration of non-inertal frame with respect oan inertal frame aed is mass of the particle or body. The direction of pseudo force must be opposite to the direction of acceleration ofthe non-inertal frame When we draw the free body diagram of a mass, with respect to an inertial frame of reference we apply only the real forces forces which are actually acting on the mass). But when the free body diagram is drawn from a non— inertial frame of reference a pseudo force {in addition to all real forces) has to be applied to make the equation: to’be valid inthis frame also, Dh + Bass = mii (where & is acceleration of object in non inetial reference fame) & F,.,, = md, (where a, is acceleration of non inertial reference frame) 24 This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsaun YW. Physics HandBook Man in a Lift {@ the lift moving with constant velociy v upwards or downwards n this case there isno accelerated mation henceno psd force experienced by observer inside the it So apparent weight W'=Mg-Actual weight (©) If the lift is accelerated upward with constant acceleration a. Then forces acting on the man wert observed inside the lft are (9 Weight W=Mg downward (i) Fictitious force F=Ma downward Soapparentweight W'=WF,=Mg+Ma=Mig+a} (@. Htebitis accelerated dounwaed with acceleration ag “Thenwirt cbsererinsie thei tious force F,=Ma acts upward while weight of man W = Mg always acts dounvard So apparent weight W = W-F,=Mg~ Ma =Mig-a) Special Case : Iacg then W'0 (condition of weightlessness). Thus, ina freely falling lit the man will experience weightlessness. a If lift accelerates downward with acceleration a>g. Then as in Case (c) Apparent weight W’ -M(g-a) is negative, ie., the man will be accelerated upward and wil stay at the ceiling of the hi. FRICTION Friction is the force of two surfacesin contact, or the force of a medium acting on a moving object. (Ge. alr on aircraft) Frictional forces arise due to molecular interactions. In some cases friction acts as a supporting force and in some cases it acts as opposing force ‘¢ Cause of Friction: Friction arises on account. strong atomic or molecular forces ofaltration between the two surfaces atthe point of actual contac. + Types of friction Frietion ——_ State friction Kinete fiction (No relative mation (here i relative motion between objects) ‘between abject) Graph between applied force and force of friction fi Fito force Limit febon ‘Kinet fcion Apne fore F ‘+ Static friction coefficient Glee oct sun, f Se osi sunt (8)yac = N= limiting fection + Kinetic friction coefficient 4 r, Be Ah = CAN) ‘+ Angle of Friction (4) tana = BN Ae THs ‘+ Angle of repose : The maximum angle of an inclined plane for which a block remains stationary on the plane tant —_—_—_—_— <9» 25 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh841 @[Link])Physics HandBook AL ALLEN Dependent Motion of Connected Bodies Method I: Method of constraint equations = a IXDx, = constant => rp-o =y. 18. Forn moving bodies we have x,,X.-%, 12 No. of constraint equations = no. of strings Method I : Method of virtual work : ‘The sum of scalar products of tension forces applied bbyconnectinginks of constantlength and displacement of corresponding contact points equal to zero, Lix-05 L7v-05 D740 We ‘Normal constraint : displacements, velocities & ‘accelerations of both objects shouil be same along C.N. ie vjtan® eg.a,=a,tan@&v, ‘Aeroplanes always fy at low alitudes because according to Newtons law of motion as aeroplane displaces ait & at low altude density of aris high Rockets move by pushing the exhaust gases out 50 they can fly at low & high altitude, Pulling (figure 1) is easier than pushing (figure Il} on ‘rough horizontal surface because normal reaction is less in pling than in pushing a SE Fall While walking on ice, one should take small steps to avoid sipping. This is because smaller step| ‘increases the normal reaction andl that ensure smaller friction IMPORTANT NOTES 26 This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN Physics HandBook CIRCULAR MOTION ion of Circular Motion In vector form velocity When a particle moves in a plane such that distance from a fixed (or moving) point remains | « constant then ts motion is called as Greuar motion with respect to that fixed point. That fixed point is called centre and the distance is called radius of circle path Radius Vector : The vector joining the centre of the circle and the center of the particle performing circular motion is , called radius vector. Ithas constant magnitude and variable direction, Its directed outwards. component of & along (8:0 © Centripetal acceleration K.v=0 & £89 always in same plane. Frequency (a) ofr ord = o'r(-8) No. of revolutions described by particle per sec. is its frequency. Its unit is revolutions per second (rps) ‘or revolutions per minute (rp.m) Time Period (T) Itis time taken by particle to complete one revolution. ally For uniform circular motion = 0 =a, et < ) = | 6 faiscontant, then following equations hold 40~0,-0 Gio,=0, Fat 9 ‘+ Average angular velocity © = 7 (a scalar quantity) 1 (i 0 = ons 5a ‘+ Instantaneous angular velocity (a vector quantity) at Lye (9 0 @t-5at + For uniform angular vlocty © (+o) rn (wy 0 ou + Angulardisplacement Os at > Angular frequency nor f = frequency (vi) + Reston beteenwandy ox! —_—_—_—_— <9» 27 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])Physics HandBook NEV ALLEN ‘Maximum speed of in circular motion : © Onunbankedroad: v,.. = inka + Onbankedroad: Man ES a = fe RS .. Bue F Van = VRETBATO=A) Van Yer Vo ‘where angle of friction = tan components of yy along 9 angle of banking components of yy perpenticular to lw dt {ay is responsible for change of direction Radius of Curvature : oR R, 2R,; Radius of curvature doesn't remains constant Risa property of curves, not ofthe particle (tf a bee follows this path instead of the particle then its radius of curvature will be the same} 28 This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN Physics HandBook Circular motion in vertical plane A. Condition to complete vertical circle u > If w= J5gR then Tension at C is equal to 0 and tension at A is ‘equal to 6mg Velocity at B: vy = y3aR Velocity at C: v, = Jat rom Ato B: T=mgcoso+ 2 From Ato B wgcos + FromBto C: T= 5 —mgcos0 B. Condition for pendulum motion (oscillating condition) us Y2aR (in between Ato B) Velocity can be zero but T never be zero between A & B aiven by T= mgeos0 + C. Condition for leaving path + Rail Lins nN TTT retctonk 4 tition fice Work done by rv mg ='100N Wook done by ston cise hence S= 0 force on Boek A809 WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE, ‘A force varying with position or time is known, as the variable force B ? Teste Tres Jat Calculation of work done from force— displacement graph Total workdone, we Sra ; inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labs = Area of P,P,NM ot -Kinetic energy + Theenergy possessed by a bodyby virtue of sts motion is called kinetic energy, ‘Work energy theorem (W = AKE) Changein kinetic energy = work done by all force roca re Fa Change in potential energy Conservative Forces ‘+ Work done does not depend upon path, + Work done in a round trip is zero, + Central forces, spring forces etc. are conser vative forces + When only a conservative force acts within a system, the kinetic energy and potential energy can change into each other. However, their sum, the mechanical energy of the system, doesn't change. + Work done is completely recoverable. + If F is a conservative force then ¥xF=6 (ie. cuml of F is zero) Non-conservative Forces + Work done depends upon path. + Work done in a round trip is not zero. + Work done against a non-conservative force may bbe dissipated as heat energy. © Work done is not recoverable. aun V¥. Physics HandBook POTENTIAL ENERGY “The energy possessed by a body by virtue of is Fenians einai ne connate fa Pat ny te ais * Toca SS comes @ Potential energy of a body at any position in a conservative force field is defined as the external force in order to shift it from a certain reference + amt netyte na pao deem page ee eee energy of the body is assumed to be zero or the ‘body is assumed to have lost the capacity of doing et € amcadiptetlrorate geet eee au. © If force varies with only one dimension (say along x-axis) then rel ay he > fa =[M=oWy ‘© Potential energy may be positive or negative or Potential energy is positive, if force field is repulsive in nature i} Potential energy is negative, if force field is attractive in nature © If Geparation between body and force centre), UT, force field is attractive or vice-versa © fr, Ud, force field is repulsive in nature, —_—_—_—_— <9» 31 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @gmailcom)Physics HandBook Wy ALLEN NV Potential energy curve and equilibrium “Tis a carve which shows the change in potential energy with poston of parle ——> Stable Equilibrium ier @ parlicle is slightly displaced from ts equilibrium position if it tends to come back towards equilibrium then itis said to be in stable equilibrium. wu Atpoint A: siope [= isnegative so Fis postive au At point C : slope < is positive. so Fis negative |At equilibrium & At point B : it is the point of stable equilibrium, Ug fU int Bs U=U,,,, = 0& SY = positive Atpoint B:U=U,,,, $= 0855 = post Unstable equilibrium “After a particle is sightly displaced from iis equilibrium position, if it tends to move away from equilibrium position then it is said to be in unstable equilibrium, au negative ; At point G : slope <> is negative so Fis positive At point E itis the point of unstable equibrium; au &u lea GeO and Er At point E UU, negative 32 Neutral equilibrium ‘After particles sightly displaced romits equllbmaum position then the equilbrium is said to be neutral “Total mechanical Pinetic + potential) eneray ofa system remains constant if only conservative forces are acting on the system of particles or the work done by al other forces is zero, From work energy theorem W = AKE Proof: For intemal conservative forces W,, = -AU So W=W., 4W., = 0 + W,, =-AU>-AU=AKE = A(KE+U) -0-SKE+U=constant ‘* Spring force F=-lx, Elastic potential energy stored inspring U(x) = Fa + Mass and energy ae equivalent and are related by E Power + Power a scalar quantity with dimension MALT + Slunit of power is J/s ot watt +L horsepower = 746 watt = 550 ft-tb/sec Average power: P, V/t This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN Ph; aw _ Fae Instantaneous power : P = == — at dt fig.(b) Time instantaneous power average power Pep Wes aw teh at ow = BH tana d do gdm For a system of varying mass F = 2(mi)= m7 +0 dm 24 _yedmn Fe then P=Fv=vi IF 3 = constant then a a ue Trput Energy Inrotatory motion, 0 Efficiency Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh841 @[Link]) KEY POINTS ‘A body may gain kinetic energy and potential energy simultaneously because principle ‘of conservation of mechanical energy may not be valid every time. Comets move ‘around the sun in elliptical orbits, ‘The gravitational force on the ‘comet due to sun is not normal to the comet's velocity but the ‘work done by the gravitational force is zero in complete round trip because ‘gravitational force is a conservative force. 33Physics HandBook X7- COLLISIONS & CENTRE OF MASS Centre of mass? ‘CENTRE OF MASS OF SOME Centre ofmass:____________ COMMON OBJECTS ‘Centre of mass of system is the point associated wth the system which have same acceleration as the Position of acceleration of point mass (of same massa that of Bs) Sea etic system) would have under the application of same extemal fore Centre of mass of system of discrete particles | | iajorm Ring Cente of xing Uniform Dise => Cente of disc Mem, +m,+....+m, then Unilorm Red | ea] | Cenlte of rod Solid sphere/ Centre of hollow sphere sphere Centre of mass of continuous distribution of particles Point of intersection Triangular of the medians pane nina ofthe tangle ie. centroid Plane lamina in Point of fhefomefa | DA intersection sy.2arethecoondnatefthe COM otthedinmass, | [fuer ON | | of daonals or parallelogram The centre of mass after removal of a part of abody Original mass (M)~ mass of the removed parm) Hollow/solid Middle point {original mass (M))#{-mass ofthe removed part i} | | cylinder of the ais of [The formula changes to: linder Mo~ma! Mom This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (nlabhs@Physics HandBook ALLEN, Position of| ‘MOTION OF CENTRE OF MASS aoe) ‘Shape of body | centre of For asystem of particles, mass velocity of centre of mass Hal ing Segement of aring ¢ sd Linear momentum ofa system of particles is equal a to the product of mass of the system with velocity ofits centre of mass fom Newton's second law F., = ¢(Mau) ae Hal cise Ye (plate IB, <6 then Mi,= constant If no external force acts on a system the velocity of iscente of mass remains conslan, ie, veloc of centre of mass is unaffected by interna forces Sector of disc (plate) fs Impulse - Momentum theorem > Impulse of a force is equal to the change of momenta Hollow | Fat - a3} hemisphere Force time graph area gives change in omentum Solid Collision of bodies hemisphere ; The event or the process in which two bodies . either coming in contact with each other of due to mutual interaction at stance apart, affect each others motion (velocity, momentum, energy of direction of motion) is defined a a colision In collision Hollow : 2 Ine Hol 3 * The particles come closer before collsion and a- ter collsion they ether stick together or move away fromeach other + Thepartclesneed not come in contact with each , other fora colision Soli cone Ya" +The law of conservation af near momentum is . necessaily applicable ina collision, whereas the law of conservation of mechanical energy is not. —_——_—. 35 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh841 @gmailcom)Physics HandBook Aun RE ancl ‘we dimensional Bee ss Elate Inelastic Perfectly relate neon ae calision Calton “alison + + + + + The [Link] The cllenin which Acollson ed Acalinion ie The cation, in which theperices move cong thepaices move song tobelate if sidtote pales Have no tencancy ‘hemme sraghl ine!" tbevame lane at thetotakncte inom ihe regain He shape scale Ueforeandalterthe ferent angles before ‘energy before total nese ect pens cllsion: celison dined ss ‘andaercolsion,» and afer” energy dacs nat ‘selon, rules ‘one dienionalcolisen. “defind asabique’ _coson remains “""semaiss —"eliston bestmes esta colision. thesame constant ‘her seion Coefficient of restitution (Newton's law) velocity of separation along line of impact _Vs— vs Velocity of approach along line of impact u, =u, Value of eis I for elastic clision, 0 for perfectly inelastic collision and 0 < ¢ < 1 for inelastic eolision. Head on collision . * m z z Q-+-@-"-QO@-—_O-_@ Before cllsion Calton ‘Aer colton Head on elastic collision Linear momentumis conserved mu, +mu,=my,+my, (i) KEis not conserved bul initial KE is equalto final KE 1 Jonut + bmg = dof +4m,vi gral gmat = pmivi + pmavs (ii) Rate of separation = Rate of approach ie e=1 Head on inelastic collision of two particles tthe coefficient of restitution for collision is e (Momermicosened icin mn +E Rete ny srt coved j “oy } (il) According to Newton's law © ==> fi) i {m,-em, ) (! i Bysohingea f)andtiy > vy =[A=8Ma)y, 4/ Eee Elastic Collision (e=1) + Ifthe two bodies are of equal masses: m,=m,=™m, v,—u, andv, =u, Thus, if two bodies of equal masses undergo elastic collision in one dimension, hen after the colision, the bodies will exchange ther velocities. 36 This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN Physics HandBook + Ifthe mass of a body is negligible as compared to other. fm,>>m,and u, =0 then vj =u, v= 2u, when a heavy body A colides against alight body B at rest, the body A should keep on moving with same velocity and the body B will move with velocity double that of A. If vy, =0, vy =u, When light body A collides against a heavy body B at rest, the body A should start moving with same speed just in opposite direction while the body B should practically remains at rest Fm, +m, Oblique Collision Conserving the momentum of system in directions along normal (x axis in our case) and tangential (axis in ur case) mucosa, + m,u,cosa, = m,v,cos, + m,v,cosB, + Loss in kinetic energy in inelastic collision AK (1-e')lu,-u,F Before Alter colton cobsion ‘Since no force i acing on m, and m, along the tangent (i.e. y-axis the individual momentum remains conserved. m,u, sina, = m,¥,sinf, & musing, = m,v,sinB, ‘m,andm, ¥,cosph, =v cosh By using Newton's experimental law along the line of impact ¢ ~ 7 Rocket propulsion dm That free on the Foket= (2°) Velocity of rocket at any instant v=u-gt+v,én| —") exhaust velo =v KEY POINTS + Sum of mass moments about centre of mass is ero. ie. Smif, * A quick collision between two bodies is more violent then slow collision, even when intial and final velocities are equal because the rate of change of momentum determines that the impulsive force small or large + Heavy water is used as moderator in nuclear reactors as energy transfer is maximum if m,= m, + Impulse-momentum theorem is equivalent to Newton's second law of motion. + For a system, conservation of linear momentum is equivalent to Newton's thitd law of motion. —_—_—_—_— <9» 37 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @gmailcom)Physics HandBook Wy ALLEN v ROTATIONAL MOTION Rigid body is defined as a system of particles in which distance between each pair of particles remains constant (with respect to time) that means ti change, during the motion, Eg : Fan, Pen, Table, stone and so on Pure Translational Motion ‘Type of Motion 1 shape and size do not ‘igid body Combined Translational and Rotational Motion Pure Rotational Motion KE Sion of oer The virtue by which a body revolving about an axis ‘opposes the change in rotational motion is known, as moment of inertia, + The moment of inertia of a particles with respect to an axis of rotation is equal to the product of ‘mass of the patticle and square of distance from rotational axis. I= me? = perpendicular distance from axis of rotation + Moment of inertia of system of particle discrete ee axis y Continuous i. body Lem? For Rigid Bodies Moment of inertia of a rigid body about any axis of rotation. 1 Jams? Radius of Gyration (K) Kas no meaning howtos otto, eM Kisa scar quonty Reckscégertin x « [T M Perpendicular axis Theorems : (body ies on the x-y plane) = (Walid only for 2-dimensional body) Parallel axis Theorem :1= |, + Md? halve Ma? lor al type of bodies) Jy moment of inertia about the axis Passing through the centre of mass 38 This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labs j |aun ey. Physics HandBook ' { MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SOME REGULAR BODIES ‘Shape of Position of the axis Figure Momentof | _ Radius of the body lof rotation Inertia() | gyration (K) (i) Crear a) About an axis : perpendiciar othe plane and passes Cpr S MRE R through the centre vie Z B Sl (6) About the diametsc axis fe About an axis tangential to the rim and perpendicular to the plane ofthe ring 2MR? V2R (ea) About an axis tangential to therim andIying in the plane ofting @\CradarDisc —|fa) About an axis 1 Cc > ‘passing through the R 3 ‘MR? — ‘enite and perpendicular M=Mass tothe plane of cise (6) About a diametric MRE axis a 2 Sl (@ Aboutanaxis tangential to the tim andlyingin the plane of thedlisc (f@) Aboutanaxis tangential to the rim perpendicular tothe pane of dsc (3) Annulardisc fa) Aboutan axis passing through the me SS plane of dsc Mini Ri] 2 M=Mass R= Intemal Radius Ry = Outer Radius Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])Physics HandBook Wy. ALLEN v Shape of] Postion of the ais Figs Momentot | — Radusof thebedy __[ofrotation Inertia) | ovation fo) Abouta drneteric axis fa) Aboutitsdiametric axis which passes through its centre Zune 5 (6) About a tangent to the Sphere Zire (8) Hollow fa) About diametric axis ei £) Sphere passing through centre x En {Thin spherical] of mass \ Shell a lobe tenis ball M= Mass fo) Abouta tangent to R= Radius the surface MR* Thickness. negligible 1 @ Hollow [fel About its geometrical MRE R i Cylinder axis which is parallel to = ats length M= Mass fo) About an axis which’ a ae — R= Radius is perpendicular to its MR’ MU Ree Length length and passes + 2 through its centre of J 40 inscoamen sonininteectoweeen Ly studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsALLEN ‘Shape of Position of the axis ‘Figure Moment of the body of rotation Inertia (I) (@) About an axis 2 perpendicular tits wee length and pasing through one end ofthe sinder Soka (a) About is geometrical : R ylnder axis, which is along be z MeMass | islength TH About an axis Sina cad pune te rome trek Mec | [EE centre of mass and perpendicular to its length (8) Thin Rod (a) About an axis: passing through centre J atrmass ana Thickness is perpendicular tits negligible length want Fength Mass = M 1) About an axis Length = L passing through one end and perpendicular to length of the rod {Rectangular |) About an axis passing D Plate through centre of mass ws and perpendicular to ws side bin its plane M=Mass (8) About an axis a a= Length passing through centre xed b= Breadth of mass and 23 perpendiculae to side ainits plane Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh841 @gmailcom) 4lPhysics HandBook Wy ALLEN v Shape of Position of the axis Figure Momentof | Radius of the body of rotation Inertia) | gyration 0K) (9 Aboutanaxis (at +b') passing throught cenie 7 of mass and perpendiaiar to plane (10) Cube About an axis passes Ma? through omte of mass = and perpendiouarto face Mass =M Sea ay ‘About an axis Unifomnthinrod | Passing tuough 4 [=m : bentintoshape of | oenterand « anacofmassm | perpencdartothe y pane containing theare i) ‘Aboutan axis 2 Sector of a Passing through y oe WE uniformdise eenterand ‘ of mas m perpendiadartothe pane containing the sector. C TORQUE Torque about point : ¢-7xF (at ‘of action ~ Magnitude of torque = Force xperpendicular ore, Z astanceofineof aon ‘of force from the axis of \ rte terFsine Ditection of torque can be determined by using right hand thumb rule. ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM a igid body isin rotational equiv under the action of several coplanar forces, the resuitant torque ofallthe forces about any axis perpendicular tothe plane containing the forces must be zero Jn the figure a body is shoum under the action of several externa coplanar forces F,, Fy ..F, and F, xe ere Pis a point in the plane ofthe forces about which we calculate torque of all the extemal forces acting on the body. The flexibility available in selection ofthe point P provides us with advantages that we can select such a point about which torques of several unknown forces wll become zero oF we can make as many number of equations as desited by selecting j | 42 This documents vibe ree of charge on § studocu Downloaded by nilabh singh (labsaun ey. Physics HandBook \ VY severaldffeent poms, The ist sation yes toa sper equation To be sovedand second stuaton though does nok ghe independent equation, which cn be wed todeternine adationa unkeiouns yl maybe used to check the solion. The above condition reveals that abody cannot bein rotational equilbrium under the ation ofa single force unless theline of action passes through the mass center of the body [Link] of particular interest arises where only three coplanar forces are involved and the body sin rotational equilibrium, It ean be shown that if body sin rotational equilibrium under the action of three forces, the lines of action ofthe three forces must be either concurrent or parallel. This condition provides us with a graphical technique to analyze rotational equilibrium. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies ‘Arigid body is sai to be in equilibrium, if its in translational as well as rotational equilibrium both, To analyze such problems conditions for both the equilibriums must be applied. Rotation about fixed axis not passing through mass center In this kind of rotation the axis of rotation remains fixed and does not passes through the mass center Rotation of door isa common example ofthis category. Doors are hinged about their edges; therefore their axis of rotation does not pass through the mass center. In this kind of rotation motion the mass center ‘executes circular motion about the axis of rotation, Inthe figure, free body diagram and kinetic diagram of a body rotating about a fixed axis through point Pis shown. Itis easy to conceive thatas the body rotates its mass center moves on a circular path of radius pyc. The mass center of the body isin translation motion with acceleration on circular path of radius fy. To deal with this kind of motion, we have to make use of both the force and the torque equations ‘Translation of mass center BF = Mic = Ma Fojp— Mop Centroilal Rotation Bie= hei Making use of parale! axis theorem (p= Mire Te) and jp => fegp OF yp ‘we can write the following equation also, Pure Rotation about P| 2-18 ANGULAR MOMENTUM (MOMENT OF LINEAR MOMENTUM) ‘Angular momentum ofa particle about agivenaxisisthe | @ According to Newtons Second Law's for rotatory product ofits linear momentum and perpendicular distance of ine of action af linear momentum vector from the axis al motion ?= = 1a, at of rotation, = FxB ‘© Angular Impulse = Change in angular momentum. © Ifa large torque acts on a body for a small time then, angular impulse= gt Conservation of Angular Momentum Angular momentum of a particle or a system remains constant if ¢ ,, = Oabout that point or axis, of rotation, Magnitude of Angular momentum = Linear momentum x Perpendicular distance of line of action of momentum from the axis of rotation L = mv xr sind Direction of angular momentum can be used by using ight hand thumb rule AL If = Othen “= =O L= constant les = Othen = L L, ole, =Le, —_———_-9 43 Downloaded by nilabh singh (rlabh81 @[Link])