lew Syllabus Mathematics. "8" Edition \ Secondary Dr Yeap Ban Har + Dr Joseph B. W. Yeo + Dr Choy Ban Heng 1 Bp, Teh Keng Seng + Wong Lai Fong « Sharon Lee » Ong Chan HongI cll New Syllabus Mathematics: 8" Edition a ‘Nautilus Shell | Consultant Dr Yeap Ban Hor Consultant and Author ez Br Joseph B. W. Yeo = Authors Dr Choy Ban Heng + Teh Keng Seng, + Sharon Leo Wong Lai Fong, ‘Ong Chan Hong, Myanmat Secondary 1BJHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD 20 Hillview Avenue #05-06107 ‘ewalram Hillview Singapore 669594 Tel: 67601388 Fax: 6762 5684 ail info@shinglee.com.sg step www shinglee.com.sg, a ©SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD All eights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission ofthe Publishers First Published 1982 Reprinted 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 Second Eation 1987 Reprinted 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 “Third Edition 1992 Reprinted 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Fourth Edition 1997 Reprinted 1997, 1999, Fifth Edition 2001 Reprinted 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, Sixth Edition 2007 Reprinted 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, Seventh Ealtion 2013 Reprinted 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Eighth Edition 2020, Reprinted 2020 ISBN 978 981 32 45365 EEE HEE EEEEPH He PELE cee re rr eer eH Pebe ee sere ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We are grateful to Mr‘Tan Teck Hock for designing the interactive geometry templates. ‘mages and inks produced from worw geogebra.org used with permission from GeoGebra “The Geometer's Sketchpad name and images used with permission of Key Curriculum Press, sworwkeycurriculum.com/sketchpad Alllicensed images purchased under standard license agreement with www shutterstock com While every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and obtain permission for material reproduced inthis book, i there has been an oversight, the Publisher willbe grateful to hear from anyone ‘who has not been appropriately acknowledged and to make the corrections in future reprints or editions, ‘of this book. Printed in Singapore | =e ‘mat Inw Vast Stor Rea ser thel Un qu pr tie to int kan w w bw, oPREFACE think! Mathematics is an MOE-approved textbook specially designed to provide students valuable learning experiences by engaging their minds and hearts as they learn mathematics. ‘The features of this textbook series reflect the important shifts towards the development of 21" century competencies and a greater appreciation of mathematics, as articulated in the Singapore mathematics curriculum and other international curricula, Every chapter begins with a Chapter Opener and an Introductory Problem to motivate the development of the key concepts in the topic. The Chapter Opener gives a coherent overview of the big ideas that will frame the study of the topic, while the Introductory Problem positions problem solving at the heart of learning ‘mathematics. Two key considerations guide the development of every chapter ~ seeing mathematics asa tool and as a discipline, Opportunities to engage in Investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time, Journal Writing and Performance “Tasks are woven throughout the textbook to enhance students’ learning experiences, Stories, songs, videos and puzzles serve to arouse interest and pique curiosity. Real-life examples, applications and Problems in Real-World Contexts (PRWC) serve to influence students to appreciate the beauty and usefulness of mathematics in their surroundings. Underpinning the writing of this textbook series is the belief that all students | canlearn and appreciate mathematics. Worked Examples are carefully selected, ‘questions in the Reflection section prompt students to reflect on their learning, and problems are of varying difficulty levels to ensure a high baseline of mastery, and to stretch students with special interest in mathematics. The use of ICT helps students to visualise and manipulate mathematical objects with ease, hence promoting interactivity. Coding opportunities are included to cater to students with coding knowledge. To help students who are new to coding, we have included three sections ‘on Invitation to Code. We hope you will enjoy the subject as we embark on this exciting journey together lo develop important mathematical dispositions that will certainly see you through beyond the examinations, to appreciate mathematics as an important tool in life, and \6 discipline of the mind. PRENCE TTIntroductory Problem provides students with a more Specific motivation to Tearn the topic, using a problem that hhelps develop a concept, or an application problem that students will revisit afte they have gained Chapter Opener ives students an overview of the topic, Ieincludes rationales for learning the chapter 10 arouse students interest and big ideas that connect the concepts within the chapter or with other chapters. Learning Outcomes help students to be aveare of ‘what they are about to study so asto monitor their progress. Recap | revisits relevant prerequisites at the beginning of the chapter or at appropriate junctures 0 that students are ready tolear new knowledge built on their existing schema. ‘Worked Example ‘hows students how to present their working clearly when solving teleted problems, In more challenging worked examples, Pélya's Droblem Solving Model is used to help students earn how to address 2 problem. Practise Now consists of questions thathelp students achieve mastery of procedural sill, Puzzles ae sometimes wed for ‘Consolidation to make practice motivating and fan. ‘Similar and Further Questions follow after Practise Now to help teachers select appropriate questions for students self practice. EY FEATURES Exercise question theee lew Interme Question short an nell more st Advan higher oExercise Explanation Questions ‘questions are classified into thee levels of dficuty- Basic, 'e require students to Intermediateand Advanced. ‘communicate their Questions a the Basic level are usually ‘explanations in writing and shori-ansner items to test basic concepts are spread throughout the textbook. and skills The Intermediate level contains ‘more structured questions, while the “Advanced level involves applications and higher order thinking skills. ‘Open-ended Problems ‘are mathematics problems ‘with more than one correct answer. Solving such problems expose students to real-world problems, Performance Task consists of mini-projects designed to develop research and presentation skills of students, through writing a report and/or giving an oral presentation. Introductory Problem Revisited revisits an application-based Introductory Problem later inthe chapter. Ths is absent ifthe Introductory Problem leads directly to the development of a concept. ‘complements the om Chapter Opener and helps students internalise the big ideas that they have learnt in the chapter. oer entered Sciomcneset ee ecniiiaae Saccaae wae ae SEVFEATURESoe & problems are included at the end of each chapter to ‘extend the learning of students, In most chapters, the frst problem includes ‘guiding questions based on. élya’s Problem Solving Model Gi Ca Teo cont et Hints for Challenge Yourself are provided atthe end ofthe textbook to guide students where necessary. 5 a | Sees Review Exercise atthe end ofeach chapter helps Mnbcrormenenes cat See (Rw) learning. are authentic problems that happenin the real world which are spread throughout the entire textbook. In particular, more structured PRWC are placed in a separate section a the end of Textbook 1B. =e d Revision Exercise Invitation to Code helps students revise and assess ther learning are sections which help students get started on coding. after every few chapters, ‘The free software Flowgorithm (www flowgorithm.org) allows students to lear the basic computational thinking behind coding without the use of complex programming languages. vy atomseee ee Guided investigation provides students the relevant learning experiences to explore and discover important mathematical concepts. It usually takes the Concrete-Pictorial- Abstract (C-P-A) approach to help students construct their knowledge meaningfully. The connections between concrete experiences (manipulative or examples) different pictorial representations and symbolic representations are explicitly made. Some investigations may also involve the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICI). nO Questions are provided to engage students in discussion, with the teacher acting as the facilitator. Class discussions provide students the relevant learning experiences to think and reason mathematically enhance their oral comunication sil, and learn new concepts and sil. ‘Key questions are included at appropriate junctures to provide stadents the relevant earning experiences to think critically on their own bbefore sharing their thoughts with their classmates, Mathematical fallacies are sometimes included to check and test students" understanding, [ge Journal writing provides opportunities for students to rjleton thei learning and to communicate mathematically in writing. It an also be ‘used as formative assessment for the teacher to provide feedback fr ther students. eae et teat i ar etn ad te nm ‘monitor and regulate their own learning. {he reflection questions provided can be generic prompts or specific tothe topics in the section or chapter, to check if students have understood the key ideas. MARGINAL NOTES I This provides additional details ‘Unlike the key feature ‘Recap’ in | “This contains important ‘of the big ides mentioned inthe themaintestisconainsjust- information that students ‘main text. J inctime recall of prerequisite | should know. knowledge that studentshave already earn. I Is includes information cy that This pes tuderis ono Inyteatmeestosetes | shou diferent etd ed reciept Veet = " Examples or Practise Now. Z IY FubAHsudens to search “This contains puzzles, “This provides codingopportnitis| irae foc vale | fascinating facts and interesting | forstudents who know how to ition or itcrstng onlice stories about mathematics as code, Students new o coding can ‘ortheirindependentand fg ——_easichment for students fefer othe section Invitation to ilrected learning, ss Code (Par 1) in Textbook 1A to get started. RARATORS TTCONTENTS 8. Percentage 2 8.2 Percentage change, percentage 15 point and reverse percentage 83 Percentage in real-world 23 contexts Summary 2 Review Exercise 8 3 122 Perimeterand area ofbasic 146 plane figures 123 Perimeter and area of 1st parallelograms 124 Perimeter and area of 158, trapezius Summary 165 Review Exercise 12 166 10.1 Basic geometrical concepts 76 and notations 10.2 Properties of angles formed by 80 {intersecting lines (Recap) 93° Speed 64 40.3 Properties ofangles formed 85 Summary 70 by two parallel lines and Review Exercise 9 a transversal ‘Summary 93 Peo | Eesereaecierene x Polygons and Geo TA Triangles 98 112 Quadsilaterals 106 113. Geometrical constructions of 114 triangles and quadrilaterals 114 Polygons m Summary 136 Review Exercie 11 18 ne ial Revision Fxercie@2 142 14a Frequency table 200 142 Pictogram 201 143° Bargraph 203 Volume and Surface Area Te] 144 Piechart 209 fees 145 Lisegaph a 1341 Conversion of units 170 146 Evaluation of'staistical 218 13.2 Three-dimensional solids 172 representations 133 Volumeand surface area of 174 14.7. Statistical investigation 220 cubes and cuboids sonny) oa 134 Volumeand surface area of 180 Review Exercise bt a prisms 135 Volumeand surface area of 185 | cylinders ) 136 Volume and surface area of 191 composite solids Summary 194 Review Exercise 13 195 fours vm oesCHAPTER 8 Percentage ‘Augustus Caesar, the first Emperor of the Roman Empire, levied a tax of jg (0" 18) on goods sold at auctions. Tis tax was known as cetesima rerum venalium, which literally translates to's hundredth of the value of everything sold’. During the Middle Ages of Europe (5" to 15% century), ‘computations with a denomination of 100 became ubiquitous. By the | 17" century, interest rates were quoted in terms of hundredths. ‘The word ‘percent has its roots in the Latin phrase per centum, ‘which means ‘by the hundred’ ‘In our modern society, percentages are not only widely used. in business to calculate profit, loss and taxation, but are also often used to present statistics in information reports and articles. Shops also use percentages to show discounts during a sale. What are some other uses of percentage? Learning Outcomes What will we learn in this chapter? + What percentage and percentage change are «+ How to use percentages greater than 100% « How to compare two quantities by percentage «+ Why percentage has useful applications in real life, eg. profit and loss discount, Goods and Services Tax, and commission >Mucettesmag [acelsea Fig. 8.1 shows the education attainment levels of Singapore residents aged 25 years and above in 2016. Total 25-39 years 40-54 years 35 years Kover eee ee Below Secondary Post secondary Diploma and University secondary (Non-tertiary) professional qualification Fig. 8.1 (Source: Department of Statistics, Singapore) 1, Can you tell how many residents aged 55 years and over have an education attainment below secondary level? Ifyes, explain how. Ifno, explain why not. Can you tell whether there are more residents aged 40-54 years who have an education attainment below secondary level than those aged 25-39 years? If yes, explain how. Ifno, explain why not. | Since 5.3% 20.4% and 55.5% of residents aged 25-39 years, 40-54 years and 55 years and over respectively | have an education attainment below secondary level, why is the total percentage in the first row of Fig. 8.1 only 29.3062 In this chapter, we are going to learn more about how percentages are calculated in various contexts, so that we can correctly interpret the information presented. [eiceteln ey 4c9 Percentages are used to convey information in everyday life. We often see advertisements or newspaper reports with headlines such as ‘Warehouse Sale at eer rca iil nated 50% off” and ‘Gross Domestic Product is up by 0.5%: from the Latin phrase per centr which means per 50% and 0.5% are examples of percentages. hundred! or ‘out area hun “The symbol, %, is used to represent ‘percent Thus 50% is read as'S0 percent: et qi Percentage ‘GHAPTERS 2 Re [ a a aler ©) 4... Identifying percentages used in daily life rene Tang Te EFAS) eesti aii Bee tobe sweeter and le Bice (i Discuss with your classmates how to NEES rss lerpret the various percentages found in the advertisement. (ii) Does ‘up to 75% of the world’s supply of grapefruit’ mean that Florida produces 75% of the world’s supply of grapefruit? (ili) Can a percentage be greater than 100%? Consider the phrase ‘one grapefruit delivers 160% of our recommended daily intake of vitamin C’ in the advertisement. What does it mean? A. Percentage, fraction and decimal In primary school, we have learnt that x percent is defined as x parts per hundred, ie. ‘Therefore, a percentage can be expressed as a fraction, or a decimal, and vice versa. For example, 2 7156 = 2 0.72 =072 x 100% ao =72% “35 \iiiaistaboumas) 1. Express each of the following percentages as a fraction and as a decimal. (a) 76% (b) 9% 2. Express each of the following fractions or decimals as a percentage. 13 @ 3 @) 025 CHAPTERS 3Conversion involving non-integer percentages isis (a) Express each ofthe following percentages asa fraction and as adecimal. @ 43% (i) 22.5% () Express each ofthe following as a percentage 3 i) 0.769 “Solution @ @ 43% Equivalence For (a)(i), we could also have 7 converted 2; to 00467 directly 29 = i 43% 4 Since 45% = 725 od ime toyed = 4.67 + 100 (to 3 s.£) aaa Pee = 0.0467 a =] 225 (i) 22.5% = 23 = a (0) Lewenon-eac = 25 ace of 25 and 10001825 answers caret io 3 1000 Sinan figures, a “unless the question: “20 states otherwise. _ 2S 22.5% Too = 0.225 ay 3 ane % mw > since 100% on : tnsver os BI = 855% oa) (ii) 0.769 = 0.769 x 100% = 76.9% aeSeau eg easel nee (@) 932% (b) 14.7% eee 2. Express each of the following asa percentage. ae @ 4 (b) 05432 B. Percentages greater than 100% and percentages less than 1% A percentage can be greater than 100%, For example, from the Class Discussion on page 3, 160%, read as ‘one hundred and sixty percent, means +59 or 1.6 A percentage can also be les than 1%, eg. 0.5%. 4 ‘CHAPTERS PerceanageExpressing percentages greater than 100% or less than 1% as decimals Worked cei Express each of the following percentages as a decimal. 7 . (a) 238.7% (b) 0.5% v3 "Solution os f = (b) 0.5% = (a) 238.7% is different from 100; 238.7. = 0,005 Percentages greater than 109% are equal o decimals greater than 1, or mixed humbers. a mixed number and as a decimal. (b) 0.5% is different from. ie ny ‘Percentages smaller than aeemer (a) 318% () 407% Pearce oe © om (@ 0.066% lesan 01 or acens lessthan 55 2. Express each of the following numbers as a percentage. =n 00 @ aot (b) 5.468 17 (© 0.0016 ® a5 ‘We can change any fraction or decimal into a percentage by multiplying it by 100%: 2 210%, 4 But we cannot multiply it by 100: PePxt00. a4 Explain why this is so. C. Percentage of a quantity In primary school, we have learnt how to express a part of a whole as a percentage and vice versa. Let us look at some examples of how such percentages are used in real life. (er Eola Interpreting percentages used in real Part 1 ‘Vable 8.1 shows the shooting accuracy of the top 5 soccer players during the FIFA World Cup 2014 after the teams hhad reached the quarter-final stage. Percentage ‘CHAPTERS 5ee i ee LIEn EEE Giovani dos Santos Mexico 100.0% Arjen Robben Netherlands 88.9% James Rodriguez Colombia 875% ‘Ahmed Musa Nigeria 83.4% Neymar Brazil 81.9% Table 8.1 (Source: Mal Onlin, 2fuly 2014) (a) Let xbe the total number of shots attempted by Neymar. How many goals did he score? Give your answer as a decimal in terms of x. (b) The shooting accuracy of Giovani dos Santos was 100.0%, which is greater than that of Neymar. Can we conclude that Giovani dos Santos had scored more goals than Neymar in the FIFA World Cup 2014? Explain your answer. Part 2 ‘Table 8.2 shows the results of the 2020 parliamentary election of a particular country. ABC New Town, B 112,677 69.33, (79071) Q 49,851 30.67 ‘After reading the above, Joyce was very puzzled and asked, “ABC New Town had 179 071 electors in the year 2020, and Party P won by obtaining 69.33% of the votes. But 69.33% of 179 071 is not equal to 112 677. Is there an error?” (a) Explain to Joyce how the percentage 69.33% was derived. (b) What percentage of the electors had made valid votes? From the above Class discussion, we see that a percentage is a proportion in relation toa whole. Thus, x% of quantity A may not be equal to x% of quantity B. TiS oa acto edn In general, a percentage helps us to visualise how a given quantity is divided relation to percentage refers to proportionally a part-whole ratio. Recall that ‘we earat about ratio in primary School Finding percentage of quantity ‘A class has 40 students of which 15 are boys and the rest are girls. (a) 1f 259 of the class wear spectacles, find the number of students who do not wear spectacles. (b) 1f 60% of the girls have long hair, find the number of girls with Jong hair. CHAPTERS Percentage a"Solution (a) Method 1: ‘Number of students who wear spectacles Proportionality = 25% of 40 Proportionality is the relation Fe ; between 2 quantes that = x40 express 25% as a fraction allow a pir of quantities tobe 100 Obtained from another pale =10 Dbpmulphying withthe same flo Soin Worked Example Number of students who do not wear spectacles ee ee 0-10 cea : TE100% rates o 40, then 25% (G00% =) relates 1040-4, oi ie. 10, Wehave inthis case tulip the pair of 1008 and Percentage of students who do not wear spectacles ‘ory! 100% — 25% cs 5% ‘Number of students who do not wear spectacles = 75% of 40 cers ie eerste = = Bx express 75% as a fraction APRA ob you peat =30 wae (b) Number of girls in the class 0-15 5 ‘Number of girls with long hair = 60% of 25 60. 1% as a fraction = ws express 60% as a fract =15 1. There are 50 cards in a set, 18 cards ae ed while the rst are blue esses (a) 1£30% of the cards have a number printed on them, find the number of cards that do not have a number printed. (b)_1f75% of the blue cards are laminated, find the number of blue cards that are not laminated. 2. Find the value of each ofthe following. (a) 2.5% of 30cm () 153% of 640 kg (©) 2500% of $4.60 Explaining why percentage of quantity is incorrect Bernard was asked to find the value of 250% of $100 and his answer was $25. ithout performing any calculations, explain to Bernard why his answer is incorrect. “Solution Since 100% = 1, then 100% of $100 = $100. + 250% of $100 must be greater than $100, so $25 is incorrect, ‘Weiming was asked to find the value of 3.6% of 1000 kg and his answer was 3600 kg. ithout performing any calculations, explain to Weiming why his answer incorrect. Peceag CHAPTERS a,=a D. Expressing one quantity as a percentage of another quantity ee Expressing two quantities in equivalent forms tam 1. ‘There are 15 boys and 25 girls in a class. (a) (i) Express the number of boys as a percentage of the number of girls. | Required percentage =| (fraction) x 100% =| % } ‘There are” 9% as many boys as girls in the class. ‘The following statements are equivalent to the above statement: + The number of boys is | /% of the number of girls. + The number of boys is” (fraction) of the number of girls. (ii) Ifyou were to express the number of girls as a percentage of the number of boys, guess what this percentage will be. (ii) Now, express the number of girls as a percentage of that of boys. Required percentage =| (fraction) x 100% =| % “There are |//7)}% as many girls as boys in the class. ‘The following statements are equivalent to the above statement: «The number of girlsis | % of the number of boys. + The number ofgirlsis (fraction) of the number of boys. (iv) Is your answer to part (ii) correct? If yes, explain to your classmate how you obtained that answer. If no, explain to your classmate what your misconception was. (b) Given that A and B represent the number of boys and girls in the class respectively, complete Table 8.3. Equivalence Equivalence expresses the ‘equality’ of two mathematical ‘objects (in tis cae, the ee) relationship between A and B). ‘This can be represented in diferent forms: in words, percentage fraction, dec 2, Yao Ming isa retired Chinese professional basketball player who played for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). In his final season, he was the tallest active player in the NBA, standing at 2.29 m. Table 8.3, ‘Table 8.3 shows that the relationship between A and B can be expressed in various equivalent forms. (a) (i) Express your height as a fraction of Yao Ming's height. }) Express your height to Yao Ming's height as a ratio. (iii) Express your height as a percentage of Yao Ming's height. (b) In part (a), your height has been expressed as a proportion of Yao Ming’ height in three different but equivalent forms - fraction, ratio and percentage. Discuss which is the most useful form to compare your height with Yao Ming’. (©) Express Yao Ming’s height asa percentage of your height. Based on this percentage, can you visualise how much taller Yao Mi is compared to you? 8 ‘CHAPTERS From withFrom the Class Discussion on page 8, we observe that we can use percentage to gauge how large/small a quantity is with respect to another quantity. For example, if your height is about 70% of Yao Ming's height, it means that you are Ne Bue 5 re) Peay 6 a is about 7 as tall as him. if rear same unit. Expressing one quantity as a percentage of the whole ‘There are 90 teachers in a school, of which 40 are male. Calculate the percentage of (male teachers, (Gi) female teachers, in the school. *Solution (i) Percentage of male teachers in the school = Bx 100% 4 = 443% (ii) Method 1 Percentage of female teachers inthe school = 100%- 44% 5 = 553% Method 2 Number of female teachers in the school = 90 ~ 40 =50 Percentage of female teachers in the school = 2 x100% e ‘Which method do you prefer? = 552% Why 3 Ina school, there are 450 boys and 750 girls. Calculate the percentage of (boys, (i) girls, in the school. Expressing one quantity as a percentage of another quantity Ali is 12 years old and his sister is 20 years old. Express (i Als age as a percentage of his sister's age, (i) All’s sister's age as a percentage of his age. “Solution (i) Al's age as a percentage of his sister’ age (D Since Alisage asa . percentage of his sisters = Allsage 100% age i 60%, we say that Gister’s age 2 Alls ages 60% of his _2 Sister age oF = Bx1o0% + As agets 40% = 60% CHAPTERS(ii) Method 1: Allis sister's age as a percentage of his age - | 2, = 1665% Method 2: From part (i), Ali age = 60% x sister’ age 60, . =D x sister's age 100 cee 00 Then sisters age = 10? x Ali age Ea - Alis sister's age as a percentage of his age _— = 2 400, does it mean that School A had a higher proportion (or percentage) of students who participated in the walkathon compared to School B? Worked Example 8 shows how a comparison can be done. Comparing two quantities by percentage School A had 600 out of 1600 students who participated. School B had 400 out of 1000 students who participated. Fy Which schoo! had a higher proportion of students who participated inthe walkathon? rc] eee “Solution Percentage of School A's students who participated =. 00. Very often, we cannot simply compare the numerical values of two quantities, Percentage of School B's students who participated eee 400 fe different. 7 7000710% In this case, the bases are each Sage soa numberof sents | -s. School B had a higher proportion of students who participated" in the walkathon. UGNoMm §=©— ‘There were 30 000 people in Village A and 4000 people attended its New Year party. reps “There were 25 000 people in Village B and 3500 people attended its New Year party. Reine Which village had a higher proportion of people who attended its party? abst Justify your answer with calculations. Povo CHAPTERS yyComparing data using percentages ‘Yi Hao showed his friend his mathematics test results: . Non euie 1 25 iB 2 50 35. 3 40. |e} His friend commented, “You obtained the best result in Test (i) Explain why his friend thought that Yi Hao obtained the best result in Test (ii) Do you agree with his friend? Justify your reason with calculations. "Solution (i) His friend thought that Yi Hao obtained the best result in ‘Test 2 because Yi Hao obtained the highest mark for Test 2. (a) Percentage of marks obtained in Test 1 = 38%100% =72% Percentage of marks obtained in Test 2= 22100% = 70% Percentage of marks obtained in Test 3 = 23% 100% = 62.5% Since the percentage of marks obtained in Test 1 is the highest, then Yi Hao obtained the best result in Test 1. .¢. [do not agree with his friend. Ee “The following table shows the amount of sugar found in each type of berry. Blueberry | Raspberry | 19 Strawberry Cheryl's doctor advises her to reduce her sugar intake. “Advise Cheryl which of the four berries has the lowest sugar content, LiTing Explain if you will accept Li Ting’s proposal. iy oom Percentage1. What do [ already know about percentage that could guide my learning in this section? 2. What are the ways in which I can compare two quantities? IN Exercise Express each of the following percentages as a @ Find the value of each of the following. fraction and as a decimal. (a) 0.8% of 4.5m | (@) 47% (b) 64% () 1113 % of 24 kg @ Express each of the following as a percentage. (©) 312.5% of $70 @ 4 (b) 038 @ ¥ i H00 was asked to find the value of 7.5% of | 10.000 m and his answer was 75 000 m. | Express each ofthe following percentages asa Without performing any calculations, explain to | fraction and asa decimal. Yi Hao why his answer is incorrect. 1 () 53% Oe @ Sucrose is a compound produced naturally in plants, | | from which table sugar is refined. It has the formula | | @ 9155 each ofthe folowing a percentage C,,H,,0,,, which means it is made up of 12 carbon, (@ 2 (b) 0.76 atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms. Find the percentage of hydrogen atoms in the Express each ofthe following percentages asa compound. fraction/mixed number and as a decimal. (e) 159% () 8132% (€) 03% (a) 0OMK ® Foreach of te fotowing, express the ist quantity 5 as a percentage of the second quantity. (a) 45 minutes, | hour (b) 25 seconds, 3.5 minutes Express each ofthe following numbers as a percentage. a 41 (€)_ year, 4 months (a) 813 () 9.124 (©) 0.0023 @ aq td) ismmim () 35cm, 5m There are 120 cars in a multi-storey car park. Given (1g, 800 g that 30% of them are blue, find the number of cars (@) 60", 360° ich are not blue (h) 63 cents, $2.10 ‘A.company has 12 000 employees. During a e@ Weiming earns $1600 per month while Albert earns downsizing exercise, 2.5% of them were retrenched, $6800 per month. In 2018, Weiming donated a total 590,75% of them had a pay cut and the rest were of $1200 to charitable organisations while Albert unaffected. Find the number of employees who donated a total of $4500 to charitable organisations. were unaffected by the downsizing. Who donated a higher percentage of his annual. income to charitable organisations? > cINPTRs 3Exercise tT : ‘A class has 40 students, of which 25% are boys. Given that 70% of the boys passed a mathematics x aa test, calculate the number of boys who passed the test. BI Ba A c 29 [ al (15, 15 x% of 330 oF 330% of x greater in value? Explain Rta pling ete Gatien jacaiy ome "the eerie answer with calculations clearly shown. An sale (16, Kumar's monthly salary is $1850. In a particular @Q heaven of Towns Aand Bae 5 kn and 24 kn? th, he ent 20.5% of his salary on room rental, -" ts we reer aan) i respectively. The space reserved for greenery in $650 on food ead $940 on other expentes: Express ‘Town A is half that in Town B, and the space the amount that he overspent as a percentage of reserved for greenery in Town B is 25%. Find the ey Sa, Ee a ana corre etcentage of space in Town A that is reserved for 2 decimal places. ne eS (17, There are 600 pages ina novel. Imran reads 150 99 be id 1 girl are in a lecture theatre. How pupsoftbenovelonFadayand0m ofthe) 9besand I garcina lecture hee Hoy an remaining pages on Sunday. Express the number of ene Serene pages that remains to be read as a percentage ofthe is , total eumnber of pages in. the narcl @ As partof their project, Nadia and Raju conducted a Hl survey on 10% of the number of students in Class A ‘The imum number of marks attainable at a (8 The maximum a and on 70% of the number of students in Class B. oO ‘Mathematics competition is 60. Cheryl obtains ie linstia ui eer iaset onal aa aE 4 40 marks, Devi obtains 46 marks and Vani obtains total tusnber of tudent Hy aot ot iw 49 marks. The examination board decides that a a ea ee those who score 80% and above will get a gold mariana sa Sakis ac 4 award, those who score 70% to less than 80% will, a ee ase tose get a silver award and those who score 60% to less, (b) | Raju, however, said that“), Le. 40%, than 70% will get a bronze award. Determine the of the total number of students in the two type of award each girl gets. classes had done the survey. Is he correct? Explain your answer. “The height ofa father is 50% more than that of his, son. By how many percent is the height of the son @ In 2018, Joyce donated 10% of her annual income less than that of his father? to charity, In 2019, she donated 12% of her annual income to Bernard, Li Ting and Shufen received $50, $60 and charity. $90 respectively. When Joyce was commended for being “more (i) Find the percentage of the sum of money that charitable in 2019", she said, “I am not more Li Ting received. charitable because T donated the same amount in (ii) Shufen told Bernard, “My share is 180% of 2018 and in 2019" yours” (i) Explain how Joyce's statement could be true. Explain if you agree with Shufen’s statement. 2 (ii) Given that Joyce’s annual income in both years ‘was each between $30 000 and $40 000, Siti wants to hire a secretary. She gives a typing suggest a possible amount for her annual test to the three applicants who apply for the job. income for each year. The following table shows the results. 140 eee PercentNW =2-Vaet slab r=) =4-M ol eVy-<- Wal oY-1keI) }¢oM Le) Lael AY} reverse percentage ® A. Percentage change ‘The change in the value of an item can be expressed as a percentage increase or decrease in the original value. ‘An increase of 5% in the salary of a man who earns $1600 per month means that for every $100 of the original salary, there is an increase of $5, ie. each $100 in the original salary becomes $105 in the new salary. Peed = cee fa ‘We ean also say that the new New salary = 105 x original salary salary is 1058 ofthe original 100 salary. ‘Alternatively, increase in salary = y*s1600 = $80 ‘new salary = $1600 + $80 = $1680 ‘On the other hand, a decrease of 5% in his salary means that for every $100 of the vriginal salary, there is a decrease of $5, {.e, each $100 in the original salary becomes $95 in the new salary. _ _newsalary _ 95. © original salary ~ 100 ‘We can also say that the new New salary = 25. x original salary ser nok tt 95, : F* 51600 = $1520 ‘Alternatively, decrease in salary: 7e5*s1600 CHAPTERS 4g,Problem involving simple percentage change ‘The resident population in Singapore is made up of citizens and permanent residents. “The citizen population was 3.41 million in 2016 and it increased by 0.9% in 2017. ‘Together with the permanent resident population, the resident population increased from 3.93 million in 2016 to 3.97 million in 2017. (i) Calculate the citizen population in Singapore in 2017, (ii) Calculate the percentage increase in the resident population in Singapore from 2016 to 2017. “Solution (i) Since the citizen population in Singapore increased by (0.9% in 2017, its citizen population in 2017 was 100.9% ‘The original value before any of that in 2016. change is abrays taken 2s 100%, citizen population in Singapore in 2017 inal percentage x original value 100.9% x 3.41 million (ii) Percentage increase in resident population in Singapore from 2016 to 2017 increase = —ineeas 100% original value GEREN 1. vasannoonetinthe017 udgpeech in Pane, ET Cabsuds fo abienee sila that water prices would increase for the first time in Deepeee ke lias 17 years. From | July 2017, the cost for households using —_jnetre in mathematics, CaM 0 to 40 CuM of water per month would be increased from used in the real wold in some $2.10 per CuM to $2.39 per CuM. ‘aves, ibe titty bills ‘To discourage water wastage, the cost for households that ‘use more than 40 CuM of water would be increased by 22.9% from $2.61 per CuM. (i) Calculate the cost per CuM in late 2017 for households using more than 40 CuM of ‘water, to the nearest cent. (i) Calculate the percentage increase in the cost per CuM from early to late 2017 for households using 0 to 40 CuM of water. 2. The total births in Singapore fell to 41 251 in 2016 after a year of record high births of 42 185 in 2015, which experts attributed to the SG50 effect. It continued to fall by 4% in 2017. () Calculate the total births in Singapore in 2017. (ii) Calculate the percentage decrease in the total births in Singapore from 2015 to 2016. ‘Why is it possible to have a 110% increase in the cost of an item but not a 110% decrease in its cost? 16 errs PerceaageMore complicated problem involving percentage change ‘The total cost of making a piece of furniture consists of the cost of wood at $300, the cost of paint at $200 and wages at $200. If the costs of wood and paint are increased by 12% and 7% respectively, while wages are decreased by 10%, calculate the percentage increase or decrease in the cost of the furniture. Worked ene af "Solution Wood $300 _ sae 70% 8300 = $336 107. 00 +% Top* 8200 = $214 swf nm 1008200 80 $700 [ $730 Percentage increase in the cost of the furniture = wae 100% $730-$700. "$700 = Sh x100% 100% = 42% ‘The monthly cost of running a small business consists of retail space rental at $2400, wages at $1800 and utilities at $480. Ifthe retail space rental and wages are decreased by 5% and 6% respectively, while utilities are increased by 7%, find the percentage increase or decrease in the monthly cost of running the business. Can we add percentages or take average of percentages? |. In Worked Example 11, explain why we cannot find the change in the cost of the furniture using: 12% + 7% + (-10%) = 9%. {Vi Hao was earning a monthly salary of $x-in 2017. In 2018, is salary was increased by 10%. However, in 2019, due to the financial situation of his company, his salary was decreased by 10%. {sit correct to say that his monthly salary in 2019 was $x? Explain your answer. |The percentage passes in a Mathematics examination for two Secondary One classes are 80% and 60%. ‘The number of students in each class is 35 and 40 respectively. (i). Find the average ofthe percentage pass by dividing the sum of the percentage passes of the two classes by 2. (ii) Find the overall percentage pass by calculating the number of students who passed imeach cass and expressing this as a percentage of the total number of students. (iii) Compare the answers to parts (i) and (ii). What do you realise? {iv) What lesson can you learn from this question? Is there an exception? cuarmens 7om the Investigation on page 17, we learn that: +r example, in Question 1 in the Investigation, the bases refer to the original cost of the wood, paint and wages in orked Example 11, which are different. ‘Question 2 in the Investigation, the bases refer to the monthly salaries for 2017 and for 2018, which are different. a result, the 10% increase in 2018 on the monthly salary for 2017 is not equal to the 10% decrease in 2019 on the onthly salary for 2018. hat do the bases in Question 3 in the Investigation refer to? Percentage change problem involving algebra ‘The length of a rectangle is twice that of its breadth. Ifthe length of the rectangle is increased by 10% while its breadth is decreased by 10%, determine, if any, the percentage change in its perimeter. "Solution Let the breadth of the rectangle be x units. ‘Then the length of the rectangle is 2x units. 110 790% 2% = 22x units ‘New length of rectangle New breadth of rectangle = = Xx = 0.9x units Original perimeter of rectangle = 2(2x + x) = 6x units ‘New perimeter of rectangle = 2(2.2x + 0.9x) = 6.2 units Percentage increase in perimeter of rectangle = = 1. The length ofa rectangle is twice that of its breadth. If the length of the rectangle is increased by 20% while its breadth is decreased by 20%, determine, if any, the percentage ‘change in its perimeter. 2. The length of a rectangle is twice that of its breadth. Ifthe length of the rectangle is increased by 10% while its breadth is decreased by 10%, determine, if any, the percentage change in its area. 1g urs PercentageB. Percentage point Percentage p In this Investigation, we shall explore the difference between ‘percentage point’ and ‘percent. Read the article in Fig. 8.3 and answer the questions below. NEWS More than 60% of the people are unhappy with ... SINGAPORE: On 15 February 2007, the Singapore government released a statement to announce that Goods and Services Tax (GST) would be increased by two percentage points from 5% to 7% with effect from 1 July 2007. After the increase in GST, government revenues are expected to be raised by $750 million that year and $1.5 billion per year from then onwards. Fig. 8.3 1, Bernard said that the increase from 5% to 7% 2. Do you think Bernard is right in saying that the increase is 40%? Explain your answer. 44, Do you notice that the article reported that the increase from 5% to 7% is two percentage points? What does ‘nwo percentage points’ mean and how is it different from ‘two percent’(j.e. 2%)? Is the distinction between | ‘two percentage points’ and ‘two percent’ (ie. 2%) important? Explain your answer an increase of 40% and not 2%. How did he arrive at 40%? Hjom the above Investigation, we note that the increase from 5% to 7% is two percentage points, and not two percent. We can refer to an increase in other quantities, such as money e.g. $5 to $7, as an increase of $2. This corresponds to 1 percentage increase of 40%. However, in the case of percentages, itis confusing to state that an increase from 5% to 7% is a 2% increase. This may lye interpreted to be a percentage increase of 5% by 2%. Thus, the increase is described as an increase of 2 percentage points. ©, Reverse percentage roblems involving percentages, we are usually given the whole or what the 100% represents. ” ig percentag ly gi ep {problems involving reverse percentages, we are supposed to find the whole or what the 100% represents, Simple reverse percentage problem Ina student council, 30% of the students walk to school. If 48 students walk to school, calculate the number of students in the student council, “Solution Method 1: In Method 1, we observe that 30% of the students = 48 when one quantity is divided a ag 30 by 30; the other quantity is 1% of the students = also divided by 30; and when ‘one quantity is multiplied by 100, the other quantity is also 4 100% of the students = $5100 snare neneerae the two quantities vary wi = ~ cach other proportionally. J . number of students in student council = 160 ‘CHAPTERS ‘ 19 ¢ x 100 by: 28Method 2: Let the number of students in the student council be x = Then 30% x x= 48 ‘Compare step (in Method 1 os and sep (in Method 2 20 as Do you notice thatthe two steps 100 are actualy the amet in other x=48x =~ oa | words, the two methods are_ rested. = 160 Which method do you prefer? + number of students in student council = 160 8 ] 70% of the books on a bookshelf are English books. If there are 35 English books on the nl bookshelf, find the number of books on the bookshelf. Reverse percentage problem involving percentage increase After an increase of 5%, Joyce’s monthly salary becomes $2205. Find her original monthly salary. Mec ont “Solution Method 1: After an increase of 5%, Joyce’s monthly salary becomes 105% of her original monthly salary. 105% of original monthly salary = $2205, ieee _ $2205 of original monthly salary = 250° 100% of original monthly salary = $2225;<109 = $2100 +. Joyce original monthly salary is $2100. Method 2: Let Joyce’ original monthly salary be Sx. ‘Then 105% x x = 2205 z= or different from step (*) ‘Worked Example 13? Whi ‘method do you prefer? Ifthe cost of an article is raised by 9% to $654, what is the original cost of the article? 2. Every year, the value of an antique vase appreciates by 20% of its value in the previous year. If the value of the vase was $180 000 in 2020, find its value in 2018. «: Joyce’ original monthly salary = $2100 £990) care Percentageee j i | More! cue 15 Reverse percentage problem involving percentage decrease ‘If 6% is deducted from a bill, $282 remains to be paid. How much is the original bill? "Solution ‘Method 1: After 6% is deducted from the bill, 94% of the bill remains to be paid. 94% of the original bill = $282 196 of the original bill = = 100% of the original bill = $282 100 = $300 <- original bill = $300 Method 2: Let the original bill be $x. ‘Then 94% x x = 282 0.94x = 282 = 282 0.94 +300 Which method do you prefer? «the original bill is $300. ut | Pees! Further Questions eae 1, What new knowledge of percentage have I gained in this section? 2, What is the most confusing part of the concepts taught in this section? How can I overcome it? (@) Decrease 216 by 374% 1. Aftera pay cut of 3%, Shufen's monthly salary becomes $3346.50. Find her original ‘monthly salary. 2. Every year, the value of a car depreciates by 15% of its value in the previous year. If the value of the car was $86 700 in 2020, find its value in 2018. Find the value of each of the following. @© Axetastic bana which is 72 cm long, is stretched to (a) Increase 60 by 35% 90 cm. Find the percentage increase in its length. (b) Increase 28 by 125.7% (©) Decrease 120 by 45% @ tre price ofa desktop computer decreases from {$1360 to $1020. Find the percentage decrease in its price. = vente CHAPTERS 9]Exercise ‘A house costs 36% more today than when it was built. Ifthe cost of the house when it was built was {$333 000, find its cost today. ‘A cat was bought in 2018 for $120 000. In 20189, its value decreased by 20%. In 2020, its value decreased by 10% of its value in 2019. Find the value of the car at the end of 2020 45% of the students who took part ina creative writing competition were boys. If 135 boys took part, in the competition, find the total number of students ‘who took part in the competition. ) @) 20% of a number is 17. Find the number. (b) 17596 of a number is 49. Find the number. (©) The result ofa number, when increased by 15%, is 161. Find the number. (d) The result of a number, when decreased by 20%, is 192. Find the number. ) In 2018, the Singapore Tourism Board (STB) stated that the overall number of visitor arrivals increased year on year by 6.2 percent to 17.4 million. Find the number of visitor arrivals in 2017, leaving your answer in millions correct to one decimal place. ) 16 10% is deducted from a bill, $58.50 remains to be paid. How much is the original bill? Jb The number 2400 s first increased by 309%. The ‘value obtained is next decreased by 20%. Find the final number. Ub In 2018, train carried 8% more passengers than in 2017. In 2019, it carried 89% more passengers than in 2018. Find the percentage increase in the number of train passengers from 2017 to 2019 2 The production cost ofa printer consists of the cost ‘of raw materials at $100, the cost of overheads at {$80 and wages at $120. Ifthe costs of raw materials and overheads are increased by 11% and 20% respectively, while wages are decreased by 15%, find the percentage increase or decrease in the production cost of the printer. 22 urs When the cost of fuel rose by 10%, Albert decreased his fuel consumption by 10%. ‘Albert claimed that there was no change in his expenditure on fuel consumption. Explain if Albert is right or wrong. (4) The length ofa rectangle is twice that of its breadth, Ifthe length of the rectangle is decreased by 109% while its breadth is increased by 10%, determine, if any, the percentage change in its perimeter. “5, ‘The length of rectangle is increased by 10% while its breadth is decreased by 10%, Determine, if any, the percentage change in its area. Every year, the value of a condominium in Singapore appreciates by 15% ofits value in the previous year. If the value of the condominium was $899 300 in 2020, find its value in 2018. Every year, the value ofa surveying machine depreciates by 25% of its value in the previous year. If the value of the machine was $11 250 in 2019, find its value in 2017. (8) The value of an investment portfolio decreased by 8% in 2018. In 2019, its value increased by 5% of its value in 2018. Given that the value of the portfolio at the end of 2019 was $61 824, find its original value. ‘Aliis 896 taller than Yi Hao and Vani is 10% shorter than Yi Hao. Express Ali height as a percentage of Vani’s height. e@ ‘The number of girls in a choir is twice that of boys. ‘The music director wants to have the same number of girls and boys in the choir. Find the required percentage increase or decrease in the number of girls ifthe music director increases the number of boys by (a) 30%, (b) 130%. Percentage Hn this Service A. PI _ Av Wthe MoweExercise s @ Shien is given a choice of two new salary schemes aera promotion. Scheme A: 12% increase of her current monthly salary Scheme B: 8% increase of her current monthly salary + $1000 annual bonus (a) IfShufen’s current monthly salary is $2400, which of the two schemes is better? | | (b) Suggest a possible amount for Shufen’s current monthly salary if she were to accept Scheme B because itis a better offer. Support your answer with calculations. Percentage in real-world contexts In this section, we will learn about percentages found in real life, namely profit and loss, discount, Goods and Services Tax (GST), and commission, A. Profit and loss ‘A manufacturer produces goods ata certain cost. Ifthe goods are sold at a price higher than the cost price, the manufacturer makes a profit (or gain) However, if the manufacturer sells the goods at a price lower than the cost price, he suffers a loss. | Ifthe profit is negative, what does it mean? We can also express the profit or loss asa percentage of the cost price: In the real world, profit or loss can also be expressed as a percentage of the selling price: profit margin. Ifthe profit margin (ofan iter is 30%, a shopkeeper will know that he cannot give ‘customer a discount of more than 30%, Why? CAPERS 93Merc! eae 16 Profit / loss as a percentage of cost price / selling price A bag costs $28 (a) Ifthe bag is sold for $35, express the profit asa percentage of the cost price. (b) Ifthe bag is sold for $24.50, express the loss as a percentage of the selling price. “Solution a) Profit selling price ~ cost price = $35 $28 -9 Profit as percentage of cost price = = 100%, = 25% (b) Loss = cost price ~ selling price = $28 ~ $24.50 50 sco = $350 Loss as percentage of selling price = $0» 100% = 14.3% (to 3 sf.) 1. (@)_ A bicycle which costs $180 is sold for $240. Express the profit as a percentage Dre) eure Vv of the cost price. (b) An antique chest which costs $6000 is sold for $5000. Express the loss as @ percentage of the selling price. 2. (@)_ A gold chain which costs $5 Find its selling price. (b) A car which costs $78 400 is sold at a loss of 6% on the cost price. Find its selling price. sold at a profit of 27% on the cost price. Finding cost price ‘A bookseller gains 30% on the cost price by selling a book for $65. Calculate the cost price of the book. “Solution 130% of the cost price = $65 _ $65 196 of the cost price = 757 100% of the cost price = $5100 = $50 + cost price of book = $50 1. A shopkeeper gains 35% on the cost price by selling a smartphone for $1282.50. Find the cost price of the smartphone. 2. A shopkeeper buys 1800 eggs at $1.20 per dozen. 5% of the eggs are rotten and cannot be sold, Find the selling price of each egg if e wants to earn a 33% profit on the cost price. 24 CHAPTERS Percentage Bt Very sell tod ‘thes ‘the: the‘Weiming sells his house at a profit of 25% on the original price. ‘What is the amount of profit? To find the answer, what other information is necessary? 2. Weiming sells his camera at $250. ‘What is his profitloss expressed as a percentage of the cost price? ‘To find the answer, what other information is necessary? B. Discount Very often, retailers are not able to sell defective merchandise, overstocked items or discontinued models at retail selling prices, ‘To clear the merchandise in stock, the items are usually sold at a lower price, called the sale price. “The original selling price is also known as the marked price. ‘The discount is the difference between the marked price and the sale price: ‘The discount is often given asa percentage of the marked price: Percentage discount Ass ‘A watch priced at $160 is sold for $100, Find the percentage discount. Example 18 Bene Discount = marked price ~ sale price 160 - $100 = $00 Percentage discount = 3G x100% = 37.5% LGR = 1. A scarf priced at $100 is sold for $88. Find the percentage discount. 2. ‘The marked price of a washing machine is $600. A discount of 6% is given during a sale. Find the sale price of the washing machine, CHAPTERS 9Finding marked price A sculpture is sold for $533 afier a discount of 18%, (i) Calculate the marked price ofthe sculpture, Dc} feet Ze) (i) 2 10% discounts given on the marked price ofthe sculpture before it isso ata further discount of 8%, would the sale price still be $533? Show your working clearly. "Solution (i) 82% of the marked price = $533 19% of the marked price = $333 100% of the marked price = es 100 = $650 + marked price of sculpture = $650 20 (ii) Sale price of sculpture after a 10% discount = ——x $650 Sta ee 100 = wader the it = $585 10% discount is different from the price used forthe further Sale price of sculpture after a further discount of 8% '8% discount. Note that the farther 8% discount is only given aftr the 10% discount has been given. Hence, the discount isnot the same a taking 109% + 8% = 18%, No, the sale price would not be $533. 1. A laptop is sold for S1274 afer a discount of 95 on (i) Find the marked price of the laptop. (ii) fa 5% discount is given on the marked price of the laptop before itis sold at a further discount of 4%, would the sale price still be $1274? Show your working clearly. 2. During sale, a department store offers a 10% discount on all items. Members of the store have an additional 15% discount. (A non-member bought a handbag for $180 during the sale. Find the marked price of the handbag. (Gi)_A member buys the same handbag during the sale, How much does she pay? C. Goods and Services Tax (GST) ‘The various types of taxes collected by the Singapore government fund government expenditure on national defence, education and building of Ses infrastructure such as roads. tothe Singapore : taxrevenuein he franca Examples of taxes include Goods and Services Tax (GST) and income tax. year 20172018 was OST: at 10 billon ‘We will explore GST here and income tax in the next chapter. oe see GST is paid in addition to the price of goods and services. see Ee GST came into effect in Singapore in 1994, at 3%. It was increased to 4% in 2003, to 5% in 2004, and to 7% in 2007. 26 “eres Parentagesee see eee ee eee eee eer pert ae Finding selling price inclusive of GST ee [A piece of furniture costs $640 before GST. Assuming that GST is at 7%, calculate the total amount of money Devi has to pay for the piece of furniture. PLOW “Solution Method GST =7% x $640 7 = 799% 8600 = $44.80 Total amount of money Devi has to pay for the furniture $640 + $44.80 $684.80 Method 2: 100% + 7% = 107% ‘Total amount of money Devi has to pay for the furniture = 107% x $640 107 = = Wy $640 method do you pref | 100 = $684.80 ae ] Jee} = 1. Anarticle costs $85 before GST. Assuming that GST is at 7%, find the total amount of money a man has to pay for the article. 2. A printer is sold for $642 inclusive of 7% GST. Find the marked price of the printer. Discount, service charge and GST ‘this Investigation, we shall examine a bill to find out how discount, service ‘charge and GST are calculated. A ice charge isa fee collected to pay for services related to the main product being purchased. In Singapore, a Jce charge of 10% of the total food bill is usually charged in restaurants. insider a restaurant which offers a 20% discount. Cheryl, Weiming and Vani receive a bill after eating at the want. Jhow clearly how the restaurant calculates the GST. sryl claims that the GST of 7% should be charged on the subtotal of ‘Yummy Restaurant 114.40, whereby the GST would be $1.01 and not $1.11. Do you agree? Fish and Chips: ican plain your answer. Chicken Chop: $9.50 Jeiming is unhappy that the discount is given for the food only and not Subtotal: $ 18.00 the service charge. He believes that the total bill will be less ifthe Discount 20%: -$ 3.60 Subtotal: $14.40 iscount is given after adding the service charge (and before GST). a Service Charge 10%: $144 a Vani 4 says that it makes no difference either way. Show that Vani is correct. hoot” ce iming does not understand why applying the discount after adding the See wvice charge does not give them a bigger discount. Total: $16.95 ‘would you explain to him where the ‘missing money’ goes to? oo Fig. 8. CHAPTERSMorice ee y Problem involving discount, service charge and GST DA Imran has dinner with his family at a restaurant which offers a —_ Ifyou know how to code, write 10% discount. a progam ocala Aw ‘The marked price of the food that they order is $100. baa cepa Given that there is a service charge of 10% and GST is at 7%, discount (in percentage), calculate the total amount of money he has to pay. sod GST (inpecangrs (@ thetota amount to pay "Solution for any number of items Melted: sien their wal price eto {in pescentage) and GST Discount = 19.100 (inpercentage)- 100 Does it matter if you calculate =$10 ‘the discount before the GST? Why or why not? Service charge = 10% x (marked price - discount) 10 = AHx($100-S10) 10 700 x $90 =$9 GST payable = 79 x (marked price - discount + service charge) 7 = jpp%(S100-S10+$9) 7 = = $6.93 $99 ‘Total amount payable = marked price - discount + service charge + GST payable =$100- $10 + $9 + $6.93, = $105.93, Method 2: 10% service charge 10% discount | 7% GST | ‘Which method do you pre ‘Total amount payable = $100 x 0.9 x 1.1 x 1.07 Why? = $105.93 “| recess Further Qu 1. LiTing orders a bow! of tom yam soup ata restaurant which offers a 15% discount, The marked price of the tom yam soup is $6.90. Given that there is a service charge of 103% and GST is at 7%, find the total amount of money she has to pay. 2. Kumar orders one set meal at a restaurant which offers a 20% discount, There is a service charge of 10% and GST is at 7%. Given that he pays a total of $23.54, find the marked price of the set meal. 28 CHAPTERSD. Commission ‘A commission is the payment an agent receives for selling or buying something on behalf of another party. It is usually given as a percentage of the cost price or the selling price. Finding commission ee [A property agent sels « house for $320 000, of which he receives a commission of 1.5%. Calculate the amount of commission the agent receives. “Solution Amount of commission the agent receives = 757%$320 000 = $4800 1. A property agent sls a house for $528 000, of which he receives a commision 02% el Find the amount of commission the agent receives. bis 2. Aproperty agent charges a commission of 3.5% on the selling price of a piece of property. Given that he receives a commission of $25 375, find the selling price of the property. 1. What do I already know about percentage in real-world contexts that could guide my learning in this section? | 2, How can my knowledge of percentage help me in everyday situations? _ 3. What have T learnt in this section or chapter that I am still unclear of? xercise Gite ‘Copy and complete the table. Profit of 4% $5680 Loss of 22.5% $28.14 Profit of 174% $506.85 Loss of 7% GnrTES 99