Surgery

Surgery is one of the most important areas of health care, studying acute and
chronic diseases that are treated with the help of an operative (surgical) method.
With the help of surgery, diseases, injuries, malformations, deformities and other
pathological conditions are treated.
Surgery has been around for a very long time. One of the oldest methods is
trepanation. This is a method in which a hole is drilled in the skull and the dura
mater is opened for the purpose of treatment. For 6 thousand years BC, they
performed such an operation as the removal of stones from the bladder. Various
wounds were treated with wine, honey and oil.
And despite the fact that today surgery has reached great heights and still doesn’t
stop developing, it is still considered quite dangerous. Each action of the surgeon
must be carefully considered, because one wrong action and the surgeon can ruin
the life of the patient.
Surgical treatment consists of several successive stages:
The first stage is the preparation of the patient for the operation. First of all, the
surgeon must confirm the diagnosis of the patient by first examining him. In
addition, he is obliged to assess the physical and psychological condition of the
patient in order to avoid unnecessary problems. It’s also important to ensure that
all items are treated with antiseptic substances (for example, tools or rubber
gloves). The operating nurse must prepare the necessary set of surgical
instruments, prepare devices for blood transfusion, check the presence and
condition of blood-substituting solutions and canned blood. The patient himself
should’nt eat or drink anything twelve hours before the operation to avoid
complications with anesthesia. The operated site is thoroughly cleaned, shaved and
stained with iodine solution.
The second stage is anesthesia. The anesthetist administers anesthesia to the patient
and closely monitors the patient's vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate
and temperature).
The third stage is surgery.
And the fourth stage is the rehabilitation of the patient after the operation.
Surgery is a fairly broad area of medicine. This is due to the fact that in our time,
operations can be performed on absolutely any part of the human body, both inside
and outside. In this regard, there are different directions in surgery. Here are some
examples:
 "General Surgery" - deals with all types of surgical cases.
 Abdominal surgery - treats all organs inside the abdominal cavity.
 Orthopedic surgery deals with diseases of the bones, joints and muscles.
 Neurosurgery deals with the treatment of the brain and nerves located along
the spinal cord.
 Plastic surgery is the reconstruction of the face and other parts of the skin,
soft tissues, and sometimes their transplantation from one part of the body to
another.