Limerick School

History Of Art
Booklet One
Seventh form
(Primer Cuadernillo de Historia del Arte de Séptimo Grado)

Student’s name: _________________________________

Teacher’s name: _________________________________

2015
CHAPTER I: WHAT IS ART?
 What is art?
Here are some famous quotations from people who throughout
history which try to describe what art meant to them.

“Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an

artist once he grows up.”
Pablo Picasso 1881 –1973: Painter

“Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the

same time.”
Thomas Merton 1915-1968: Writer

“He who works with his hands is a laborer.

He who works with his hands and his head is a craftsman.
He who works with his hands and his head and his heart is
an artist.”
Francis of Assisi 1182-1226: Catholic friar and preacher

“The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance

of things, but their inward significance.” Aristotle 384-322
BC: Philosopher

“Every artist was first an amateur.”

Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803 –1882: Essayist

“If you ask me what I came to do in this world, I, an artist,

will answer you: I am here to live out loud.”
Emilee Zola: 1840-1902: Writer

“Creativity takes courage.”

Henri Matisse 1869-1954: Painter
 The Artist's toolkit
Find the right name for each tool that artists usually use to create
art:

Canvas – Palette – Eraser – Paint – Pencil – Sheet of paper –

Paintbrush – Palette knife
The word art can be used to describe anything from prehistoric
cave paintings to a heap of junk in the corner of a gallery. It can
even be used to refer to music and literature, but more often than
not, it means visual art, or things which are made to be looked at –
especially paintings.

The great debate:

People have argued about
art, what it is and why it´s so
great, for centuries. Artist
and experts often have very
different ideas, leading to
some violent disputes. The
French painter Manet
disagreed with a critic so
strongly that he challenged
him to a duel. There are
lots of controversial
questions, but no right or
wrong answers. Everyone
has different tastes and
opinions, so it is up to you to decide what you think.

Some people think art should be

beautiful or life-like; others think it is
more important to capture a mood or
a feeling. Just compare the two
paintings on this page. One looks
almost like a photograph. The other is
much sketchier and painted with only
a few colours, but very atmospheric.
Some people believe art should be
about ideas. Others prefer to enjoy art
for its own sake. Some feel it is
important to paint scenes of modern
life; others are more interested in
exploring the effect of light on objects.
What´s it worth?
People often disagree wildly about the value of art. Vincent van
Gogh died in poverty, because no one would buy his paintings –
even his friends said they looked like the work of a madman. Now,
they are among the most valuable pictures in the world.

But is it art?
Today, there is an
enormous emphasis on
making new and
original art – and
radical artists are
constantly challenging
our ideas about what
art actually is. So there
is more and more
controversy about it,
and about the high
prices collectors sometimes pay for it. Things artists have exhibited
include a bicycle wheel on a stool, a painting of a pipe labelled ´This
is not a pipe´, a row of bricks and even a pile of rubbish from a party
(later thrown away by mistake). Does that sound like art to you?
Some of them weren´t even made by the artist – they were just
things he or she had found. You might not expect to find them in a
gallery at all. Does seeing them there make them art? They can
certainly provoke strong reactions and make you see things in a
new way – which traditional paintings often do, too.
Looking at paintings
You don´t have to know much about art to enjoy looking at it, but
you may find you get more out of it if you do. These paragraphs
suggest things to look for and think about in paintings.

What´s it all about?

One of the first things to decide about a painting is what it´s about.
Paintings are divided into different groups, or genres, according to
what they depict. The main genres are story-telling scenes,
portraits, landscapes and still lifes or arrangements of objects.
This picture, by Raphael, is a scene from a story about a knight and
a dream he had. The women are meant to be from the dream, not
real people.
How is it arranged?
Scenes are usually arranged, or composed, to make you look at
them in a certain way. Important figures or objects may be bigger,
brighter or more centrally placed, to make you notice them first. So
here, you automatically look at the knight first. He lies in the middle
of picture, beneath the gaze of the two women.
What does it mean? Artists often put in hidden clues, or symbols, to
help you guess what a picture means. Sometimes, the clues
represent general ideas. For example, the book and sword in the
picture above symbolize learning and action, while the sprig of
flowers represents beauty and pleasure. Symbols can also help
identify who´s in the picture. Well-kwon characters, such as saints,
are often shown with a symbol from their lives, so experts can tell
who they are meant to be.

Why was it made?

When you look at a picture, it helps to know the motive behind it.
Was it meant to decorate a grand palace, or to hang in a church to
help people pray? Or was it just made to be seen in an art gallery,
where people can admire its beauty or think about the ideas behind
it? Was it meant to have a political, social or moral message, or was
it made to express an
emotion?
Raphael´s painting was made
to order, so he would have
been told what to paint. It
was probably a gift for a
young nobleman, and was
meant to make him think. But
the painting on this page was
made for pleasure – it
doesn´t have an obvious
message. The artist, Pierre-
Auguste Renoir, painted what
he wanted, and people
bought his pictures just
because the liked what they
looked like.
Do you like it?
Another question to ask yourself is whether you like a painting or
not, and why. People have very personal feelings about art, so this
is a matter of taste and tastes change. When paintings like Renoir´s
first appeared, some critics attacked them for looking to sketchy.
But now they are greatly admired. There are no rules. It is up to you
to decide what you think about the picture you see.
Look at these three artworks and write your opinion about what you
feel:

A: The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

B: Guernica by Pablo Picasso

C: Number 14 by Jackson Pollock

 World War I: The war that changed the world
It became known as The Great War because it affected people all
over the world and was the biggest war anyone had ever known.
The war was fought between two powerful groups.

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente sides

The opposing sides were:

 The Triple Alliance - made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary and

Italy
 The Triple Entente - made up of Great Britain, France and Russia
Divided
Long before the war began, the countries in these groups had made
arrangements to work together and help one another if there was a
war. So when war did break out in 1914, parts of Europe were
already divided into two sides.

Each of the countries involved got their troops ready to fight. Troops
were groups that fought together and included both
the army (people who fight on land) and the navy (people who fight
on the seas). Although part of the Triple Alliance, Italy declared
neutrality at the outbreak of war. Italy then entered the war on the
side of the Triple Entente in 1915.
The war saw lots of battles take place in different countries,
especially France and Belgium. Later, many other countries also
become involved, some on the side of the Triple Alliance and
others of the side on the Triple Entente.

The crew of HMS Swift, a British high speed destroyer ship on deck during World War One

Causes
There was no single event that caused World War One. War happened
because of several different events that took place in the years building up to
1914.

Empire and alliances

Empire
Firstly, there was the role of empire. Great Britain, Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Russia all had empires. This meant that they
ruled many countries (colonies) all over the world. Each of these
countries wanted to keep their empire strong and was afraid of
other countries taking over new territories. They saw this as a threat
to their own empires. So when Germany and Austria-Hungary took
 control of smaller countries like Bosnia and Morocco, it looked to
the rest of the world like they were being aggressive.

Alliances
Secondly, many countries had made alliances with one other. They
agreed to protect one another. This meant that if one country was
attacked, the others would get involved to defend that country.
Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-

Hungary
On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne
of Austria-Hungary, was shot (assassinated) while he was visiting
Sarajevo in Bosnia. He was killed by a Serbian person, who thought
that Serbia should control Bosnia instead of Austria. Because its
leader had been shot, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. As
a result:

1. Russia got involved because Russia had an alliance with Serbia

2. Germany then declared war on Russia because Germany had an
alliance with Austria-Hungary
3. Britain declared war on Germany because of its invasion of neutral
Belgium - Britain had agreements to protect both Belgium and
France.

The war not only affected the soldiers fighting in the battles.

The war also affected the governments, ordinary adults and ordinary children.

The war years were tough on everybody, no matter who they were.

Trench warfare
In the beginning the war mostly took place in Europe. There were many
battles on the land, on the sea and in the air.

Battle of the Somme

One of the most famous battles was the Battle of the Somme which
started in July 1916 in France. It involved Britain, France and
Germany.

This battle was an example of trench warfare, where long ditches or

'trenches' were dug in the ground.

Soldiers lived in the trenches and sometimes they climbed out of

them to attack.

The land between the opposing trenches which soldiers had to

cross was called no man's land.

The Battle of the Somme was a very bloody battle. In total, around
one million soldiers were killed, wounded or missing: 420,000 from
Britain, 200,000 from France and 500,000 from Germany.
An army General called Sir Douglas Haig commanded the British
army. After the war was over, many people blamed him for so many
deaths and casualties. They thought that he had not led his troops
in the right way. People felt that very little ground was gained for so
many deaths and that he should have changed his tactics after
19,000 British soldiers were killed on the first day of the battle.

British troops
A total of 65 million troops from around the world fought in the war.
This included the British army, which was made up of around 4
million men from England, 558,000 men from Scotland, 273,000
men from Wales and 134,000 men from Ireland. Just under 1
million British troops died.
America

Later in the war, Germany announced that it would attack any

ship that sailed towards Britain.

At this point, the United States of America decided Germany was

breaking international treaties and Europe needed help. The US
President declared war on Germany in April 1917. He thought that
he could help bring peace to Europe.

World War One ended at 11am on the eleventh day of the

eleventh month, in 1918. Germany signed an armistice (an
agreement for peace and no more fighting) that had been
prepared by Britain and France.

At the start of 1918, Germany was in a strong position and

expected to win the war. Russia had already left the year before
which made Germany even stronger.

The end of war

World War One ended at 11am on the eleventh day of the
eleventh month, in 1918. Germany signed an armistice (an
agreement for peace and no more fighting) that had been
prepared by Britain and France.

At the start of 1918, Germany was in a strong position and

expected to win the war. Russia had already left the year before
which made Germany even stronger.
Germany launched the 'Michael Offensive' in March 1918, where
they pushed Britain far back across the old Somme battlefield.
However their plan for a quick victory failed when Britain and
France counter-attacked.

Germany and her allies realised it was no longer possible to win the
war. The Triple Alliance had been damaged. Some reasons for
this included the fact that the Schlieffen Plan had failed in 1914 and
the Verdun Offensive had failed in 1916. Germany was now losing
the Great Battle in France and the German Navy had gone on strike
and refused to carry on fighting. Furthermore, the United States
joined the war in April 1917, which gave the Triple Entente greater
power.
Germany was not strong enough to continue fighting, especially as
the USA had joined the war and hundreds of thousands of fresh
American soldiers were arriving in France. This added greater
military strength to the Triple Entente forces.

The leaders of the German army told the German government to

end the fighting. Kaiser Wilhelm, Germany's leader, abdicated (left
his job) on 9 November 1918.

Two days later, Germany signed the armistice and the guns fell
silent. People in Britain, France and all of the countries that
supported them, celebrated the end of war - a war that had lasted
four years and four months. In London, a huge crowd gathered in
Trafalgar Square.
CHAPTER II: DADAISM
 Dada had only one rule: Never follow any
known rules
Dadaism or Dada is a post-World War I cultural movement in visual
art as well as literature (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design.
The movement rose, among other things, as a protest against the
barbarity of the War: Dadaists believed that there was an
oppressive intellectual stiffness in both art and everyday society;
their works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the
rejection of the prevailing standards of art. It influenced later
movements including Surrealism.

According to its supporters, Dada was not

art; it was anti-art. For everything that art
stood for, Dada was to represent the
opposite. Where art was concerned with
aesthetics, Dada ignored it. If art is to have
at least an implicit or latent message, Dada
strives to have no meaning. If art is to
appeal to sensibilities, Dada offends.
Perhaps it is then ironic that Dada is an
influential movement in Modern art.

The artists of the

Dada movement
had become
disillusioned by art,
art history and
history in general.
Many of them were
veterans of World
War I and had
grown cynical of
humanity after
seeing what men
were capable of
doing to one
another on the battlefields of Europe. Thus, they became attracted
to a nihilistic view of the world (they thought that nothing mankind
had achieved was worthwhile, not even art), and created art in
which chance and randomness formed the basis of creation. The
basis of Dada is nonsense. After the world order had been
destroyed by World War I, Dada was a way to express the
confusion that was felt by many people as their world had been
turned upside down.

There was no predominant medium in Dadaist art. Everything from

geometric tapestries to glass, plaster and wooden relief were
regarded as useful. It's worth noting, though, that assemblage,
collage, photomontage and the use of ready-made objects all
gained wide acceptance due to their use in Dada art.

Readymade art

One of the most famous Dada creations ever is

Marcel Duchamp´s Fountain – a urinal lying on
its back and signed “R. Mutt, 1917”. Duchamp
referred to works which used manufactured
objects like this as “ready-mades”. By
presenting a factory – made item as a work of
art, Duchamp challenged the idea that art
should be unique and produced by a skilled
artist.
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) was a French-
American painter, sculptor, chess player, and
writer whose work is associated with Dadaism.
Duchamp is considered by many to be one of the most important
artists of the 20th century, and his works influenced the
development of post–World War I Western art.
Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and
twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of
many of his fellow artists (like Henri Matisse) as "retinal" art, i.e.
intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to put
art back in the service of the mind.
For Duchamp, are artist´s ideas mattered
more than his actual art. According to
him, “whether Mister Mutt has made the
fountain with his own hands or not is
without importance. He chose it, he
created a new thought for this object”. But
not everyone agreed. When Duchamp
tried to exhibit Fountain in a show held by
the Society of Independent Artist, they
refused to let him, and he resigned from
the society in protest.

Bicycle Wheel – Marcel Duchamp

The Dadaists protested through their art the war and the current
culture. Raoul Hausmann’s The Mechanical Head shows a man
who cannot think for himself but accepts everything he is told. He
has a wooden head with tight lips and eyes that show no
expression. The mechanical man will never argue or share an
opinion of his own. Look for yourself:

The practical joke that launched an artistic revolution

Three men met for lunch in New York early in April 1917. They were
the American painter Joseph Stella, Walter Arensberg, and Marcel
Duchamp. After their meal, they made their way to the JL Mott
Ironworks, a plumbing suppliers company situated at 118 Fifth
Avenue.

Once there, Duchamp selected a "Bedfordshire" model porcelain

urinal. On returning to his studio, he turned it through 90 degrees,
so that it rested on its back, signed it, "R. MUTT 1917", and entitled
this new work Fountain.

Thus begun the

existence of one of the
most influential artwork
of the 20th century.
Fountain will be crucial
in the forthcoming
exhibition at Tate
Modern.
Besides that it was also
a highly successful
practical joke.

Duchamp, who valued

humour, told a New
York newspaper that,
"People took modern art
very seriously when it
first reached America
because they believed
we took ourselves very
seriously. A great deal
of modern art is meant The Fountain – Marcel Duchamp
to be amusing."

The context for the purchase and naming of Fountain was a worthy
exhibition by the Society of Independent Artists, formed on the
model of the Parisian Salon des Indépendants. It was to show
works by anyone with a fee of $1 for membership and $5 annual
dues. Duchamp himself, as a celebrated foreign artist, was on the
board, as were various prominent American painters and art world
figures. From the very beginning, however, Duchamp seemed
tempted to subvert the whole enterprise.

But, not content, Duchamp further added to the mayhem with the
submission of Fountain, accompanied by the non-existent R Mutt's
$6 fee and an invented address in Philadelphia. It was a missile
aimed with brilliant precision at the basis of the exhibition - its
democratic open admission. Here was an unmentionable object -
press reports at the time referred to it as a "bathroom appliance" - it
was signed and dated, but was it a work of art? If not, why not?

In the event, the board narrowly voted not to show Fountain, and,
according to an account, it was hidden behind a screen. Duchamp
must have been pleased with his work, quite apart from the
satisfactory ruckus it caused, because shortly afterwards, he
arranged to have it photographed by Alfred Stieglitz, taking a good
deal of trouble over the result.

This image is the only remaining record of the original object. It was
reproduced with an anonymous manifesto the following May in an
avant-garde magazine called The Blind Man. The accompanying
text made a crucial claim to much later modern art: "Whether Mr
Mutt made the fountain with his own hands or not is of no
importance. He chose it. He took an article of life, placed it so that
its useful significance disappeared under the new title and point of
view - created a new thought for that object."
Picture me!
Now that we have discussed Dada, it’s your turn. Could you create
a self-portrait as Hausmann did?

Raoul Hausman: ABCD (Self-portrait) 1923-24

 CHAPTER III: WORLD WAR II

The Second World War (World War 2) lasted from 1939 to 1945. It
was fought in Europe, in Russia, North Africa and in Asia. 60 million
people died in World War 2. About 40 million were civilians.
Children as well as adults were affected by the war.

 Who fought in the war?

World War 2 was fought between
two groups of countries. On one
side were the Axis Powers,
including Germany, Italy and
Japan. On the other side were
the Allies. They included Britain,
France, Australia, Canada, New
Zealand, India, the Soviet Union,
China and the United States of
America.
Germany was ruled by Adolf
Hitler and the Nazi Party. Hitler
wanted Germany to control
Europe. Japan wanted to control
Asia and the Pacific. In 1937 Japan
attacked China. In 1939 Germany
invaded Poland. This is how World
War 2 began.
Some countries did not join the war, but stayed neutral (on neither
side). Spain, Sweden and Switzerland were neutral countries. So
was Ireland, though many Irish people helped the Allies.
The war spreads
Britain and France went to war with Germany in September
1939.They wanted to help Poland after it was invaded, but they
were too late. Poland was occupied by the Nazis. By the summer of
1940 they had conquered Holland, Belgium, France, Denmark and
Norway. Enemy planes dropped bombs on cities in Britain. Allied
ships were sunk by submarines.
 In July 1940, German
planes started bombing
British coastal towns,
defences and ships in
the English Channel in
order to gain control of
the skies in the South
of England. By mid-
September 1940, after
many battles, Germany
postponed their
planned land invasion
of Britain as the RAF effectively fought off the German Luftwaffe.
This period is known as The Battle of Britain.
Commonwealth nations, such as Canada and Australia, helped
Britain. In 1941 the Soviet Union (Russia) was attacked by
Germany. In 1941 America also joined the war, after Japan
attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
 How did the war end?
By 1943 the Allies were winning. One reason was that Allied
factories were building thousands of tanks, ships and planes. In
1944, a huge Allied army crossed from Britain to liberate (free)
France. Then Allied armies invaded Germany. By May 1945 the war
in Europe was over.
The Pacific war went on until August
1945. There was fierce
fighting on Pacific islands and big
naval battles at sea. Finally, the Allies
dropped atomic bombs on two
Japanese cities, Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. The damage was so terrible
that Japan surrendered. World War 2
had ended.
 The Holocaust
In 1945 Allied troops freed prisoners from Nazi concentration camps. In
these camps, millions of Jews and other prisoners had been killed or had
died from hunger, disease and cruelty.

This terrible war

crime became known as
the Holocaust. It's thought
6 million Jews were
killed. Among the victims
were many children. One
young girl left a diary of
her life in hiding, before
she was captured. Her
name was Anne Frank.
She died, aged 15, in 1945
at the Bergen-Belsen
prison camp.
 SURREALISM
After world war II (1945) in Paris, a group of artists began to create
strange, dream-like works. They wanted to rebel against the
rational, everyday world and, by drawing from their imagination and
dreams, they hoped to create a new reality, or “surreality”. Their
movement became known as Surrealism.

More than real

Surrealism is known for its bizarre imagery, but it was not meant to
be un-real. The name actually means more than real (sur is French
for “above”). Breton said the movement rose from the ashes of
dada.
It also grew out of a new interest in the workings of the mind.
Surrealists were inspired by Sigmund Freud. He is one of the most
famous psychiatrist of all time. He said that much of what we do is
triggered by unconscious thoughts and desires, and that these can
be revealed in dreams.

The Surrealists believed the unconscious is the source of creative

genius, and employed some unusual techniques to try to have
access to it. Many tried “automatic” drawing, or drawing without
thinking. They created strange, doodle-like pictures, which they
believed, were really shaped by their unconscious thoughts and
impulses. Spanish painter Joan Miró even claimed to have starved
himself to bring on hallucinations.
Salvador Dalí
Salvador Dali is one of the most
recognizable 20th century
artists. He produced hundreds of
paintings in his lifetime, the most
famous being "The Persistence of
Memory," painted in 1931 and
featuring floppy, melting clock
faces. Dali's pranks and strange
antics almost overshadowed his art
later in his lifetime, but his paintings
remain striking in their juxtaposition
of strange and disconcerting images
rendered in a highly realistic style.
Early Life
Salvador Dali was born in Spain in 1904. He showed artistic talent
early on in his life and first exhibited his works at age 14. He
attended an arts academy in Madrid but was expelled when he
declared he knew more than his instructors. Soon afterward, he
moved to Paris, where he met the Surrealists.
Painting Dreams
The art movement known as surrealism concentrated on creating
art using the imagery of an artist's subconscious. Dali, influenced by
the work of Sigmund Freud, soon set out to explicitly paint the
content of his dreams. He called his method of producing the
peculiar imagery of his paintings "the paranoiac-critical method."
Starting in 1929 and continuing until the eve of World War II, Dali
produced his most famous paintings, including "The Persistence of
Memory" and the vivid "Soft Construction with Boiled Beans
(Premonition of War)," incorporating his fears of the Spanish Civil
War. Many of the paintings in this period repeat personal symbols
as motifs, such as the grasshoppers that Dali feared and the ants
that represent death and decay to him.
Gala
Dali met his future wife, Gala, in Paris in 1929. At the time, Gala, an
emigrant from Russia, was still married to fellow Surrealist artist
Paul Eluard. Slowly but surely, however, Dali wooed Gala away
from Eluard. He painted her dozens of times through the rest of
their lives together, treating her as his muse. She, in turn, ran the
business side of their relationship.
Moustache
Dali's moustache was almost as famous as his paintings. The artist
liked to keep it long and thoroughly waxed, and often he styled it
into various provocative shapes. The moustache was the epitome
of his flamboyant personal style, which sometimes included
dressing in a long cape and carrying a cane, or in one case, lying
on a bed in a New York City bookstore dressed in a golden robe.
The Dali Museum
After World War II, Dali split his time between New York City and
his native Spain. In 1974 his home town of Figueres opened up the
Dali Theatre-Museum in his honor. It now houses more than 4,000
works of art by Dali and pieces from other related artists.

Analizing “The Persistence of Memory” by Dalí

The Persistence of Memory, by Spanish Salvador Dalí, shows a
golden landscape dominated by drooping watches and a
misshapen, fleshy creature lying on the ground. Three of the
watches are melting, while the case of a fourth watch is crawling
with ants, as if it is being eaten. The hard, mechanical watches are
soft and decaying, no longer able to measure the passage of time.
The cliffs in the distance are actually based on the coast of
Catalonia, where Dalí grew up. So perhaps the title is meant to refer
to the artist´s childhood memories. Ants were a childhood phobia of
his. And the creature in the middle is actually a distorted version of
his own profile, its long-lashed eye shut as if he is asleep or dead,
unaware of, or out of, time. The mysterious dream-like imagery
makes this a very strange scene. But Dalí painted it so realistically
that it almost looks photographic. In fact, he called his works “hand-
painted dream photographs”. By presenting an imaginary scene in
such a lifelike way, he intended to blur the boundary between
imagination and reality. He said he wanted his paintings to spread
confusion, in order to “discredit completely the world of reality”.

ACTIVITY

Give your opinion about this quote. What do you think he was trying
to say with this? Could you state a relation between that statement
and his artistic work?
Once Dalí said:
"There is only one difference between a madman and me. The
madman thinks he is sane. I know I am mad."
 Surrealist photographer
recreates his dreams in real life
Ronen Goldman, a photographer in Tel Aviv, Israel, explores
images in his dreams through imaginative and surreal conceptual
photography. He shoots all the subjects on location, then layers the
photos into a single composite image, removing people and objects
as needed to create the optical illusion. View more of his work at his
website, Ronengoldman.com

His own words:

My name is Ronen Goldman, I am a
conceptual photographer from Israel. For the
past six years I have been recreating my
dreams through photos. Each photo takes
weeks and even months of preparation from
dreaming it, writing down the main elements,
planning, shooting and post production.
I don't always fully understand the
meaning of these images- much like dreams
they sometimes reveal themselves only months
after being created.
All elements of all the images were actually shot on location on
the same day and combined together.
These works have been exhibited at art fairs in Spain,
England, Brussels and Singapore. As a result, I work with ad
agencies to create surreal visuals.

Activity
Explain with your own words the following sentence: “I don't always fully
understand the meaning of these images- much like dreams they sometimes
reveal themselves only months after being created.”