Professional Documents
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IN FIVE VOLUMES
VOLUME III.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
CONTENTS
BOOK III
Fresnel as a member.
APPENDIX
A HISTORY OF SCIENCE
BOOK III
SCIENCES
only be surmised.
of interest.
heard.
say:
gr., that is, its course was from west southwest to east
censure."[1]
FRENCH ASTRONOMERS
in Mazarin College.
at Berlin.
oblately spheroidal.
classes.
time.
LEONARD EULER
the first and last line of every page of the edition which
these expectations.
Lagrange.
II
was the first addition to the solar system that had been
larger than the one that is the centre of our tiny system.
our sun that centre? Far from it. Our sun is only a
sparks.
him all along the line of his observations, even, let alone
thoughts!
action of gravitation.
stars....
shapes. . . .
these condensations.
their doom.
process of formation.
one conception.
sun.
large, and more or less removed from the sun, and that
but it does not at all follow that the motion of the rotation
each return towards it, and their orbits, far from being
true cause.
his equator.
ring.
they come into that part of the heavens where the sun
general law."[3]
at the stake for teaching that our earth is not the centre
but sublime.
Thus two planets were found where only one was expected.
earth.
cosmical matter, cast off from the solar nebula like the
west and set in the east, and making the month only
follows:
solid rings.
of the rings.
press inward.
process.
are certainly far more dense than the inner one, and
from its parent polyp. At that time the earth was spinning
the month, lunar tidal action has ceased, and one face of
the earth looks out always at the moon with that same
fixed stare which even now the moon has been brought
flight about the sun; and an even harder one when the
assumptions.
swarms.
grasp.
Double Stars
universe.
that the systems into which the stars are linked are by
him.
ago.
shines like two hundred suns; and even this giant orb
are smaller than the sun, while others exceed him hundreds
are in prospect.
claim for his elements except that they have thus far
the heavens.
distant comets.
planetary star.
Thus the dark star, which is the last term of one series
human comprehension.
"teemed at a birth
foundations.
doubt that this had been done in some way was rank
attention.
fossil state.
idea....
law of nature."[2]
dens of hyenas.
there had been ever present the idea that past times
remote.
of wide extent.
"If the reader should infer, from the facts laid before
them.
new species?
fresh controversy.
The idea that such might be the case was not new.
in unbroken series.
productions."
but one example, Owen had been able, with the aid of
So, for the third time in this first century of its existence,
theory."
FOSSIL MAN
and what came of his visit may best be told in his own
words:
of extinct forms.
issued in 1833.
fit only for a cemetery, and that had settled the matter
of his ridicule burst its bonds, and fossil man stood revealed,
entity.
in length.
not their number but their nature; for among them are
discoverer.
and recent.
limb.
PALEONTOLOGY OF EVOLUTION
in our generation.
a conjecture.
Not all the strange beasts which have left their remains
of a new generalization?
JAMES HUTTON
and the final separation into land and water was conceived
that the crust had dropped into this chasm and had
MODERN GEOLOGY
upheavals.
began.
ocean.
appear.
formed?
of reasoning.
ascertained.
their formation.
same manner.
origin.
sea.
sea.
matter.
just view is this, that when the former land of the globe
surface.
full extent.
Hutton had lived with and worked over his theory for
years.
subsequent epoch.
longest in suspension.
gneiss formation.
gravities.
mode.
downward.
result.
heated crust.
to be freely admitted.
sinking ocean-beds.
the elements out of land that rose from the sea as level
plateaus.
wind and frost and shower was an idea few men could
1853, still firm in his early faith that the erratic bowlders
than they now are, they might have carried the bowlders
can boast.
supporter of the idea that the Alps had once been imbedded
them.
gratuitous.
of the mind is, When and how have these stones been
which served as the base for the granite had been protected
age took its place among the accepted tenets of geology. All
and secondary.
complete acceptance.
found.
parvenus of yesterday.
the fossil relic of a very low form of life, and after that it
man.
epochs.
once lay above them have been worn away. All that
there.
folds, for they were rent into great fissures, letting out
in western Massachusetts.
the land rose still higher, and then, in our own time, to
city.
all along the line of its retreat, and its remnants exist
for with the closing of this period the long geologic past
uniform, and her laws are the only things that have
magnified.
the same laws held sway that now are operative; and a
the time must come when its surface contour will assume
sink for the last time beneath the water, the last mountain-
METEORITES
that the stony masses had not actually fallen, but had
everywhere as "shooting-stars."
theory whatever.
this centre shifted its position with the stars, and hence
heavens as before.
years' duration.
earth.
or weather.
with caloric.
disputed.
on this foundation.
felt over all the globe, every part of which would now
from one tropic to the other, heat and cold, the original
eighteenth century.
in the air.
the air a few feet higher, and they inferred that the dew
air is not cooler because the dew is formed, but that the
own presentation.
feet above the former; and that upon one night the
the opinion of Mr. Wilson and myself, that the cold was
in Surrey.
atmosphere.
mentioned.
than itself.
the cover of a house into the air than might have been
The very next year after Dr. Wells's paper was published
band, listing only a dozen members; but every name was a famous
spirits every one. Little danger that the memoirs of such a band
a company.
climatology.
dispelling influence.
judice.
from the tropics towards the poles. Dr. Croll, who has
the sun, and he argues that were it not for the transportation
which now feeds the Gulf Stream that its main bulk
in nature.
province of law.
country.
left.
clouds.
VI
clay pyrometer.
by Friction."
in boring cannon.
with the piston, is it not possible that this air may have
iron rod to the end of which the blunt steel borer was
to be sensibly warm.
lasted.
took early for his motto the saying that what one man
true motto.
earlier date, but it was not until 1801 that he hit upon
thin plates."[2]
and forty to the inch, and pass any given spot at a rate
words:
the given plane; then the whole path of the light reflected
to the radius.
this sine.
all other angles also, when the sun's light was reflected
had done.
conquer.
savants of France.
but their great work was done, and the world will remember
gravitation.
be formed.
waxen thread."
were isolated.
industries.
was made.
and the needle the effect was not cut off; even
and the same was the case with an earthen vessel, even
full of water.
practical mechanics
pounds.
electro-magnetic induction.
other metals.
charcoal.
loosely round the brass axis of the plate, and the other
STORAGE BATTERIES
too fragile, nor too weak in its action has not been
when a human hand was held before the tube, its bones
of a ghost.
substances.
involved.
minds are very near a truth before any one mind fully
in briefer compass:
by hypothesis.
HO + x.
matter for its effect; but we may say with equal justification
call it FALLING FORCE. Falling force and fall, or, still more
a constant relation.
causes.
heat, the motion has not some other effect than the
itself.
the other.
of weight.
equal
chemical means."[1]
Then his mind reached out into space and met a universe
that any one else in the world was working along the
justice.
electricity.
JOULE OR MAYER?
regarded, and which left its scars upon the hearts and
involved.
it in 1807, did not come into general use till some time
old emission idea to the end of his life, in 1862, and held
a following.
Energy."
universally accepted.
was then but two years his senior, though for a decade
hours."
that the world has stood still during these two generations.
nature. But the rank and file were not even within
sight of this truth for a long time after they had partly
nineteenth century.
think of but one way: they must assume that the ether is
to penetrate it in front.
is still undetermined.
ether should have taken its place along with these discarded
he does not KNOW that empty space itself may not perform
ether.
twentieth century.
comets."
simple hypothesis."[1]
of the molecules.
independently.
to the final term of the series are not so very far afield
gaseous.
of molecular activity.
not only has air been liquefied, but hydrogen also, the
solid; and this change also has been effected in the case
surmise.
APPENDIX
REFERENCE-LIST
CHAPTER I
[2] (p. 13). Phil. Trans. of Royal Society of London for 1748,
CHAPTER II
[1] (p. 25). William Herschel, Phil. Trans. for 1783, vol.
LXXIII.
498.
CHAPTER III
[1] (p. 81). Baron de Cuvier, Theory of the Earth, New York,
1818, p. 98.
London,
1834.
II., p. 596.
288, 289.
CHAPTER IV
1781.
1840, p. 240.
CHAPTER V
53-56.
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
p. 33.
CHAPTER IX