Reaction Engineering 1

6. Multiple Reactions
CEB2043
Dr. Syaza Izyanni Ahmad
Learning Outcomes of CHAPTER 6
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

1. Describe four types of multiple reactions

2. Explain the concept of yield and selectivity.

3. Propose appropriate reactor scheme to maximize the production of desired

product for any multiple reaction systems.

5
Types of Multiple Reactions (MR)
• Chemical reaction is usually accompanied by other side reaction; desired and undesired.
• Key factor for economic success; minimization of undesired reaction through
appropriate reactor selection.
• Minimizing undesired product can be done through:
• Reactor type
• Reactor conditions
• Reactor scheme
Types MR
Parallel Independent
k1 k1
A➔B A➔B
Complex
k2
Series k2
k1
A➔C k1 k2 C➔D+E
A +B➔C+D
A➔B➔C
k2
A+C➔E
Learning Outcomes of CHAPTER 6
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

1. Describe four types of multiple reactions

2. Explain the concept of yield and selectivity.

3. Propose appropriate reactor scheme to maximize the production of desired

product for any multiple reaction systems.

7
Yield & Selectivity Why yield & selectivity
are important in multiple
reactions?

Consider this reactions:

kD
A → D (desired)
We want to maximize the
formation of D and
kU
minimize the formation
A → U (undesired) of U
 Selectivity
Selectivity tell us how one product is favored over another
when we have multiple reactions.

1. Instantaneous selectivity 2. Overall selectivity

• The ratio of the rate of formation of D to • The ratio of moles or flow rates of
the ratio of formation of U desired product to the undesired
product.

𝑟𝐷
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = 𝑁𝐷 𝐹𝐷
𝑟𝑈 𝑆ሚ𝐷𝑈 = 𝑆ሚ𝐷𝑈 =
𝑁𝑈 𝐹𝑈
 kD
A → D (desired)
Example #1 kU
A → U (undesired)
Consider the instantaneous selectivity for the two parallel reactions
just discussed.
𝑟𝐷
𝑆𝐷𝑈 =
𝑟𝑈

The overall selectivity is

𝐹𝐷
𝑆ሚ𝐷𝑈 =
𝐹𝑈
 kD
A → D (desired)
Example #1 kU
A → U (undesired)
A mole balance on D for CSTR yields
𝐹𝐷 = 𝑟𝐷 𝑉

A mole balance on U yields

𝐹𝑈 = 𝑟𝑈 𝑉

Substitute in the overall selectivity equation

𝐹𝐷 𝑟𝐷 𝑉 𝑟𝐷
𝑆ሚ𝐷𝑈 = = = = 𝑆𝐷𝑈
𝐹𝑈 𝑟𝑈 𝑉 𝑟𝑈
 kD
A → D (desired)
Example #1 kU
A → U (undesired)
A mole balance on D for CSTR yields
𝐹𝐷 = 𝑟𝐷 𝑉
Consequently, for a CSTR
A mole balance on U yields the overall and
instantaneous
𝐹𝑈 = 𝑟𝑈 𝑉 selectivities are equal

Substitute in the overall selectivity equation

𝐹𝐷 𝑟𝐷 𝑉 𝑟𝐷
𝑆ሚ𝐷𝑈 = = = = 𝑆𝐷𝑈
𝐹𝑈 𝑟𝑈 𝑉 𝑟𝑈
 Yield
Yield tell us how much one product is produced from the key
reactant.
2. Overall yield
1. Instantaneous yield • The ratio of moles or flow rates of
product formed to the number of
• The ratio of the reaction rate of a given
moles or flow rates of the key
product to the reaction rate of the key
reactant, A, that has been consumed.
reactant.

rD ~ ND ~ FD
YD = YD = YD =
− rA N A0 − N A FA0 − FA
Batch system Flow system
 Yield
Yield tell us how much one product is produced from the key
reactant.
2. Overall yield
1. Instantaneous yield • The ratio of moles or flow rates of
product formed to the number of
• The ratio of the reaction rate of a given
moles or flow rates of the key
product to the reaction rate of the key
reactant, A, that has been consumed.
reactant.

rD ~ ND ~ FD
YD = YD = YD =
− rA N A0 − N A FA0 − FA
Consequently, for a CSTR Batch system Flow system
the overall and
instantaneous yields are
equal
Learning Outcomes of CHAPTER 6
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

1. Describe four types of multiple reactions

2. Explain the concept of yield and selectivity.

3. Propose appropriate reactor scheme to maximize the production of desired

product for any multiple reaction systems.

15
Reactor performance
Selectivity is often more meaningful than reactor yield
• Reactant fed may be recycled rather than fresh feed
• Reactor yield takes no account of the ability to separate and recycle unconverted raw
materials

Reactor yield
• Meaningful parameter when recycle of unconverted raw materials to the reactor inlet is
not allowed
• Extremely important when describing performance of overall plant.

Goal ➔ maximum selectivity, minimum unwanted byproducts

16
Parallel reaction: Maximizing desired product for
one reactant
Key factor: Concentration & Proper Choice of Reactor
Consider this reactions:
Ratio of ⍺1 and ⍺2
kD
𝛼1 determines whether
We want the rate of A→D 𝑟𝐷 = 𝑘𝐷 𝐶𝐴 we need to keep CA
formation of D to be high kU high or low
𝛼2
with respect to the rate A→U 𝑟𝑈 = 𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴
of formation of U

Rate of disappearance of A: Selectivity:

−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑟𝐷 + 𝑟𝑈 𝑟𝐷 𝑘𝐷 𝛼1 −𝛼2
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = = 𝐶𝐴
𝑟𝑈 𝑘𝑈
−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘𝐷 𝐶𝐴𝛼1 + 𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴𝛼2
CASE EVALUATION: Parallel reaction – maximizing desired
product for one reactant
𝑎 = 𝛼1 − 𝛼2 Selectivity:

Case 1: ⍺1 > ⍺2 𝑆𝐷𝑈 =

𝑘𝐷 𝛼1−𝛼2
𝑆𝐷𝑈 =
𝑘𝐷 𝑎
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴
𝑘𝑈 𝑘𝑈
For the rD/rU to be high
▪ Keep HIGH concentration of A.
▪ Gas phase: Carry out reaction without inert & at high P. 𝑦𝐴0 𝑃
𝐶𝐴0 =
▪ Liquid phase: Keep inert to minimum.
𝑅𝑇

▪ Use batch or PFR since in this reactors, CA0 is high and

drops progressively through reaction.
▪ Should NOT use CSTR since concentration will drop immediately after entering
the reactor.
CASE EVALUATION: Parallel reaction – maximizing desired
product for one reactant
𝑏 = 𝛼2 − 𝛼1 Selectivity:
Case 2: ⍺2 > ⍺1
𝑘𝐷 𝑆𝐷𝑈 = 𝑘𝐷
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = 𝛼2 −𝛼1
𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴𝑏 𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴
For the rD/rU to be high

▪ Keep LOW concentration of A.

▪ Dilute feed with inert or run reaction at low concentration of A

▪ Use CSTR – where concentration is kept at low value

▪ Or use reactor with recycle stream – where product

stream acting as feed diluent
CASE EVALUATION: Parallel reaction – maximizing desired
product for one reactant
Selectivity is related to activation energy, E,
Does temperature through:
affect multiple
𝐸𝐷
reactions? 𝑘𝐷 𝐴𝐷 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑅𝑇
𝑆𝐷𝑈 ~ =
𝐸𝑈
𝑘𝑈 𝐴𝑈 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑅𝑇

𝐴𝐷 −[
𝐸𝐷 −𝐸𝑈
]
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅𝑇
𝐴𝑈
 Parallel reaction – maximizing desired product for one reactant
Case Evaluation: Case 3: ED > EU
Consider this reactions:
kD
𝛼
A→D 𝑟𝐷 = 𝑘𝐷 𝐶𝐴 1
kU
𝛼
A→U 𝑟𝑈 = 𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴 2

𝑟𝐷 𝑘𝐷 𝐴𝐷 −[
𝐸𝐷 −𝐸𝑈
]
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = ~ = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅𝑇
𝑟𝑈 𝑘𝑈 𝐴𝑈

▪ rD increase more rapidly with

increasing temperature than rU.

▪ Reaction system should be operated at the highest possible

temperature to maximize SDU.
 Parallel reaction – maximizing desired product for one reactant
Consider this reactions:
kD
Case Evaluation: Case 4: EU > ED
𝛼
A→D 𝑟𝐷 = 𝑘𝐷 𝐶𝐴 1
kU
𝛼
A→U 𝑟𝑈 = 𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴 2

𝑟𝐷 𝑘𝐷 𝐴𝐷 −[
𝐸𝐷 −𝐸𝑈
]
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = ~ = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅𝑇
𝑟𝑈 𝑘𝑈 𝐴𝑈

▪ rU increase more rapidly with

increasing temperature than rD.

▪ Reaction system should be operated at the lowest possible temperature,

but not too low such that the desired reaction does not proceed to any
significant effect.
Confuse??
Blur??

Let’s do some evaluations

 Example #2
Consider the Trambouze reactions where reactant A decomposes to form 3 different products as shown below.
In the reactions, B is the desired product, whereas X and Y are undesired product

A B -r1A = rB = k1CA = (0.0015 s-1)CA E1 = 15,000 kcal/mole

A X -r2A = rX = k2 = 0.0001 mol/dm3.s E2 = 10,000 kcal/mole
A Y -r3A = rY = k3CA2 = (0.008 dm3/mol.s)CA2 E3 = 20,000 kcal/mole

The specific reaction rate are given at 300K. The volumetric flowrate of A entering reactor is 2.0 dm3/s with
concentration of A entering the reactor is 0.4M.
a. By using graph selectivity of B against concentration of A, determine
i. maximum selectivity of B.
ii. Outlet concentration of A that gives maximum selectivity of B.
iii. conversion of A at the maximum selectivity of B.
iv. Yield at the maximum selectivity of B
b. Suggest type of reactor suitable for this reaction and its volume
c. Should the reaction temperature change (increase or decrease) to ensure high selectivity towards B?

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝐵
𝑆𝐷Τ𝑈 = =
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑋 + 𝑟𝑦
 Solution
a. By using graph selectivity of B against concentration of A, determine

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝐵 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴
𝑆𝐷Τ𝑈 = = =
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑋 + 𝑟𝑦 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝐴2

CA SB/XY Maximum Selectivity = 0.84

Inlet 0.900
concentration
0.40 0.435
0.800
0.35 0.486
0.700
0.30 0.549
0.25 0.625 0.600

SB/XY
0.20 0.714 0.500
0.15 0.804 0.400
0.10 0.833 0.300
Outlet 0.05 0.625 0.200 Outlet concentration that gives
concentration 0.00 0.000 0.100 maximum selectivity = 0.112 mol/dm3
(if X=1)
0.000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
CA
iii. Conversion at max selectivity

CA = 0.112 mol/dm3

𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 0.4 − 0.112

𝑋= = = 0.72
𝐶𝐴0 0.4

iv. Yield at max selectivity

𝑟𝐵
𝑌𝐵 =
−𝑟𝐴
Net rate of A disappearance

−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑟𝐵 + 𝑟𝑋 + 𝑟𝑌 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝐴2

𝑟𝐵 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴
𝑌𝐵 = = = 0.456
−𝑟𝐴 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝐴2
b. Suggest type of reactor suitable for this reaction and its volume

1.000 Since CA changes along with tube length (PFR) and

reaction time (batch), it is ideal for this reaction to be
conducted in CSTR with outlet CA = 0.112 mol/dm3
0.500 (reaction order of undesired higher than desired
reaction (α1 < α2))

0.000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

𝐹𝐴0 𝑋 𝑣0 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋 𝑣0 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋

𝑉𝐶𝑆𝑇𝑅 = = = 2 = 1564 𝑑𝑚3
−𝑟𝐴 −𝑟𝐴 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝐴
c. Should the reaction temperature change (increase or decrease) to ensure high selectivity
towards B?
𝑘1 𝐶𝐴
𝑆𝐵/𝑋𝑌 =
𝑘2 + 𝑘3 𝐶𝐴2

At maximum selectivity, the CA is expressed by:

𝑘2
𝐶𝐴 =
𝑘3

𝑘2 𝑘2
𝑘1 𝑘1 𝑘1 𝑘1 𝑘1
𝑘3 𝑘3
𝑆𝐵/𝑋𝑌 = = = = 1 1 = 1 1
2 2𝑘2 𝑘3 −2 2
𝑘2 2𝑘2
𝑘2 2𝑘2 . 𝑘2 . 𝑘3 2𝑘22 . 𝑘32
𝑘2 + 𝑘3
𝑘3
Recall Arrhenius equation

𝐸
−𝑅𝑇
𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒
𝐸
− 1 𝐸2 +𝐸3
𝑘1 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑅𝑇 𝐴1 − 𝐸1
𝑆𝐵/𝑋𝑌 = = = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 2
1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑇
𝐸2 2 𝐸3 2 2 𝐴2 𝐴3
2𝑘22 . 𝑘32 2 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝑅𝑇 𝐴3 𝑒 −𝑅𝑇

𝐸2 +𝐸3
If < 𝐸1 Run the reactor at higher temperature to obtain higher selectivity
2

If 𝐸2 +𝐸3
> 𝐸1 Run the reactor at lower temperature to obtain higher selectivity
2

𝐸2 +𝐸3
However, since = 𝐸1 The reaction is independent with temperature. Thus any changes in
2
temperature would not affect selectivity
CASE EVALUATION: Parallel reaction – maximizing desired
product for TWO reactants
Case 1: ⍺1 > ⍺ 2; β1 > β2 Selectivity:

𝑆𝐷𝑈 = 𝑘𝐷 𝛼1 −𝛼2 β1 −𝛽2

Let a = ⍺1 ⎯ ⍺ 2, b = β1 ⎯ β2 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
𝑘𝑈
a and b are +ve constant 𝑘𝐷 𝑎 𝑏
For the rD/rU to be high
= 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
▪ Keep HIGH concentration of A and B. 𝑘𝑈

▪ Gas phase: Carry out reaction without inert & at high P.

▪ Liquid phase: Keep inert to minimum.

▪ Use batch or PFR

▪ Should not use CSTR
CASE EVALUATION: Parallel reaction – maximizing desired
product for TWO reactants
Selectivity:
Case 2: ⍺1 > ⍺ 2; β1 < β2 𝑘𝐷 𝛼1 −𝛼2 β1 −𝛽2
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
𝑘𝑈
Let a = ⍺1 ⎯ ⍺ 2, b = β2 ⎯ β1
𝑘𝐷 𝐶𝐴𝑎
a and b +ve constant 𝑆𝐷𝑈 =
𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐵𝑏
For the rD/rU to be high
▪ Keep HIGH concentration of A, LOW concentration of B.
▪ Use semibatch reactor: B fed slowly in large A
▪ PFR with side streams: mainstream A, side stream B
▪ CSTR in series: only A in 1st reactor and low B in each
reactor (B will be almost consumed before going to next
reactor)
CASE EVALUATION: Parallel reaction – maximizing desired
product for TWO reactants
Selectivity:
Case 3: ⍺1 < ⍺ 2; β1 > β2 𝑘𝐷 𝛼1 −𝛼2 β1 −𝛽2
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
𝑘𝑈
Let a = ⍺2 ⎯ ⍺ 1, b = β1 ⎯ β2 𝑘𝐷 𝐶𝐵𝑏
𝑆𝐷𝑈 =
For the rD/rU to be high
a and b +ve constant 𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴𝑎
▪ Keep HIGH concentration of B, LOW concentration of A.
▪ Use semibatch reactor: A fed slowly in large B

▪ PFR with side streams: mainstream B, side stream A A

B

▪ CSTR in series: only B in 1st reactor and low A in each

reactor (A will be almost consumed before going to
next reactor)
CASE EVALUATION: Parallel reaction – maximizing desired
product for TWO reactants
Selectivity:
Case 4: ⍺1 < ⍺ 2; β1 < β2 𝑘𝐷 𝛼1 −𝛼2 β1 −𝛽2
𝑆𝐷𝑈 = 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
𝑘𝑈
Let a = ⍺2 ⎯ ⍺ 1, b = β2 ⎯ β1 𝑘𝐷 1
𝑆𝐷𝑈 =
For the rD/rU to be high
a and b +ve constant 𝑘𝑈 𝐶𝐴𝑎 𝐶𝐵𝑏
▪ Keep LOW concentration of A and B.

▪ Liquid phase: Dilute feed with inert

▪ Gas phase: Low pressure

▪ Use CSTR
▪ PFR with large recycle ratio
In PART 4..

1. Maximizing yield in series reaction

 Series reaction: Maximizing selectivity in series reaction
Objective: maximize desired product
k1 k2 Need
A→B→C ✓ B is the desired product concentration
▪ Most important variable: 𝝉 for flow reactor, real time for profile
batch reactor
▪ If the first reaction is slow and second reaction is fast, it
will be extremely difficult to produce B.
A B C
▪ If the first reaction is fast and the reaction to form C is
slow, a large yield of B can be achieved. Ci

▪ If the reaction is allowed to proceed for a long time in a batch

reactor, or if the tubular flow reactor is too long, the desired
product B will be converted to the undesired product C.
Time / space time
▪ Optimum time analysis is required to find optimum
reaction time to maximize production of B
 Example #3
Consider the following gas phase reaction

k1 k2
A B C

Where k1 = 0.5 h-1 and k2 = 0.2 h-1 with CA0 = 2 mol/dm3 is carried out in a batch reactor. The reaction is heated
very rapidly to the reaction temperature where it is held at this temperature until the time it is quenched to stop the
reaction.
a. Plot and analyze the concentrations of species A, B and C as function of time
b. Determine the quenching time that maximize concentration of B
c. Determine the overall selectivity and yield of B at the quenching time
Solution
Mole balance of A

Based on reaction constant, the reaction is first order.

−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴

The mole balance of A for batch reactor is

𝑑𝑁𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐴

𝑑𝑡 = = 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑟𝐴 𝑉 𝑟𝐴 −𝑘1 𝐶𝐴

Integrate from t = 0 to t = t, CA0 to CA

𝐶𝐴0
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑘1 t
𝐶𝐴

𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 −𝑘1t
Mole balance of B

Based on reaction constant, the rate of disappearance of B to form C is first order reaction.

−𝑟2𝐵 = 𝑘2 𝐶𝐵

Through relative reaction rate, the rate of B formation;

−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑟1𝐵 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴

The net rates of formation B are as follows

𝑟𝐵,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑟1𝐵 + 𝑟2𝐵 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝐵

The mole balance of B for batch reactor is

𝑑𝑁𝐵 𝑑𝐶𝐵
𝑑𝑡 = =
𝑟𝐵 𝑉 𝑟𝐵
Mole balance of B

The mole balance of B for batch reactor is Based on first order Integration Factor, where:

𝑑𝐶𝐵 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 = + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝐵 𝑑𝑥

Can be rewritten as
𝑑𝐶𝐵
= 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝐵 𝑑 𝑒 ‫ 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬. 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 ‫)𝑥(𝑄 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐶𝐵
+ 𝑘2 𝐶𝐵 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 −𝑘1t
Integrated as
𝑑𝑡
𝑒 ‫ 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬. 𝑦 = න 𝑒 ‫)𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑄 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
Using integration factor
y = CB
P(X) = k2
Q(X) = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 −𝑘1 t

𝑑 𝐶𝐵 . 𝑒 𝑘2𝑡 rearrange
𝐶𝐵 . 𝑒 𝑘2𝑡 = න 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 (𝑘2−𝑘1)t 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 (𝑘2−𝑘1)t
𝑑𝑡
Mole balance of B

𝐶𝐵 . 𝑒 𝑘2𝑡 = න 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 (𝑘2−𝑘1)t 𝑑𝑡

Integration
t=0 to t=t
CB=0 to CB=CB

1 1
𝐶𝐵 . 𝑒 𝑘2𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 (𝑘2 −𝑘1)t − 𝑘 𝐶
𝑘2 − 𝑘1 𝑘2 − 𝑘1 1 𝐴0

At t = t At t = 0

rearrange

𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 (𝑘 −𝑘 )t rearrange 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 −𝑘 t

𝐶𝐵 . 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡 = 𝑒 2 1 −1 𝐶𝐵 = 𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘2𝑡
𝑘2 − 𝑘1 𝑘2 − 𝑘1
Mole balance of C

By using simple mole balance, the concentration of C is

𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 − 𝐶𝐵
Maximum B concentration = 1.09 mol/dm3

Plotting concentration against time

t CA Cb CC 2.00
Quenching time ~ 3 hours

Concentration (mol/dm3)
0 2.00 0.00 0.00
1 1.21 0.71 0.08 CC
1.50
2 0.74 1.01 0.26
3 0.45 1.09 0.47 1.00
4 0.27 1.05 0.68
5 0.16 0.95 0.88
0.50 CB
6 0.10 0.84 1.06
7 0.06 0.72 1.22
8 0.04 0.61 1.35 0.00 CA
0 2 4 6 8 10
9 0.02 0.51 1.46
10 0.01 0.43 1.56 Time (h)
the overall selectivity and yield of B at the quenching time

𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.05 ℎ

𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 . 𝑒 −𝑘1t = 0.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑚3

𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 −𝑘 t
𝐶𝐵 = 𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘2𝑡 = 1.07 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑚3
𝑘2 − 𝑘1

𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 − 𝐶𝐵 = 0.49 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑚3

𝐶𝐵
𝑆ሚ𝐵Τ𝐶 = = 2.2
𝐶𝐶

𝐶𝐵
𝑌෨𝐵 = = 0.69
𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴
End of CHAPTER 6
By now, students should be able to:

1. Describe different types of multiple reactions.

2. Explain the concept of yield and selectivity.

3. Propose strategy to maximize desired product in parallel reactions

(one and two reactants).

4. Propose strategy to maximize desired product in series reactions.