CHE 205

CHE 205
Chemical Engineering Calculations

Week 8
Spring 2022

2
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 4th edition,
2017, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
By: Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, & Lisa G. Bullard.

3
 Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances

4.6b. Fractional conversion and extent of reaction

4.7 Balances on reactive processes
4.7a. Balances on molecular and atomic species
4.7b. Independent – Equations, Species, and Reactions

4
4.6 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry
4.6a Stoichiometry
evrey
2 SO2 +OO2 → 2 SO3 chemical
O
ex in mot
ran

13022
2 "#$% &'! (%)%*+,%-
1 "#$% '" /#)01"%-
unit

• Two reactants, A and B, are said to be present in stoichiometric proportion

if the ratios (moles A present)/(moles B present) equals the stoichiometric
ratio obtained from the balanced reaction equation.

5
 A + 2 B → C + 3D
Important terminology
Feed Reactor Product
conversion of A
nA 0 mol A 30% nA mol A
nB 0 mol B nB mol B
nC mol C
nD mol D

A + 2B ® C + 3D Notes
1 Feed amount nA0 nB0 nC0 nD0
2 Limiting/excess Limiting Excess use 1
Stoichiometric
3 nA stoic nB stoic use 1 and rxn
amount
4 %Excess 0 %Ex use 1 and 3

5 Product amount nA nB nC nD use extent

6 Conversion fA fB use 1 and 5

%!" − %! #$%&'( %!
&'()** = #! "#$ = #! "#$ ± &! ' !! = 1 −
%! #$%&'( %!" 6
4.6b Limiting and Excess reactants, Fractional Conversion, and
Extent of reaction

• Limiting reactant
The reactant that would run out if a reaction proceeded to completion.
(a reactant is limiting if it is present in less than its stoichiometric
proportion relative to every other reactant).

• The other reactants are termed excess reactants.

• Stoichiometric requirement of A = (nA)stoich

the amount needed to react completely with the limiting reactant
mine
• Excess of the reactant (nA)feed - (nA)stoich
is the amount of feed exceeding the stoichiometric requirement.

7
 150 400
312

ted É É

NA
NA o intial

MAO 300
Ys
he
• Fractional excess of a reactant
is the ratio of excess to the stoichiometric requirement;

-+ -../ − -+ 012345
!()*+0$-)% &1*&'' $! 2 = !!" = #$$% &'()!*
-+ 012345

The Percentage excess of A is 100 times the fractional excess.

• Fractional conversion (f) of a reactant is the ratio:

#$%&' (&)*+&, -+, − -+ -+

!= = =1−
#$%&' !&, -+, -+,

Percentage unreacted is A is 100 times the fraction unreacted.

The Fraction Unreacted is accordingly 1- f
8
 Extent of reaction (ξ: called Xi or Zai:)
Q: What is ξ? has no Unit
A: It’s a dummy variable that reflects how far each reaction proceeds. It reflects the
stoichiometry of the reaction and helps us keep up with generation and consumption.

• Let νi be the stoichiometric coefficient of the ith species in a chemical

reaction, making it negative for reactants and positive for products.
ofmolt
!! "#$ = !! !% ± 2
$!%
Negative (-) for reactants and
Positive (+) for products.

Example: C2H2 + 2H2 → C2H6

Feed: 20 kmol 50 kmol 50 kmol
After some time 30.0 kmol H2 has reacted. reacted
3 has
#%# = #%# − 2×' If3
s out
&
#'#%# = #'#%#
&
− 1×'
153
ξ
Is the same value for all
components in the same
reaction
NcoSo É
#'#%$ = #'#%$ + 1×'
nÉmf
&
B month
9
 15
20 50 2Ey
Example 4.6-1 Reaction Stoichiometry
n A 20 I

Acrylonitrile is produced in the reaction of propylene, ammonia and oxygen:

Assumed propylene Acrylonitrile

20 550 23
C3H6 + NH3 + 3/2 O2→ C3H3N + 3H2O a

Egil't É
The feed contains 10.0 mol% propylene, 12.0% ammonia, and 78.0% air. A
fractional conversion of 30.0% of the limiting reactant is achieved. Taking 100
mol of feed as a basis, determine:
1. Which reactant is limiting?
2. The percentage by which each of the other reactants is in excess.
3. The molar amounts of all product gas constituents for a 30% conversion
of the limiting reactant.

(Use the extent of reaction method)

of Qi Air
the 10
is
 Imai
Basis: 100 mol feed

Propylene Acrylonitrile

C3H6 + NH3 + 1.5 O2→ C3H3N + 3H2O

FEED
100 mole Reactor
conversion of LR
0.10 mol C3H6/mol 30.0% n1 C3H6
n2 NH3
700M 0.12 mol NH3/mol
n3 O2
0.78 mol air/mol n4 N2

It
n5 C3H3N
0.21 mol O2/mol air
0.79 mol N2/mol air n6 H2O

n Na in n Na out

11
1. Which reactant is limiting?
2. The percentage by which each of the other reactants is in excess.

C3H6 + NH3 + 1.5 O2 → C3H3N + 3H2O

get the TR
nfeed 10 mol 12 mol 16.4 mol
to
Limiting
10
1
12
1
16.4
1 .5
Balance theearn
or Divide nfeed foreachpower
excess
withtheircofficent
10 12 10.9 all units are mol
excess
theless is the LR
limiting excess

nstoich 10 in 1
10 ´ = 10
1
10 ´
1.5
1
= 15 mol Example: !!"! #$%&'(
= 10.0 &'( )) **
+ ,%- !"!
+ ,%- .! ""
= 10.0 &'(

(n A ) feed - (n A ) stoich
%Excess 10 - 10 12 - 10 16.4 - 15 % excess =
100 Nor ´100% (n A ) stoich
10 10 15
!"! # / !"! $%&'()
0% 20% 9.3% Example: % ,-.,// !"! = ×100%
!"! $%&'()
+0.2/+2.2
= ×100% = 20% ,-.,// 2*)
+2.2

12
 3. Determine the molar amounts of all product gas constituents for a 30% conversion of the
limiting reactant.
(n A ) feed - (n A ) put
§ Conversion of limiting reactant = 30.0% Þ #%3&4 = 0.30 %conv =
(n A ) feed

I
10 - n1
0.30 = Þ %) = 7.0 mol
10

§ Extent equations
to
Lf (ni )out = (ni ) in ± a
n ix C3H6 + NH3 + 1.5 O2 → C3H3N + 3H2O

C3H6 7 = 10 − 1×9

%* = 12 − 1×9
T
Þ 9 = 3 mol
7 mol

Þ %* = 9 mol
NH3
T
O2 %+ = 16.4 − 1.5×9 Þ %+ = 11.9 mol

N2 %, = 61.6 Þ %, = 61.6 mol

C3H3N %- = 0 + 1×9 Þ %- = 3 mol

H2O %. = 0 + 3×9 Þ %. = 9 mol

13
 4.7 Balances on Reactive Processes
Systems that involve chemical reactions may be analyzed
using:

a) Molecular species balances (the approach always

used for nonreactive systems).
b) Atomic species balances, and
c) Extent of reaction (ξ).

14
4.7a Balances on Reactive Processes
C2 H 6 → C2 H 4 + H 2

Reactor
100 kmol C2H6 / min 40 kmol H2 / min
n1 kmol C2H6 / min
n2 kmol C2H4 / min

Systems that involve chemical reactions may be analyzed using:

a) Molecular species balances or component balances (the
approach always used for nonreactive systems).
b) Atomic species balances, and
c) Extent of reaction (ξ).

15
4.7a. Balances on Molecular and Atomic species

In a reactive system we have:

1. Molecular species (components)
2. Atomic species (atoms)
3. Chemical reaction(s) 2 C2H4 → C4H8
100 mol
Reactor
C2H4 0.60 C2H4 n1
Example 17 N2 0.40 N2 n2
Answer the following C4H8 n3
C2 H4 C4 H8 N2
1) Molecular species (components) are ______________________________
C H N
2) Atomic species are ____________________________________________

ez
C2 H4 C4 H8
3) What are the reactive species? __________________________________
N2
4) What are the non reactive species? ______________________________
1 hella
5) How many chemical reactions are there? __________________________ ins
16
i
 w
2 C2H4 → C4H8
100 mol
Reactor
C2H4 0.60 C2H4 n1
N2 0.40 N2
san2
C4H8 n3

e
(0.6 ´100) / (0.4´100) = 6/4
6) Ratio of C2H4 to N2 in feed is ____________________________________.
n1 / n2 y
7) Ratio of C2H4 to N2 in output is __________________________________.

2 ´ (0.6 ´100) Moles of N atom in feed is______________

8) Moles of C atom in feed is______________. 2 ´ (0.4 ´100)

4 ´ (0.6 ´100) 4 n1 + 8 n3
9) Moles of H atom in input is _____________. Moles of H atom in output is ____________.

2 n1 + 4 n3
10) Moles of C atom in output is _____________.

17
4.7b. Independent Equations/Species/Reactions

1. If two molecular species are in the same ratio to each other

wherever they appear in a process and this ratio is
incorporated in the flowchart labeling, balances on these
species will not be independent equations.
2. If two atomic species occur in the same ratio wherever they
appear in a process, balances on these species will not be
independent equations.
3. Chemical reactions are independent if the stoichiometric
equation of any one of them cannot be obtained by adding
and subtracting multiples of the stoichiometric equations of
the others.

18
Example 1
Consider the following process in which carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is vaporized
into a stream of air. Determine how many independent molecular species and
independent atomic species are there.
!̇ + (&'( 60 ⁄/) !̇ ) (&'( 60 ⁄/)
 3.76!̇ + (&'( 20 ⁄/) 3.76!̇ ) (&'( 20 ⁄/)
ƒ
!̇ 6 (&'( ))(6 (;)⁄/)

!̇ 0 (&'( ))(6 (()⁄/) !̇ 5 (&'( ))(6 (()⁄/)

‚ „

Molecular species Atomic species

• Number of components = 3
• O2, N2, CCl4
• Ratio of N2 to O2 in  = 3.76
• Ratio of N2 to O2 in ƒ = 3.76
• One of (N2 and O2) components is
dependent
• Num. of independent molecular
species = 3-1 = 2
• Number of atomic species = 4
• O, N, C, Cl
• Ratio of N to O in  and ƒ = 3.76
• One of (N and O) atoms is dependent
• Ratio of (Cl to C ) in ‚ and „ = 3.76
• One of (Cl and C) atoms is dependent
• Num. of independent atomic species =
4-2 = 2
19
Independent reactions. Chemical reactions are not independent
if we can get one in terms of the other by adding, subtracting
and multiplying them

Reaction (2) = 2 ´ Reaction (1)

A à B (1)
We have (2) reactions, one of them is dependent
2A à 2B (2) Þ Number of independent reactions = 1

AàB (1) Reaction (3) = Reaction (1) + 2 ´ Reaction (2)

BàC (2) We have 3 reactions, one of them is dependent
Þ Number of independent reactions = 2

A à 2C (3)

20
 Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances
4.6 Chemical reaction stoichiometry
4.6a. Quick review of chemical reaction stoichiometry,
limiting and excess reactants, and extent of reaction

21
 Extent of reaction (ξ: called Xi or Zai:)
Q: What is ξ?
A: It’s a dummy variable that reflects how far each reaction proceeds. It reflects the
stoichiometry of the reaction and helps us keep up with generation and consumption.

• Let νi be the stoichiometric coefficient of the ith species in a chemical

reaction, making it negative for reactants and positive for products.

!! "#$ = !! !% ± $! %
Negative (-) for reactants and
Positive (+) for products.

Example: C2H2 + 2H2 → C2H6

Feed: 20 kmol 50 kmol 50 kmol
After some time 30.0 kmol H2 has reacted.

#%! = #%! − 2×'

& Is the same value for all
#'!%! = #'!%!
&
− 1×' ξ components in the same
reaction
#'!%" = #'!%" + 1×'
& 22
Example 4.6-1 Reaction Stoichiometry
Acrylonitrile is produced in the reaction of propylene, ammonia and oxygen:

propylene Acrylonitrile
C3H6 + NH3 + 3/2 O2→ C3H3N + 3H2O

The feed contains 10.0 mol% propylene, 12.0% ammonia, and 78.0% air. A
fractional conversion of 30.0% of the limiting reactant is achieved. Taking 100
mol of feed as a basis, determine:
1. Which reactant is limiting?
2. The percentage by which each of the other reactants is in excess.
3. The molar amounts of all product gas constituents for a 30% conversion
of the limiting reactant.

(Use the extent of reaction method)

23
Basis: 100 mol feed

Propylene Acrylonitrile

C3H6 + NH3 + 1.5 O2→ C3H3N + 3H2O

FEED
100 mole Reactor
conversion of LR
0.10 mol C3H6/mol 30.0% n1 C3H6
0.12 mol NH3/mol n2 NH3
n3 O2
0.78 mol air/mol n4 N2
n5 C3H3N
0.21 mol O2/mol air
0.79 mol N2/mol air n6 H2O

24
1. Which reactant is limiting?
2. The percentage by which each of the other reactants is in excess.

C3H6 + NH3 + 1.5 O2 → C3H3N + 3H2O

nfeed 10 mol 12 mol 16.4 mol

10 12 16.4
Limiting 1 1 1 .5
or
excess 10 12 10.9 all units are mol
limiting excess excess

1 1.5
nstoich 10 10 ´ = 10 10 ´ = 15 mol Example: !!"! = 10.0 &'( )) **
+ ,%- !"!
= 10.0 &'(
1 1 #$%&'( + ,%- .! ""

(n A ) feed - (n A ) stoich
%Excess 10 - 10 12 - 10 16.4 - 15 % excess =
´100% (n A ) stoich
10 10 15
!"! # / !"! $%&'()
0% 20% 9.3% Example: % ,-.,// !"! = ×100%
!"! $%&'()
+0.2/+2.2
= ×100% = 20% ,-.,// 2*)
+2.2

25
 3. Determine the molar amounts of all product gas constituents for a 30% conversion of the
limiting reactant.
(n A ) feed - (n A ) put
§ Conversion of limiting reactant = 30.0% Þ !#3$4 = 0.30 %conv =
(n A ) feed
10 - n1
0.30 = Þ %) = 7.0 mol
10

§ Extent equations

(ni )out = (ni ) in ± n ix C3H6 + NH3 + 1.5 O2 → C3H3N + 3H2O

C3H6 7 = 10 − 1×9 Þ 9 = 3 mol

7 mol

NH3 %* = 12 − 1×9 Þ %* = 9 mol

O2 %+ = 16.4 − 1.5×9 Þ %+ = 11.9 mol

N2 %, = 61.6 Þ %, = 61.6 mol

C3H3N %- = 0 + 1×9 Þ %- = 3 mol

H2O %. = 0 + 3×9 Þ %. = 9 mol

26
 4.7 Balances on Reactive Processes
Systems that involve chemical reactions may be analyzed
using:

a) Molecular species balances (the approach always

used for nonreactive systems).
b) Atomic species balances, and
c) Extent of reaction (ξ).

27
4.7a Balances on Reactive Processes
C2 H 6 → C2 H 4 + H 2

Reactor
100 kmol C2H6 / min 40 kmol H2 / min
n1 kmol C2H6 / min
n2 kmol C2H4 / min

Systems that involve chemical reactions may be analyzed using:

a) Molecular species balances or component balances (the
approach always used for nonreactive systems).
b) Atomic species balances, and
c) Extent of reaction (ξ).

28
4.7a. Balances on Molecular and Atomic species

In a reactive system we have:

1. Molecular species (components)
2. Atomic species (atoms)
3. Chemical reaction(s) 2 C2H4 → C4H8
100 mol
Reactor
C2H4 0.60 C2H4 n1
Example 17 N2 0.40 N2 n2
Answer the following C4H8 n3
C2 H4 C4 H8 N2
1) Molecular species (components) are ______________________________
C H N
2) Atomic species are ____________________________________________
C2 H4 C4 H8
3) What are the reactive species? __________________________________
N2
4) What are the non reactive species? ______________________________
1
5) How many chemical reactions are there? __________________________
29
 2 C2H4 → C4H8
100 mol
Reactor
C2H4 0.60 C2H4 n1
N2 0.40 N2 n2
C4H8 n3

(0.6 ´100) / (0.4´100) = 6/4

6) Ratio of C2H4 to N2 in feed is ____________________________________.
n1 / n2
7) Ratio of C2H4 to N2 in output is __________________________________.

2 ´ (0.6 ´100) Moles of N atom in feed is______________

8) Moles of C atom in feed is______________. 2 ´ (0.4 ´100)

4 ´ (0.6 ´100) 4 n1 + 8 n3
9) Moles of H atom in input is _____________. Moles of H atom in output is ____________.

2 n1 + 4 n3
10) Moles of C atom in output is _____________.

30
4.7b. Independent Equations/Species/Reactions

1. If two molecular species are in the same ratio to each other

wherever they appear in a process and this ratio is
incorporated in the flowchart labeling, balances on these
species will not be independent equations.
2. If two atomic species occur in the same ratio wherever they
appear in a process, balances on these species will not be
independent equations.
3. Chemical reactions are independent if the stoichiometric
equation of any one of them cannot be obtained by adding
and subtracting multiples of the stoichiometric equations of
the others.

31
Example 1
Consider the following process in which carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is vaporized
into a stream of air. Determine how many independent molecular species and
independent atomic species are there.
!̇ + (&'( 60 ⁄/) !̇ ) (&'( 60 ⁄/)
 3.76!̇ + (&'( 20 ⁄/) 3.76!̇ ) (&'( 20 ⁄/)
ƒ
!̇ 6 (&'( ))(6 (;)⁄/)

!̇ 0 (&'( ))(6 (()⁄/) !̇ 5 (&'( ))(6 (()⁄/)

‚ „

Molecular species Atomic species

• Number of components = 3
• O2, N2, CCl4
• Ratio of N2 to O2 in  = 3.76
• Ratio of N2 to O2 in ƒ = 3.76
• One of (N2 and O2) components is
dependent
• Num. of independent molecular
species = 3-1 = 2
• Number of atomic species = 4
• O, N, C, Cl
• Ratio of N to O in  and ƒ = 3.76
• One of (N and O) atoms is dependent
• Ratio of (Cl to C ) in ‚ and „ = 3.76
• One of (Cl and C) atoms is dependent
• Num. of independent atomic species =
4-2 = 2
32
Independent reactions. Chemical reactions are not independent
if we can get one in terms of the other by adding, subtracting
and multiplying them

Reaction (2) = 2 ´ Reaction (1)

A à B (1)
We have (2) reactions, one of them is dependent
2A à 2B (2) Þ Number of independent reactions = 1

AàB (1) Reaction (3) = Reaction (1) + 2 ´ Reaction (2)

BàC (2) We have 3 reactions, one of them is dependent
Þ Number of independent reactions = 2

A à 2C (3)

33
34
Exercise 1 – Flowchart Calculations
Use the flowchart to calculate required properties (2) calculate
$̇ '
corresponding to each stream
xW
xI
%̇ %
%̇ &
$̇ 2 (kg/h)
Water (W) yW
Isopropyl alcohol (I) yI
xW (kg W/kg)
xI (kg I/kg) '&
$̇ 1 (kg/h)
Distillation
Column
(1) calculate yW = 0.6 mol W/mol
$̇ 1 (kg/h) yI (mol I/mol)
(3) calculate
xW %̇ & = 3 kmol/h
xI $̇ 3 (kg/h)
50 kg W/h xW
$̇ %
$̇ & 50 kg I/h xI
%̇ % %̇ %
yI %̇ &
'& yW
yI
'&
35
Solution
Equations to use:

*̇ 7 .̇ 7 *̇ 7
%̇ ( = +,-
, 6( = .̇ 898:;
, 7( = *̇ 898:;

',-(9':) = 18 kg/kmol
',-(C) = 60 kg/kmol

∑ 6( = 6& + 6% = 1
∑ 7( = 7& + 7% = 1

$̇ -/-01
&=
'
%̇ -/-01

MIJJ KILI%MNs:
OPQIL $IJJ KILI%MN: $̇ 1 = $̇ 2 + $̇ 3
RP$SP%N%Q $IJJ KILI%MN: xW1$̇ 1 = xW2 $̇ 2 + xW3 $̇ 3

Molar balances:
OPQIL $PLIT KILI%MN: %1̇ = %2̇ + %3̇
RP$SP%N%Q $PLIT KILI%MN: yW1%1̇ = yW2 %2̇ + yW3 %3̇

36
Solution
(2) calculate
$̇ ' = 161 kg/h
xW = 0.19
xI = 0.81
%̇ % = 1.72 kmo/h
$̇ 2 (kg/h) %̇ & = 2.16 kmol/h
yW = 0.44
xW (kg W/kg) yI = 0.56
xI (kg I/kg) '& = 41.4 kg/kmol
$̇ 1 (kg/h)
Distillation
Column
(1) calculate yW = 0.6 mol W/mol
$̇ 1 = 261 kg/h yI (mol I/mol)
(3) calculate
xW = 0.31 %̇ & = 3 kmol/h
xI = 0.69 $̇ 3 =100 kg/h
50 kg W/h xW = 0.5
$̇ % = 81 kg/h Water (W)
Isopropyl alcohol (I) 50 kg I/h xI = 0.5
$̇ & = 180 kg/h
%̇ % = 4.5 kmol/h %̇ % = 2.78 kmol/h
yI = 0.4 %̇ & = 0.83 kmol/h
& = 34.8 kg/kmol yW = 0.77
'
yI = 0.23
'& =27.69 kg/kmol 37
Example 1 – Flowchart and Material Balance on a Single Unit
The mixture of acetone (xA=50%) and benzene (xB=50%) enters a distillation column at 1
kg/s. The column separates the feed into two mixtures; one on the top (called light key)
and the other at the bottom (called heavy key). The upper product is a mixture containing
80 mass % of more volatile component (it is the light component or the one with lower
boiling point) which leaves at a mass flow rate of 0.6 kg/s. The column operates at steady
state. Both products leave as a liquid phase.

a) Decide which component among Acetone (A) and Benzene (B) is more volatile
(lighter) by comparing the boiling points found in Table B.1. The light component
moves up in the top product, while the heavy stays in the bottom product.
b) Draw a completely labeled flowchart of this process.
c) Determine degree of freedom and analyze the situation.
d) Determine the composition of the mixture on the top of the column
e) Determine the flow rates of each component in the mixture on top of the column
f) Determine the composition of the mixture on the bottom of the column
g) Determine the flow rates of each component in the mixture on the bottom of the
column
38
Solution

a) According to table B1, the boiling point of each component at 1 atm is :

Tb(oC) of Acetone = 56oC
Tb(oC) of Benzene = 80.1oC.
Since the acetone has a lower boiling point, acetone is more volatile, hence the upper
product contains 80 mass % of acetone.
b)
ṁ * = 0.6 kg/s
x*/ = 0.8
x*0 = 1- 0.8 = 0.2
Distillation
column
ṁ ) = 1 kg/s
x)/ = 0.5
x)0 = 0.5

ṁ +
x+/
x+0 = 1-x+/

39
Solution

c) Degree of freedom for a non-reactive system:

DOF = number of unknowns

- number of independent equations

= 2 unknowns (ṁ + , ẋ +/ )
- 2 independent mass balance equations (Ḋ 1 = Ḋ 2 + Ḋ 3 , xA1Ḋ 1 = xA2 Ḋ 2 + xA3 Ḋ 3)
= 0 → Solvable

d) ẋ */ = 0.8 ẋ *0 = 1- 0.8 = 0.2

e) ṁ */ = ẋ */ ṁ * = 0.8 * 0.6 kg/s = 0.48 kg/s

ṁ *1 = ṁ * - ṁ */ = 0.6 - 0.48 = 0.12 kg/s

40
Solution

f) To find the missing unknowns, we use the independent equations as specified earlier in the
degree of freedom analysis
Equation 1: (total mass balance) Ḋ 1 = Ḋ 2 + Ḋ 3 → 1 kg/s = 0.6 kg/s + Ḋ 3 → Ḋ 3 = 0.4 kg/s

Equation 2: (component mass balance) xA1Ḋ 1 = xA2 Ḋ 2 + xA3 Ḋ 3 → 0.5*1=0.8*0.6 + xA3*0.4

→ xA3 = 0.05
→xB3 = 1 - xA3 =1-0.05=0.95
What about Equation 3 (xB1Ḋ 1 = xB2 Ḋ 2 + xB3 Ḋ 3) ?
This equation is not independent as it can be derived from equation 1 minus equation 2.
Although it can be used to verify the answers found above.

xB1Ḋ 1 = 0.5* 1 = 0.5 kg/s

xB2 Ḋ 2 + xB3 Ḋ 3 =0.2*0.6+0.95*0.4= 0.5kg/s which is equal to xB1Ḋ 1 → The calculation is correct.

g) ṁ +/ = ẋ +/ ṁ + = 0.05 * 0.4 kg/s = 0.02 kg/s

ṁ +1 = ṁ + - ṁ +/ = 0.4 – 0.02= 0.38 kg/s
41
Exercise 2 – Balance on Multiple Units
Examine the figure below. No reaction takes place. The system is open and steady state.
The composition of each numbered stream is as follows:
1) Pure A
2) Pure B
3) A and B, fractions known: xA = 0.800, xB = 0.200
4) Pure C
5) A, B, and C, fractions known: xA = 0.571, xB = 0.143, xC = 0.286
6) Pure D
7) A and D, fractions known: xA = 0.714, xD = 0.286
8) B and C, fractions known: xB = 0.333, xC = 0.667

a) Label the chart completely.

b) What is the maximum number of independent mass balances that can be
generated to solve this problem?
c) Write down the possible equations.
d) Do they form a unique set of solutions? 42
 Example 4.4-2
A mixture containing 50.0 wt. % acetone (A) and 50.0 wt. % water (W) is to be separated into two
streams – one rich in acetone and the other in water. The separation process consists of extraction of
saperated the acetone from the water into methyl isobuthyl ketone (MIBK or M), which has a much higher affinity
for acetone than it does for water. The process is shown schematically below.

ME

volatility
By
Diff of 43
 BP
by assuming

a

Œ Ž


aggier 

44
 O
4 unknowns (m5,mA6, mM6, mW6)
04
– 3 equations (3 species balance)

oft
1

I
Two-Extractor Subsystem
3 unknowns (m1, xM1, m3) – 3 equations (3 species) = 0 degrees of freedom
Balances Around Two-Extractor Subsystem
Insolvent otsment 4275
43.1
off Total mass: 100 + 100 + 75 EF = 43.1 EF + D ) + D+ my my
A: 100× 0.500 EF G = 43.1 0.053 EF G + D) 0.275 + D+ 0.09
50Solve simultaneously: D) = 145 EF; D+ = 86.8 EF
M: (100 + 75) EF M = 43.1 0.016 EF M + D) '2) + D+ 0.88

'2) = 0.675 EF MNOP/EF

45
Balances Around Extract Mixing Point

A: D) 0.275 + D+ 0.09 = D!,

D!, = 47.7 EF acetone

M: D) '2) + D+ 0.88 = D2,

D2, = 174 EF MIBK

W: D) 0.725 − '2) + D+ 0.03 = D3,

D3, = 9.9 EF water

46
 43.14275
Mz
ME
0.09ms
2.2843
0.2751 m3 2719
50
in Ign
8b79_adding
mz
145.3
my
 Balances Around First Extractor

A: 100 0.500 EF G = D!* + D) 0.275

D!* = 10.1 EF acetone

M: 100 EF M = D2* + D) '2)

D2* = 2.3 EF MIBK

W: 100 0.500 = D3* + D) 0.725 − '2)

D3* = 42.6 EF water

47
 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

4 unknowns (m5,mA6,mM6,mW6)–3 equations (3 spec. balance) =1 degree of freedom

We cannot calculate the remaining unknowns: m5,mA6,mM6,mW6

48
Exercise 3 – Balance on Multiple Units
Acetone is used in the manufacture of many chemicals and also as a solvent. As a solvent,
many restrictions are placed on the release of acetone as a vapor to the environment.
You are asked to design an acetone recovery system having the flowsheet illustrated
below. All the compositions of both the gases and liquids are mass basis. G = 1400 kg/h.
Calculate A, F, W, B, and D in kg/h.

Solution

49
Example 2 - Recycle
How many recycle streams are there in the following processes?

Solution

50
Example 3
Find the kg of recycle/kg of feed if the amount of waste (W) is 60 kg of A.
Hint: You need to label the stream completely before solving.
[ Ans. R/F = 0.33 kg R/kg F ]

We start to calculate (F). Try to find it using the overall system.

Overall system Total Balance: F = P + 60 … (1)

Unknowns: 2 (F, P) A balance 0.2 F = 0.05 P + 60 … (2)
Equations: 2 (2 components A, B)
DOF = 0. Solving 2 simultaneous equations
F = 380 kg P = 320 kg 51
Now we want to calculate (R), so select a system including R. The easiest system is the
mixing point

Mixing
to get the feed
Unknowns: 2 (R, G)
Equations: 2 (2 components A, B)
DOF = 0.
F Pt W
to get the G
Total Balance: 380 + R = G … (1)
A balance 0.2 (380) + R = 0.4 G … (2)
ft R G
Solving 2 simultaneous equations
G = 507 kg R = 127 kg

Now R / F = 127 / 380 = 0.334.

52