GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND

DESIGN

SONIPAT 131001

THESIS
SEMESTER – X

JANUARY - MAY 2024

Celestial Odyssey: Planetarium and Astronomical

Observatory

At Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED

HARSHIT KESARWANI AR. ASHOK GROVER
GCAD/19/216
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
For ages, people have been fascinated by the night sky, and it has inspired stories, myths,
and scientific discoveries. In today's fast-paced technological world, it's important to have
places that help us understand space better. A planetarium and observatory, where art,
science, and architecture come together, provide a special chance to get the public excited
about the universe.

This thesis is all about creating a space that not only lets people observe the stars but also
goes beyond the usual to make them feel wonder, learn something new, and reflect. The
goal is to connect scientific exploration with the public, making an immersive experience
that encourages visitors to explore the mysteries of space.

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project is an ambitious architectural project that seeks to put a Planetarium and
Astronomical Observatory together in a way that makes the whole experience of
exploring space feel complete and immersive. The goal is to excite and teach visitors by
creating a strong connection between people and the mysteries of the universe, using
smart design, and interesting educational activities. The project is proposed in the hilltops
of Kailasagiri hills, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

Site Layout:

1.3 INTENT OF CHOOSING THIS PROJECT

The project comes from a love for space and a belief that buildings can have a big impact.
We chose this project because we want to make a special place that not only encourages
people to look at the stars but also makes them feel a strong connection to the universe,
sparking curiosity and amazement.

Kids love space—stars, constellations, the Milky Way, asteroids, and black holes all make
them excited. We can use planetariums to show them these things in action and answer
their questions. The main goal of the planetarium and observatory is to share information
about space for everyone to use in their research. The center will also teach students
important skills like machine learning and data science, which are really useful for
researchers in different jobs. By doing all of this, the project wants to go beyond the usual
ways of exploring space, creating a place that not only teaches but also changes how
people think about and connect with the mysteries of the universe.

1.4 VALIDITY OF THE PROJECT

Need of a planetarium and an astronomical Observatory:

People in India are becoming more interested in astronomy, especially after the successful
Chandrayaan-3 mission and upcoming ones like Mangalyaan and Shukrayaan. This has
sparked curiosity among both young and old people, showing the need for a place where
they can explore space and learn about the stars. If we guide this interest well, it could
turn into real career goals, helping the Indian Astronomical Society to grow and move
forward.

A planetarium is a great tool to help children understand concepts like how the Earth
revolves around the sun, the rotation causing day and night, and the reasons behind
seasons. It can answer questions about why there is daytime in the southern hemisphere
when it's nighttime in the northern hemisphere, and why seasons change as we move
along latitudes. Concepts like summer and winter solstices can also be explained, with
the potential for limitless learning.

On the other hand, an astronomical observatory is a place where astronomical events are
observed, and research is conducted. It provides children with a community and a space
to engage with others who share their interests and knowledge.
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The primary aim of this project is to establish a dynamic and multifaceted space that
seamlessly integrates a Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory. This endeavor
aspires to inspire, educate, and connect individuals with the wonders of the cosmos,
fostering a deep appreciation for astronomy, science, and cultural diversity.

Objectives:

• To create an educational hub that offers a diverse range of programs, workshops,

and interactive exhibits, catering to individuals of all ages and backgrounds. To
promote scientific literacy and curiosity by providing accessible and engaging
learning experiences in the field of astronomy.
• To design and construct an architecturally innovative space that harmoniously
blends aesthetic appeal with functionality, incorporating sustainable and eco-
friendly practices.
• To establish a fully-equipped Astronomical Observatory with state-of-the-art
telescopes and observation platforms for real-time celestial observations.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Scope:
• Define the primary goals and objectives of the facility, such as public education,
scientific research, and community engagement.
• Tailor the exhibits and programs to suit the educational level and interests of the
target audience.
• Consider accessibility and proximity to educational institutions or population
centres.
• Ensure that the design accommodates both the planetarium and observatory
components, providing seamless integration between the two.
• Design the dome to provide an immersive experience for visitors.
• Plan for multimedia exhibits, interactive displays, and educational content within
the planetarium.
• Design the observatory dome to be easily configurable for different telescopes and
instruments.

Limitation:
• The Site is regularly accessible
• The site is on a contour and the topographical data will not be exact.
• The physical layout of a planetarium limits the number of people who can
comfortably view the content. This can be a challenge during popular public
events.

1.7 METHODOLOGY
Research and Needs Assessment:
• Conduct surveys, interviews, and research to identify the target audience, their
preferences, and their level of interest in astronomy.
• Analyse existing educational and astronomical facilities to identify gaps and
opportunities.

Literature Review:
• Review literature on planetarium design, educational methodologies,
technological trends, and cultural integration in similar projects.
Case Studies:

• Select Case studies similar to the project or standalone planetarium and

astronomical observatories and infer spaces, requirements and design
considerations.

1.8 CLIENT’S BRIEF

• Site area of 7.00 Acs on Kailasagiri (location plan enclosed)
• 175 to 200 Number seating capacity
• 18 mts. Dia Dome size
• Gallery space for science exhibits and Artifacts
• Space for workshops / conference
• Other amenities associated with the Planetarium, Landscaping and Infrastructure
in and around planetarium, Parking etc., has to be provided.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND STUDY
India, with its rich cultural and scientific legacy, offers an exceptional setting for the
establishment of a planetarium and astronomical observatory. From ancient Vedic
astronomy to current space science, the Indian subcontinent has a rich history of
stargazing and exploring the universe. This historical research seeks to place the design
of a planetarium and observatory within the framework of India's cultural and scientific
history.

The Rigveda, the Vedic period's fundamental book, demonstrates a strong veneration for
cosmic events, including hymns to celestial entities such as the Sun, Moon, and stars.
These ancient writings expressed the concepts of time measurement, lunar phases, and
the interdependence between cosmic occurrences and terrestrial existence.

Ancient Indian Astronomy:

Ancient Indian civilizations, notably during the Vedic period, had a strong curiosity with
the skies. Ancient observatories, such as the one in Jaipur (Jantar Mantar), were built to
examine the locations of celestial bodies, demonstrating early Indian advances in
observational astronomy.

Medieval Contributions:

In medieval India, academics such as Aryabhata and Brahmagupta made substantial

contributions to astronomy. Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya, written in the fifth century,
discussed mathematical and astronomical topics. The creation of tools such as astrolabes
and celestial globes offered a practical way to examining the stars.

Mughal Era Observatories:

During the Mughal Empire, great observatories were built, including the Jantar Mantar in
Delhi, which was commissioned by Maharaja Jai Singh II. These constructions had large-
scale devices for exact observations, demonstrating the merging of indigenous knowledge
with Persian and Islamic influences.

Colonial Period and Astronomical Research:

The colonial period saw the building of sophisticated observatories in India. The Madras
Observatory (Vallimalai) and the Nizamiah Observatory in Hyderabad were key players
in astronomical study. British astronomers partnered with Indian colleagues, helping to
progress positional astronomy.

Post-independence space exploration:

Following India's independence in 1947, a fresh emphasis on scientific research arose.

The foundation of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969 was a
watershed moment. Satellite launches and interplanetary exploration, such as the Mars
Orbiter Mission in 2013, demonstrated India's capability in space science.

Contemporary Architectural Trends:

Modern Indian planetariums and observatories, such as the Nehru Planetarium in Mumbai
and the Indian Institute of Astrophysics in Bangalore, combine traditional architectural
 aspects with cutting-edge technology. The emphasis on public outreach and education is
clear, and consistent with India's aim to instill scientific curiosity in its citizenry.

2.2 USER PROFILE AND ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

User Profile:

General Public:

• Families and individuals interested in astronomy

• Tourists seeking educational and entertaining experiences
• Casual visitors with a curiosity about the universe

Students and Educational Groups:

• School groups on educational field trips

• College and university students studying astronomy or related fields
• Educational outreach programs catering to various age groups

Amateur Astronomers and Hobbyists:

• Individuals with a passion for amateur astronomy

• Astronomy clubs and enthusiasts seeking opportunities for observation

Researchers and Scientists:

• Professional astronomers conducting research and observations

• Scientists studying specific celestial phenomena

Specialized Events:

• Astronomy-themed workshops, lectures, and conferences

• Stargazing parties and celestial events viewing sessions

Activity Analysis:

Planetarium Shows:

• Fulldome shows providing immersive experiences of the night sky

• Educational presentations on various astronomical topics
Observatory Sessions:

• Telescope observations of celestial objects such as planets, stars, and galaxies

• Guided sessions by astronomers explaining observed phenomena

Educational Programs:

• Astronomy workshops covering topics like astrophysics, cosmology, and space

exploration
• STEM programs for students focusing on astronomy and related sciences

Interactive Exhibits:

• Hands-on exhibits explaining astronomical concepts

• Interactive displays and demonstrations of scientific principles

Celestial Events Viewing:

• Organizing events for viewing special celestial occurrences (e.g., eclipses, meteor
showers)
• Live broadcasts of significant astronomical events

2.3 SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Social Aspects:

• Ensure that the design caters to diverse demographics, making astronomy accessible
to people of different ages, abilities, and backgrounds.
• Incorporate spaces and programs that facilitate educational outreach to schools,
colleges, and community groups.
• Plan for community-centric events, workshops, and astronomy clubs to encourage
social interaction and shared learning.
• Consider family-friendly spaces and activities to cater to children's interests and
create a welcoming environment for families.
• Create spaces that encourage social interaction among visitors, such as seating
arrangements for group shows or communal viewing areas.
• Consider the impact of the physical environment on social interactions; for example,
provide comfortable seating arrangements that facilitate group discussions.
• Integrate wellness features, such as rest areas or green spaces, to promote social well-
being.
Psychological Aspects:

• Create an inclusive environment that fosters a sense of belonging and encourages

people from various communities to engage with astronomy.
• Promote a culture of lifelong learning by designing exhibits and workshops that
stimulate curiosity and encourage intellectual exploration.
• Foster a sense of community by providing spaces for people to connect over a shared
interest in astronomy, enhancing the overall experience.
• Design interactive exhibits and educational activities that engage children, sparking
their curiosity and fostering a positive attitude towards science.
• Design immersive experiences in the planetarium to evoke a sense of wonder and
awe, enhancing the emotional impact of astronomical presentations.

2.4 KEY UNDERSTANDINGS

Creating a planetarium and observatory is like putting together a giant science and space
learning center. It involves understanding how stars and planets work, using cool
technologies, and making sure the building is practical and eco-friendly. We also need to
think about how everyone, no matter their age or background, can enjoy and learn from
it. It's not just about science; it's about making a friendly and welcoming place where
people can meet, learn, and get excited about space. We want it to be interesting and fun
while also keeping everyone safe and following the rules. It's like building a space
clubhouse for everyone to explore and enjoy together!

CHAPTER 3
3.1 STANDARDS AND NORMS
3.1.1 Setbacks and Height:
3.1.2 Boundary wall:

3.1.3 Exits:
3.1.4 Staircase:

3.1.5 Passageway:
3.1.6 Mezzanine Floor:

3.1.7 Parking:
3.1.8 Sanitation:
3.1.9 Exhibition Area:
There should be no direct daylight falling on museum objects as this could cause damage.
Therefore display rooms should be provided with flexible lighting systems: no
permanently built-in lights, no fixed wall and ceiling lights.

The size and height of the display and store rooms depend on the dimensions of the works
and the extent of the collection, but the minimum height is 4 m clear.
3.1.9 WORKSHOPS/ CLASSROOMS:

The maximum number of pupils in a class is 32. According to the school building
guidelines, the design of classrooms should normally be based on tables with two
workplaces. If the windows are all on one side, the max. room depth is 7.20 m. If possible,
have windows on both sides to permit furniture to be freely positioned. The distance
between the blackboard and the pupil workplaces at the back should not exceed 9.00 m.
Guideline values: area: 21.8G--2.00 m2/pupil. Air volume: 25.00-6.00 m3/pupil. The
ceiling height of classrooms (min. 3 m) may not be reduced by more than 0.30 m by
individual construction elements.
CHAPTER 4
4.2 SELECTION CRITERIA OF LITERATURE STUDY
1