0

The Assassination of Julius Caesar:

The Death of the Roman Republic and Birth of the Roman Empire

Ayaan Choudhury

Senior Division

Historical Paper

Word Count: 2,489

Process Paper: 469

1

For this year's project, I picked the assassination of Julius Caesar. I picked this topic

because I’ve been interested in Roman history and had some basic pre-knowledge. The thing that

made Roman history appealing was their record-keeping. The Romans kept records of the most

important figures in their history, making primary sources easy to get. But what made something

about Rome my definite topic is how beautifully poetic and ironic Roman history is. An example

of this is that Julius Caesar was not going to attend the faithful senate meeting on the Ides of

March due to him not feeling well and the warning signs, but Dacian told him the Senate would

grant him the title of King when he was outside of Rome. Filled with his ambition and pride, he

went to the senate meeting and met his fate. I found it beautiful how the same ambition and pride

that exalted Caesar to levels unseen before were the same that got him killed. This story is what

made choose Caesar and his assassination as my topic

During my research, I brought Phillip Freeman's “Julius Caesar,” from there I got “The

Lives of the Caesars” by Roman historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, who lived during the

early imperial age of Rome. As I was researching, I found a website containing 4th-century

Greek historian Plutarch's “The Parallel Lives." A book containing 48 biographies of different

Greek and Roman figures This was a gold mine, as it contained most of the major figures

involved in my topic. From there, I had most of my sources; for things I could not find in these, I

went to various websites and books from trusted sources. I tried to stick to primary sources and

only wanted to use secondary sources when I could not find any primary sources.

As I researched, I realized that Caesar's actions were significantly more important

to the Republic’s demise than I initially thought. His assassination was the event that cemented

the Republic's fate. My argument for NHD was that Julius Caesar's actions brought the already
2

dying Republic on its last legs, and his assassination was the turning point that cemented the fate

of the Republic and led to the age of the Roman Empire.

After doing my research, collecting sources, and deciding my argument, I structured my

paper. Firstly, I put in what was going on in Rome during Caesar's upbringing, his early career in

both military and law, his rise to power, the formation of his alliance with Pomey and Crassus,

what he did during his first consulship, the Gallic wars, the civil war with Pompey, the

conspiracy and his assassination, the aftermath, and finally the legacy. I decided this because I

felt it was the best way to tell both a story and a research paper.
3

The assassination of Julius Caesar is one of the most important turning points in history,

It cemented the fate of the already dying Roman Republic. Members of the Roman Senate

believed Caesar to be a tyrant, the man who put the dying Republic on hold on its last legs. This

all came to a head when they assassinated him on the 15th of March, leading to multiple wars

between Augutus, Marc Antony, and the Senate. Augutus would come out on top, becoming the

first Roman Emperor.

Early life

Caesar was born into a patrician family in the year 100 BCE, in the poor neighborhood

of Subura in Rome1. During Caesar's upbringing, Rome was in chaos. Rome went to war with its

Italian allies, ending when Rome granted them citizenship. The internal fighting still raged on.

The Roman Senate appointed Sulla to head the campaign against the Mithridates. Sulpicius

Rufus, the new tribune of plebs, had his men force the Senate to replace Sulla with Marius, the

uncle of Caesar. When Sulla learned about this, he marched to Rome and seized the city. Marius

fled to Africa, and Sulla retook command and marched against the Mithridates3. After Sulla left,

Marius and Cinna, another politician, retook command over Rome, where Marius and his

followers killed the most powerful of Rome’s aristocrats. This event became known as “The Sack

of Rome.” He died less than a year after this event4. The Roman elite despised him, but he was

loved by the people. Cinna then ruled over Rome, and during his reign, he appointed Caesar as

the Priest of Jupiter. Caesar divorced his plebeian wife, Cossutia, and married Cina’s daughter,

Cornelia5. Cinna was then killed in a mutiny, and Sulla retook Rome, declared himself dictator,
1
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuste,. 2009

2
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Sulla'' in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain.

3
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Marius." in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain

4
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Julius Deified Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009

5
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Sulla'' in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain.
4

and gave back power to the Senate6. Sulla relieved Caesar of his priesthood and ordered Caesar

to divorce his wife, but Caesar refused. For this, he was stripped of his wife's dowry, his family

estates, and had to go into hiding. During his hiding, he fell deathly ill and had to pay off his

pursuers. Sulla pardoned Caesar after pressure from the Vestal Virgins and his relatives, but he

warned them, “For in Caesar, there are many Mariuses”7.

Early Career

Julius Caesar began his military career stationed in Asia, under the governor Marcus

Thermus. A rumor spread that he was having sexual relations with the King of Bithynia while

there to collect a naval fleet8. He silenced his critics when he led the conquest of the city of

Mytilene; for this, he was awarded the “Corona Civica,” the Civic Crown, one of the highest

honors a soldier could receive9. He stayed in Asia Minor for a few years10, until he learned about

Sulla's death11. Caesar made his return to Rome and began his career in law by prosecuting the

former governor of Macedonia, Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella, for corruption. Caesar lost the case,

but his argument was praised12. The following year, he prosecuted Gaius Antonius for pillaging

Greece during the Mithridatic War13. Cornilia then gave birth to both her and Caesar's daughter,

Jullia. Caesar was captured by pirates while going to Rhodes for his studies, after being freed, he

came back and crucified all of them14. His studies were again stopped due to the outbreak of the

Third Mithridatic War, which Caesar took part in. After this, he was made a member of the

College of Pontifices and returned to Rome15.

6
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars''. Oxford UP. 2009

7
Ibid

9
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar.”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

I0
Ibid

11
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Sulla'' in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain.

12
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar.”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

13
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009

14
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009
5

15
Ibid

Rise to Power

Caesar returned to Rome during Spartacus' rebellion, but he had very little involvement in

the war16. He was elected as the military tribune for that year. The military tribune was the first

step in the Path of Honors17. After Spartacus’s rebellion, Pompey, an esteemed military general,

wished to become Consul without partaking in the Path of Honors. He had his army stationed

near Rome, so the senate went to Crassus, the richest man in Rome, for help, but Crassus joined

Pompey and became co-consul with him in 70 BCE. Caesar was one of Pompey’s most loyal

supporters, both men were populists who wanted to limit the Senate's power18. In 69 BCE, Caesar

took the second step in the Path Honors; he was elected the quaestor for Hispania Ulterior19. As

questor, he was responsible for overseeing that province’s treasury; it also granted him a vote in

the Senate20. Before he left for Hispania Ulterior, his aunt Julia, the wife of Marius, died. Many

expected a quiet funeral for her. Caesar did the opposite. On the morning of the funeral, he went

to the forum with images of Marius with him. The elites were angered by this, but the people

cheered as Marius' image passed by, some even weeped. He gave a speech, cementing his loyalty

to the people of Rome21. His wife, Conrilia, died soon after, leaving Caesar a widower. While in

Hispania, Caesar saw a statue of Alexander the Great and wept, believing he would be nothing

compared to him22. Despite his questorship not being over, he returned to Rome. There, he

married Sulla’s granddaughter, Pompia23 and furthered his political career. He advocated for

citizenship for the people of northern Italy, and served as curator of the Appian
16
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

17
See Appendix A

18
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

19
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009

20
Schmitz, Leonhard. "Quaestor." Penelope.Uchicago.org, Uchicago,

21
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

22
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009
6

23
Ibi

Way. He supported giving more power to Pompey in order to fight the pirates of the

Mediterranean and assert Roman control in the east24. Caesar was elected as aedile in 65 BCE,

and then 2 years later, he was elected “Pontifex Maximus," the head priest of Rome. His political

career gained massive momentum, In 62 BCE, he served as prator25, the second most powerful

position in Rome26, and then in 61 BCE, he became governor of Hispania Ulterior27.

The First Triumvirate

Caesar was now a superstar. The common people loved him, and he was one of the most

powerful men in Rome. But the Senate was a thorn in Caesar's side. After serving as governor of

Hispania, he wanted to run for Consul and get a triumph. The senate refused, making him choose

between the consulship or the triumph, and Caesar chose the consulship28. Two other of Rome's

most powerful men were also having problems with the Senate, Pompey wanted to give land that

He had won in the Third Mithridatic War for his veterans29 and Crassus, wanted reduced taxes,

but the Senate refused both men30 . All three men came together and formed a political alliance to

subdue the Senate, known as the First Triumvirate. Caesar would solidify this alliance by

marrying off his daughter, Julia, to Pompey.

First Consulship

Caesar was elected consul alongside Bibulus for the year 59 BCE31. His first action was

to have all the senate and assembly times and dates published so everyone could be held
24
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

25
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009

26
See appendix A

27
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009

28
First Triumvirate. PSU.edu, Nov. 2013, sites.psu.edu/firsttriumvirate/formation/.

29
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

30
Ibid

31
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar” in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009
7

accountable32. He proposed a bill that would give land to the landless farmers in Rome. No

senator could muster up a flaw with this bill, but they knew if this passed, Caesar would only

become more popular, so they tried to delay it. Caesar was so angered by this, he had his men

arrest Senator Cato, who was filibustering. The Senate was outraged. He released Cato and then

went to the people of Rome. He proposed the bill to the Public Assembly, but Bibulus vetoed it.

This showed the people that Caesar was their ally. With help from the First Triumvirate and a

mob of supporters, the bill passed. Bibulus realized the alliance Caesar had formed, which

practically allowed him to overpower the Senate, and tried to nullify the bill33. But the Senate

refused. After this, Bibulus withdrew from public life, practically giving Caesar full power.

Caesar expanded the bill and gave out the lands he promised to keep for the Roman elite34. He

passed a bill allowing settlements in the east that Pompey had conquered and cracked down on

corruption35. Caesar's consulship ended, and he was given Illyricum and both Gauls to govern,

and with some political maneuvers, he had governorship over these regions for nine years36.

Gallic Wars

Rome only controlled a small portion of Gaul. Caesar's primary goal as governor was

a complete conquest of Gaul. Over the course of eight years, from 58 BCE to 50 BCE, Caesar

achieved this goal. He conquered the lands beyond the Alps, the Pyrenees, the River Rhine, and

Rhode and made them an official province of the republic37. He was the first Roman to cross the
32
Ibid

33
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

34
Ibid

35
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. "Julius Caesar''. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler. Accessed 11 February 2024.

36
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Caesar'' in “Lives of the Caesars''. Oxford UP. 2009

37
Ibid
8

Rhines and defeat the Germanic tribes there, and was the first Roman to attack the British Isles38.

Caesar was now both an esteemed politician and a war hero. During this time, his daughter died,

severely weakening his alliance with Pompey39. Crassus then died at the Battle of Carrhae40. The

Civil War

Pompey and Caesar, once allies, now stood as enemies. Pompey allied himself with the

elite of Rome and was made the leader of the Senate, despite him being the governor of both

Hispanias41, while Caesar remained steadfast in his loyalty to the people. Pompey and the Senate

ordered Caesar to give up command in Gaul and return to Rome as a private citizen42. Caesar

demanded that Pompey and other commanders also give up their posts. The Senate took this as a

declaration of war and declared him an enemy of the state43. On the evening of January 10, 49

BCE, Caesar, with a single legion, crossed the Rubicon44. Caesar and his men captured

important settlements in northern Italy. Pompey ordered Rome to be abandoned so he could

gather troops in the south. As Caesar continued his march on Rome, Pompey sent 2 men to try to

negotiate with Caesar to prevent a war45. Caesar proposed that he and his troops would leave

Italy if Pompey and his troops returned to his governorship in both Hispanias46, but this fell

through. Caesar and his allies defeated Pompey’s armies throughout Italy, Europe and Africa, and

after the Battle of Pharsalus, Pompey fled to Egypt47. Caesar pursued Pompey in Egypt, but when

he got there, Pompey had been killed by Ptolemy XIII, the Pharaoh of Egypt48.
38
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Caesar'' in “Lives of the Caesars''. Oxford UP. 2009

39
Ibid

40
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Crassus in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain.

41
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

42
Ibid

43
Beard, Mary. "SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome''. Liveright, 2016

44
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar.”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

45
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar.”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

46
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar'' in “Lives of the Caesars''. Oxford UP. 2009
9

Dictatorship

Caesar stayed in Africa for two years following Pompey’s death. He assisted Cleoptara in

her war against her brother, Ptolemy XIII. When he returned to Rome, he threw triumphs for his

victories in Gaul, Africa, Pontus, and Egypt49. Caesar forced the senate to declare him dictator

for 10 years, and after defeating the last of the Pompian forces in Spain, he was declared dictator

for life. As dictator, he made many reforms, such as land distribution50, which made him loved by

the people. But due to his unprecedented power, members of the Roman Senate started to get

worried that Caesar was going to destroy the Republic and make himself king.

Conspiracy

The conspiracy to kill Caesar started with three men. Cassius, a supporter of Pompey;

Brutus, a man Caesar saw as his son; and Decimus, a once loyal supporter of Caesar51. All three

believed Caesar was going to destroy the Republic and make himself like the old kings of Rome.

More people joined the conspiracy and made Brutus its leader52. The conspirators debated on

where to assassinate Caesar; some said to throw him off a bridge, kill him at a theater, or kill him

in the sacred way53. But none mustered up powerful images of a tyrant being killed. But when

they learned that on March 15th, the Ides of March, Caesar would attend a senate meeting in the

theater Pompey had built, they all agreed to assassinate him there54.
47
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Pompey '' in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain.

48
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar'' in “Lives of the Caesars”. Oxford UP. 2009

49
Ibid

50
Klein, Christopher. "Julius Caesar: 6 Ways He Shaped the World." HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, 14 July 2023, www.history.com/news/ julius-caesar-ancient-roman-dictator-importance

51
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Brutus'' in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain

52
Ibid

53
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

54
Ibd

55
Ibid
10

Assassination

The night before the Ides of March, Lepidus invited Caesar and Decimus, a conspirator,

to discuss the upcoming Dacian and Pathos war. The discussion turned philosophical, with them

debating the best way to die. Caesar said it was best to die suddenly and unexpected55. On the

morning of the Ides, Caesar's wife had a nightmare of her holding Caesar's body and begged him

to stay, but Caesar refused56. Caesar made his way to the theater. When in the theater, Tillus

asked Caesar to pardon his brother, this was the conspirator's signal to attack57. The conspirators

circled Caesar, and when Caesar finished speaking, Casca, a childhood friend of Caesar, grabbed

his toga and stabbed Caesar58. The conspirators then all took part in the killing. He was stabbed

23 times. Caesar whispered his last words to Brutus, saying, “Kai Su, Tekno,”59. He covered his

face with his toga and died at the foot of Pompey’s statue60.

Rome’s Fate

Rome was in chaos. Caesar's death left a massive power vacuum. Mark Antony, a loyal

supporter of Caesar and his coconsul61, and Caesar's grandnephew and heir, Octavian, later

Augustus62, took advantage of this. Alongside Lepidus, they formed the Second Triumvirate63.

The Triumvirate's goal was to avenge Caesar's death and consolidate power amongst

themselves64. They waged war against the conspirators, and at the Battle of Philippi; they

defeated the remaining conspirators, including Brutus65. But just like the first, the Second
56
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar'' in “Lives of the Caesars''. Oxford UP. 2009

57
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar”. Simon and Schuster. 2009

58
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Julius Caesar'' in “Lives of the Caesars''. Oxford UP. 2009

59
Ibid

60
Freeman, Phillip. “Julius Caesar.”. Simon and Schuster, 2009

61
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Antony '' in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain

62
Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. “The Deified Augustus'' in “Lives of the Caesars''. Oxford UP. 2009

63
Ibid

64
Ibid

65
Ibid
11

Triumvirate fell apart. Mark Antony and Octavian went to war against each other, and at the

Battle of Actium, Octavian’s fleet defeated Antony and his ally Cleopatra, both of whom

committed suicide to avoid capture66. Octavian was now the undisputed ruler of Rome and held

absolute power. The senate granted him the titles "Imperator,” meaning Commander67,

"Princeps," meaning First citizen68, and "Augustus," meaning Great69. Augustus tried to make it

seem like it was still a republic. But he and his successors all had absolute power and used titles

like "Augustus,” denoting them as the Head of State of the Roman Empire, while the senate had

little to no power. Historians mark Augustus's reign as the end of the Republic and the beginning

of the Roman Empire.

Legacy

The assassination of Julius Caesar is the most important turning point in Roman history.

It sealed the fate of the Roman Republic and ushered in the dawn of the New Roman Empire.

The Republic was facing many internal problems, and Caesar, with his ambition, pride, and

talent, took advantage of this and accumulated near-absolute power. His actions put the already

dying Republic on its final leg. Members of the Senate, in an effort to save the Republic,

assassinated Caesar; instead, they sealed the Republic’s fate. Caesar's death left a massive power

vacuum, with Augustus, Marc Antony, and the conspirators all fighting for control of Rome.

Augustus won and became the first Roman Emperor. Augustus and his successors expanded the

Roman Empire from Britain to Egypt. After the Empire fell, many great nations awed at the

legacy of the Roman Empire and tried to emulate it, but all failed to live to Rome’s glory. The

values of the Republic faded into a distant memory but were revived during the Enlightenment.
66
Plutarchus, Mestrius. "The Life of Antony '' in “The Parallel Lives''. Public Domain

67
Goldsworthy, Adrian. Augustus: “First Emperor of Rome''. Yale UP, 2015

68
Ibid

69
Ibi
12

The assassination of Caesar serves as a symbol for many and is often used in popular culture. No

one can deny that Gaius Julius Caesar, a boy who grew up in the poorest of neighborhoods, with

only his ambition and talent, managed to change human history both in life and in death.
13

Appendix A

The pathway of positions Roman citizens would take in order to achieve as much political power

as possible

Citation Use

I used this to show the steps Julius Caesar took in his rise of power.
14

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Mestrius, Plutarchus. "The Life of Antony." The Parallel Lives, e-book ed., Public Domain.

UChicago.edu.

A biography detailing the life of Mark Anonthy. A member of the second

Triumvirate who battled Augustus.

Mestrius, Plutarchus."Life of Brutus." The Parallel Lives, e-book ed., Public Domain.

Uchicago.edu.

Part of the Parallel Lives, detailing the life of Brutus, the leader of Caesar's

assassins.

Mestrius, Plutarchus. "Life of Crassus." The Parallel Lives, e-book ed., Public Domain.

Uchicago.edu.

A biography, detailing the life of Crassus, a member of the First Triumvirate, and

his death during the Battle of Carrhae. Published sometime in the 4th century ad.

Mestrius, Plutarchus. "Life of Pompey." The Parallel Lives, e-book ed., Public Domain.

UChicago.Edu.

A biography detailing the life of Pompey, including his death, was written by

Plutarchus Mestrius, a Greek historian during the 4th century AD.

Mestrius, Plutarchus.. "The Life of Sulla." The Parallel Lives, e-book ed., Public Domain.

Uchicago.edu.

The life of Sulla, who was a significant figure in Rome during Julius Caesar's

upbringing,. He was the first general to march on Rome and was a political rival

of Caesar's uncle Marius. It was published sometime in the 4th century ad,
15

Mestrius, Plutarchus."The Life of Marius." The Parallel Lives, e-book ed., Public Domain.

Uchicago.edu.

A biography of Caesar's uncle, Marius. He was one of the most important figures

in Rome during Caesar's upbringing. He was hated by the Roman upper classes

and he and his followers killed many of them in the event "The Sack of Rome ''

but he was loved by the people. Caesar emulated this and would often use Marius'

image and legacy. It was published sometime in the 4th century ad,

Tranquillu, Gaius Suetonius. "The Deified Augustus." Lives of the Caesars, 121 AD, translated

by Catharine Edwards, Oxford UP, 2009.

A book about the first 11 emperors of Rome and Julius Caesar, including Augutus

written by the Roman Historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus in 121 AD,

translated to English by Catharine Edwards, and published by Oxford University

Press.

Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. "The Deified Julius Caesar." Lives of the Caesars, 121 Ad,

translated by Catharine Edwards, Oxford UP, 2009.

A book about the first 11 emperors of Rome and Julius Caesar written by the

Roman Historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus in 121 AD, translated to english by

Catharine Edwards, and published by Oxford University Press.

Secondary Sources

Beard, Mary. SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome. Liveright, 2016.

Written by Mary Beard, it details the full history of ancient Rome, including when

Caesar crossed the Rubicon,

16

First Triumvirate. PSU.edu, Nov. 2013, sites.psu.edu/firsttriumvirate/formation/. Accessed 10

Feb. 2024.

An article detailing the formation of the First Triumvirate, an alliance between

Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.

Freeman, Philip. Julius Caesar. Simon and Schuster.

A biography of the life of Julius Caesar by Phillips Freeman.

Goldsworthy, Adrian. Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. Yale UP, 2015.

A biography about Caesar's heir and the first emperor of Rome Gaius Julius

Caesar Augustus (Born Gaius Octavius)

Klein, Christopher. "Julius Caesar: 6 Ways He Shaped the World." HISTORY, A&E Television

Networks, 14 July 2023,

www.history.com/news/julius-caesar-ancient-roman-dictator-importance. Accessed 11

Feb. 2024.

A list of things Caesar did that changed the world, including his reforms.

"The Path of Honors." Julius Caesar, by Phillip Freeman, Simon and Schuster, 2008, p. 51.

Chart.

A chart depicting the pathway many Roman men took in order to gather political

power. I used this to show the steps Caesar used

Schmitz, Leonhard. "Quaestor." Penelope.Uchicago.org, Uchicago,

penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Quaestor.html.

Accessed 9 Feb. 2024.

An article detailing the role of Quaestor in Roman politics. Caesar served as a

Quaestor.
17

Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. "Julius Caesar." Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2024,

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler. Accessed 11 February

2024.

Goes over what Caesar did during his first consulship.