Design and Implementation of A Low-Cost FlexRay Node (60-75) (İngilizce)

Machine Translated by Google
60 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node
will receive from the other and therefore its leds could light up. If button 2 or 3 is
pressed, they will prohibit information from being transmitted through the dynamic
and static segment, respectively.
and the
crystallin
chnology
Application operation example The application operation for a specific case is
ties l MPPT. shown. To do this, two cases are taken into account: when no button is pressed,
status and when button 1 on panel 1 is pressed, checking the information transmitted
through the channels.
na and by i
ón. This
ulator or
relates
connection
sla of that
of a
(a) Plates without pressing buttons
(b) Information Transmission Cycle
Figure 4.11: Real and oscilloscope image without pressing buttons. Source:
self made.
Figure 4.11 shows the first case, how the LEDs light up according to the state of
the microswitches and what is transmitted through the communication channels.
Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 61
Summary
This project begins by analyzing the definition of a microgrid, its current state and the trend in
its design. After this, it is sought to make a microgrid in its states of connection to the network
and isolated. The generation source used is solar, through photovoltaic technology. Its design
has been carried out for polycrystalline cell plates using the double diode theory. The algorithm
used for its control is that of the MPPT.
As a storage unit, a Ni-Cd battery has been designed by simplifying one of its cells to a non-
linear voltage source, a function of current and state of charge. The connection of all the
components is done through the AC bus and therefore an AC/DC converter modeled as a
voltage source has been designed. This same converter has been used both for the PV panels
and for the accumulator or (a) Panels pressing button 1 battery.
The control of the microgrid has been based on the voltage droop theory, which relates voltage
frequency and amplitude to active and reactive power. In network connection mode, priority
has been given to using the network as little as possible. In the island mode of the microgrid, a
generator set has been modeled to guarantee the supply of part of the load considered a
priority.
(b) Information Transmission Cycle
Figure 4.12: Real and oscilloscope image pressing button 1 plate 1. Source:
Own elaboration.
As no button has been paired, the communication is carried out in the static
and dynamic segment.
In gure 4.12 button 1 is pressed on board 1. This means that no information is
transmitted in any segment. Despite this lack of information, the pulses of the
static segment continue to appear in the channel, unlike the dynamic segment,
whose pulse disappears.
Javier Saiz Anadón

Finally, a last demonstration is presented in Figure 4.13, to see how the channel
transmits the state of the microswitches. We have taken 5 different examples
of microswitch configuration so that we can see in which fragment of slot 4 this
and the information is sent.
crystallin
chnology
ties l MPPT.
status
na and by i
ón. This
ulator or
relates
connection
sla of that
of a
Figure 4.13: 5 cases of microswitch configuration. Source: self made.
4.2.4. Changes and adaptations in the software to realize

czar the app
This application has two different programs, one for each node. As mentioned
above, in the driver description section, each program has a total of 6 different
files. Of them, 3 are generic files that match on both nodes, while the other 3
are specific to each one.
The first change that has been made is to the InitMCU function that initializes
the microcontroller that controls the FlexRay. In the original app they use a


Summary
type of chip different from that of this project, with which it must be modified.
Thus, all the microcontroller ports are initialized in it, indicating if they are input/
output (TRIS register) and if they have to have a specific value of 0/1 when
starting
This project begins the application
by analyzing (LAT register).
the definition of a microgrid, its current state and the trend in
its design. After in
this,
theitmain
is sought to make
function of theamain
microgrid in itsThis
program. states of Another
is the change
connection has
to the been
network
and isolated. The generationofsource
initialization used isand
the FlexRay solar, through the
photovoltaic technology functions.
configuration that includes the
Its design
has been carriedabove.
out forbypolycrystalline cell plates, main program of the application
the double diode theory. The algorithm used for its control is that of described
the MPPT.
Later,has
unit, a Ni-Cd battery changes have beenbymade
been designed, meansin the slot configuration
of simplification tables.
so that the 2As a storage
nodes can
nonlinear voltage transmit
source,and receive
function of both in the
current andsegment
state as static from one
in dynamic. of its
load. Thecells to a
connection of
all the components is done through the AC bus and therefore
converter modeled as a voltage source has been designed. This same converter has been an AC/DC
used both for the PV panels and for the accumulator or battery.
priority.

and the
crystallin
chnology
ties l MPPT.
status
na and by i
ón. This
ulator or
relates
connection
sla of that
of a


Summary
Conclusions
components is done
project through
it has the
beenalternating
possible to current
verify bus
the and by Withand
magnitude theconsequently
realization of an
thisAC/
DC converter modeled as a voltage
communication source
protocol. Thehas been designed.
amount Thisthe
of information complexity of this has
same converter
been used for both the PV boards and the accumulator or data it needs
immense and, per battery. Therefore, your knowledge of its use must to function properly
also beis
very great.
The control of the microgrid has been based on the voltage droop theory, which relates As a
factor to be
frequency and amplitude taken
with into account
the active if expansions
and reactive power .are made
In the in the
project future, thismode
connection voltage
,
been prioritized ittowould
use the be network
the optimization of possible.
as little as the use ofInprogram and data
island mode the ismemory
made ofthatthehas
chosento
set has been modeled microcontroller.
guarantee the In Figure
supply of 4.14 we can
a certain checkofthe
amount microgrid,
memory a generator
that has been
used to carry out this project: part of the load considered a priority.
Figure 4.14: Microcontroller memory usage, Source: Own elaboration.
We see that although the data memory used by the application is small, the
program memory used is more than 75%. For educational purposes, which is
what was intended when starting this project, it is enough since there is still
memory space left.
Comment that the first plates that were designed with ORCAD and LA YOUT
contained errors and that is why they were created again with the errors already
solved.

and the
crystallin
chnology
ties l MPPT.
status
na and by i
ón. This
ulator or
relates
connection
sla of that
of a


Summary
Chapter 5
Budget
components is done through the AC bus and therefore an AC/DC converter modeled as a
voltage source has been designed. This same converter has been used both for the PV panels
and for the accumulator or battery.
The control of the microgrid

objective has section
of this been based on the voltage
is to present the realdroop
budget theory,
of thewhich relates
project. The
For voltage
frequency and amplitude with active
cost into three parts: and reactive has
the network power.
beenIn prioritized
connectiontomode thisnetwork
use the will divide the
as little
as possible. In the island mode of the microgrid, a generator set has been modeled to guarantee
the supply of a Hardware Cost: The
considered following sections are included here: part of the load
priority.
• Purchase of the FlexRay plate from Freescale.

• Purchase of the necessary elements to build the printed circuit board.
• Production cost to create the printed circuit board.
Research and development cost.
Cost of computer and electronic material.
5.1. hardware budget

Table 5.1 , shows the budget allocated to the creation of the hardware:

Table 5.1: Hardware Budget

Concept Price/unit Units Freescale plate 210.00 Total
e 2 420.00 e
tual and the Microcontroller 10.00 and 2 20.00 and
states of PIC18F8680
cnolog´ÿa Remaining components 25.00 and 2 50.00 and
ristalinas
printed circuit board
l MPPT.
Printed circuit board 90.00 and 2 180.00 and
lificación
creation
the state workforce 100.00 and 100.00 and
na and by TOTAL 770.00 and
ion. It is
ulator or
5.2. Research and development budget
relates
conexión
Table 5.2 shows the budget for labor.
sla from
of one
Table 5.2: R&D Budget
Item Price per hour Number of hours Total
hardware creation 35.00 and 300 10,500.00 and
software creation 35.00 and 450 15,750.00 and
wording 35.00 and 100 3.500.00 e
TOTAL 850 29,750.00 and
5.3. Computer and electronics material budget

nico
Table 5.3 shows the budget allocated to the devices that have left
using throughout the project.
Table 5.3: Computer and electronic material budget

Concept Price/unit Units Computer 650.00 e 0.5 Total
MPLAB R (educational) 0 1Electronic
MPLAB ICD2 180.00 e
oscilloscope 325.00 and
3000.00 e Tester 100.00 e TOTAL 0
0.5 90.00 and

0.5 1,500.00 and
0.5 50.00 and
1,875.00 and


Summary
5.4. Sum by chapters
Table 5.4 shows the total project budget:
This project begins by analyzing the definition of a microgrid, its current state and the
trend in its design. After this, it is sought to make a microgrid in its states of
Table 5.4: Computer and electronic material budget
network connection and isolated. The generation source used is solar, throughPrice technology
Photovoltaic chapter . Its design has been carried out for polycrystalline cell plates
Hardware budget 770.00 e
by the double diode theory. The algorithm used for its control is that of the MPPT.
Research and development cost 29,750.00 e
A Ni-Cd battery has been designed as a storage unit, by simplifying
Computer material budget 1875.00 e
from one of its cells to a nonlinear voltage source, a function of the current and the state
Subtotal 32.395,00 e
load. The connection of all the components is done through the AC bus and through
Operating costs (10% subtotal) 3,239.50 e
Consequently, an AC/DC converter modeled as a voltage source has been designed. East
The same converter has been used both for TOTAL the PV plates and for the accumulator or
bater´ÿa. 35,634.50 and
IVA (21 %) 7,483.24 and
The control of the microgrid has been based on the voltage droop theory, which relates
TOTAL 43,117.74
voltage frequency and amplitude with active and reactive power. In connection mode and
The network has prioritized using the network as little as possible. In island mode
microgrid, a generator set has been modeled to guarantee the feeding of a
part of the load considered priority.

and the
crystallin
chnology
ties l MPPT.
status
na and by i
ón. This
ulator or
relates
connection
sla of that
of a

Summary
Chapter 6
linear voltage source, a function of the current and the state
Environmental impact
load. The connection of all the components is done through the AC bus and therefore an AC/
DC converter modeled as a voltage source has been designed. This same converter has been
used both for the PV panels and for the accumulator or battery.
The control of the microgrid

RoHS has been
regulations based and
frequency on the voltage
voltage droop theory,
amplitude whichand
with active relates 6.1.
reactive
power. In network connection mode, priority has been given to using the network as little as
possible. In the island mode of the The environmental impact law sets forth regulations that the
the power supply microgrid
of one ofmust comply with,
the electronic anda electrical
generatorelements.
set has been
This modeled
is knowntoasguarantee
RoHS,
Restrict part of the load considered priority. tion of Hazardous Substances,
(2002/95/EC). Specifically, in Spain, the RoHS regulations, together with WEEE (Recycling of
Electrical and Electronic Equipment), have been merged under the same
decree, this being RD 208/2005.
This RoHS standard refers to 6 substances, which are: Lead, mercury,

cadmium, chromium, PBB and PBDE. The first 4 are heavy metals and the
other 2 are flame retardants, used in some polymers.
6.2. Analysis of the impact on the use of plates

As previously mentioned, RD 208/2005 includes a European regulation that
emphasizes the recovery and recycling of electrical and electronic devices or
elements. This is known as RAEE, Recycling of Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (2002/96/EC) and aims to promote the recycling, reuse and recovery
of waste from this type of equipment to reduce pollution.
Effectively solving what the impact will be in terms of environmental and energy
costs is not a trivial task. However, it must be borne in mind that all the
components used in the project have been purchased taking into account
compliance with the regulations described above and that they are, for the most
part, commonly used in the world of electronics, making them suitable for future
projects. The soldering of the plates has been carried out with tin with low lead
content.

and the
crystallin
chnology
ties l MPPT.
status
na and by i
ón. This
ulator or
relates
connection
sla of that
of a


Summary
Thanks
components is done
Moreno through thefor
Eguilaz AChisbus and to thank
consequent especially
dedi, an AC/DC Professor Juan
converter Manuelas a
modeled
voltage source has been
project designed.
and getting itThis cation
done. The and
same delivery in guiding
converter andused
has been supervising
both forthe
the PV
panels and for the
supported me during the drumming. during the course of this projecthave
accumulator or reality. And also to all the friends and family who and the
entire career in general.
priority.

and the
crystallin
chnology
ties l MPPT.
status
na and by i
ón. This
ulator or
relates
connection
sla of that
of a


Summary
Bibliography
As a storage unit, a Ni-Cd battery has been designed by simplifying one of its cells to a non-linear
voltage source, a function of current and state of charge. The connection of all the components is
done through the AC bus and therefore
[1] PIC18F87K90 an AC/DC
Family converter
Data Sheet. 5, 22,modeled
24 as a voltage source has been
designed. This [2] External Memory Interfacing Techniques for the PIC18F8XXX. 5, 6, 28, the same
33, 34 battery. converter has been used both for the PV plates and for the accumulator or 30, 32,
The control of the microgrid has been based on the voltage droop theory, which relates [3] Freescale
Freescale Generic FlexRay Daughter
voltage frequency Semiconductor.
and amplitude with active and reactive power. In Card(FRDC) connection mode.
possible. In the island 5, 28, 29
mode Themicrogrid,
of the network has been prioritized
a generator set hastobeen
use modeled
the network as little asthe
to guarantee
supply of a [4] Study of the new
considered exray automotive
a priority. illustration bus and design6,of49,
of technology. a prototype
50, 51 part of the load
[5] Freescale Semiconductor. FlexRay UNIFIED Driver User Guide. 6, 7, 53,

56
[6] Freescale Semiconductor. MFR4310 Reference Manual. 19
[7] Octal D-type transparent latch. 22
[8] STMicroelectronics. low drop xed and ajustable positive voltage regula
tors. 23
[9] MCP2551 High-Speed CAN Transceiver. 25
[10] UMFT230XA USB to Basic UART Development Module. 26
[11] Freescale Semiconductor. FlexRay UNIFIED Driver Application User Guide. 54,
56


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Machine Translated by Google

60 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

(a) Plates without pressing buttons

(b) Information Transmission Cycle

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 61

(b) Information Transmission Cycle

Javier Saiz Anad´on

62 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

Figure 4.13: 5 cases of microswitch configuration. Source: self made.

4.2.4. Changes and adaptations in the software to realize

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 63

Fernando Gili of Spain

64 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 65

Figure 4.14: Microcontroller memory usage, Source: Own elaboration.

Fernando Gili of Spain

66 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 67

The control of the microgrid

• Purchase of the FlexRay plate from Freescale.

• Production cost to create the printed circuit board.

Research and development cost.

Cost of computer and electronic material.

5.1. hardware budget

Javier Saiz Anad´on

68 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

Table 5.1: Hardware Budget

5.3. Computer and electronics material budget

Table 5.3: Computer and electronic material budget

0.5 90.00 and

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 69

Fernando Gili of Spain

70 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 71

The control of the microgrid

This RoHS standard refers to 6 substances, which are: Lead, mercury,

6.2. Analysis of the impact on the use of plates

Javier Saiz Anad´on

72 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 73

Javier Saiz Anad´on

74 Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node

Fernando Gili of Spain

Design and implementation of a low-cost FlexRay node 75

[5] Freescale Semiconductor. FlexRay UNIFIED Driver User Guide. 6, 7, 53,

[6] Freescale Semiconductor. MFR4310 Reference Manual. 19

[7] Octal D-type transparent latch. 22

[9] MCP2551 High-Speed CAN Transceiver. 25

[10] UMFT230XA USB to Basic UART Development Module. 26

Fernando Gili of Spain

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