The gyroscope consists of an external quadrilateral frame, an internal disk, and a rotating axis

connecting the two in the middle. Wrap a rope around the rotating axis and pull hard to rotate the
disk at high speed. Place one end of the high-speed rotating gyroscope on a small base or a rope; it
will maintain balance rather than fall. The upper end of the gyroscope will rotate around the
normal of the base or rope. As the rotational speed of the disc inside the gyroscope decreases, the
radius of rotation will continue to expand. Finally, after reaching a certain speed, the gyroscope
loses balance and falls off.

The above phenomenon can be explained by the principle of conservation of angular momentum.
Angular momentum is the amount of motion of an object as it rotates around a certain point. Its
magnitude is equal to the product of the object's mass, rotation radius, and angular velocity, and its
direction is perpendicular to the plane of rotation. Torque is the rotational effect of a force on a
point, whose magnitude is equal to the product of the force and the force arm, and its direction is
also perpendicular to the plane of rotation.
The motion of a gyroscope is influenced by two torques: the gravitational torque and the
gyroscopic torque. The torque of gravity is generated by the distance between gravity and the
fulcrum, and its direction is perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the gyroscope. Its magnitude
is:

Where m is the mass of the gyroscope, g is the gravitational acceleration, r is the distance from the
fulcrum to the center of mass of the gyroscope, θ It is the angle between the axis of symmetry of
the gyroscope and the vertical direction. The action of heavy torque is to tilt the axis of symmetry
of the gyroscope, which generates precession motion.
Gyroscopic torque is generated by the rotation and precession of the gyroscope, and its direction is
parallel to the axis of symmetry of the gyroscope. Its magnitude is:

The function of the gyroscopic torque is to rotate the axis of symmetry of the gyroscope in the
horizontal plane, resulting in nutation motion.
The condition for a gyroscope to rotate without falling is that its rotational speed must be large
enough to resist the action of gravity. If the rotational speed of the gyroscope is too small, the
effect of gravity will tilt its axis too much to maintain balance, which is why the gyroscope will
fall. Therefore, the stability of the gyroscope is directly proportional to the rotational speed. The
higher the rotational speed, the better the stability, and the smaller the tilt angle, the slower the
precession speed.