56 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

vapor to 25°C.
heat exchanger that would superheat the suction
cycles. What
Compare the coeffici ent of perform ance of these two
the expansion valve
Chapter 3
is the temperature of the refrigerant entering
determine the
with the heat exchanger? For a load of 50kW,
volume flow rate for both cycles.

Ans. 2.79, 2.80, 12°C, 0.0522m*/s, 0.0523 m*/s

Actual Vapor Compression Cycle

As the refrigerant flows through the system there will be

pressure drops in the condenser, evaporator, and piping. Heat
losses or gains will occure depending on the temperature
difference between the refrigerant and the surroundings.
Compression will be polytropic with friction and heat transfer
instead of isentropic. The actual vapor compression cycle may
have some or all of the items of departure from the simple
saturation cycle as shown on the p-}, diagram in Fig. 3-1.

7 Lo»
86 5 1
3
4

Pressure, kPa
Enthalpy, kJ/kg

Fig. 3-1. Actual vapor compression cycle

58 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 59

Superheating of the vapor in the evaporator, 10-11. Show the thermodynamic states at various points on p-h
2.) Heat gain in the suction line, 11-12. diagram and calculate:
3.) Pressure drop in the sunction line, 12-13. (a) Refrigerating capacity in TR assuming 2 per cent loss
4.) Pressure drop due to wire drawing at the compressor of useful refrigeration by heat gain from room in brine cooler
suction valve, 13-1. (b) Rate of flow of ammonia
5.) Polytropic compression with friction and heat transfer, 1-2. (c) Compressor IHP and mechanical efficiency
6.) Pressure drop at the compressor discharge valve, 2-3. (d) Compressor volumetric efficiency
7.) Pressure drop in the delivery line, 3-4. (e) COP of the cycle
8.) Heat loss in the delivery line, 4-5. (f) Make a system heat balance.
9.) Pressure drop in the condenser, 4-6.
10.) Subcooling of the liquid in the condenser or subcooler, 6-7. SOLUTION
11.) Heat gain in the liquid line. 7-8.
12.) Pressure drop in the evaporator, 9-10.
Qs
The pressure drop in the evaporator is large and that in the Se a
condenser is small. Due to various pressure drops, the capacity / Qa
of the plant is decreased and the power consumption per unit of
/ 24 120°C
Q
refrigeration is increased. The COP of the actual cycle is reduced. |
t 7
ire
1
were wy
—*i
w
110°
10°C
| 3
(3-1) The following data were taken from a test on a twin-
cylinder, single-acting 15 cm x 20 cm, 320 rpm compressor
ammonia refrigeration plant. | Le*
| Pe Tank
Temperatures of refrigerant:
After expansion valve -25°C ommemcaees)
Cold storage room Brine pump condenser
Entering brine cooler —-25°C
Leaving brine cooler -18°C
Entering compressor -8°C
Leaving condenser 120°C
Entering condenser 110°C
Leaving condenser 30°C
Entering expansion valve 32°C
Pressures of refrigerant:
Compressor discharge and condenser 1352 kPa
Compressor suction 132 kPa
Brine circulation 102kg/min
Temperature drop of brine in cooler . 70°
Specific heat of brine - 3.14kJ/kg (K)
Input to motor 18.8 kW
Motor efficiency at this load 92 %
Compressor jacket cooling water 5 kg/min
Temperature rise of jacket water 8.9C
60 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 61

(c)

Pressure, kPa
-——~w

152.2 kPa
132 kPa

Energy balance about compressor

Enthalpy, kJ/kg (m) (h,) + W = (m) (h,) + Q,

W = (m) (h,-h,) + Q,
h, = h, at 30°C = 341.77 kd/kg W=AHfQ
h, = h, = h, at 32°C = 351.5 kJ/kg Change of enthalpy, AH = (m) (h,-h,) = (2.091) (1725 — 1470)
h, = h at 132 kPa and-18°C = 1445 kJ/kg = 533.2 kJ/min
h, =h at 132 kPa and -8°C = 1470 kJ/kg
Heat of jacket water, Q = (m,) (c,) (A t,) = (5) (4.187) (8.9)
v, =v at 32kPa and -8°C = 0.95 m*/kg
h, = hat 1352 kPa and 120°C = 1725 kJ/kg = 186.3 kJ/min
h, = h at 1352 kPa and 110°C = 1700 kJ/kg
Compressor indicated work, W = AH + Q, = 533.2 + 186.3

(a) Refrigerating capacity (from brine) = 719.5 kJ/min or 11.99 kW

Q, = (1.02) (m,) (c,) (4 t,) = (1.02) (102) (3.14) (7) Compressor IHP =iL99
0.746
16.07 hp
= 2287 kJ/min
Compressor brake work = output of motor = (18.8) (0.92)
_ 2287 = 10.84 TR
211 =17.3kW

Mechanical efficiency = indicated work _ Peak 0.6931

(b) Refrigerating capacity (from refrigeratign) brake work 173

Q, = (m) (h, -h,) or 69.31%

2287 = (m) (1445 - 351.5)
m = 2.091 kg/min
62 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 63

(a) V, = (im) (v,) = (2.091) (0.95) = 1.986 m/min (3-2) An ammonia compression plant is to be designed for
a capacity of 50 TR. The system operates with a condensing
V,= =p? LN = * (0.15 m)? (0.20 m) (320x2 cycles/min) temperature of 40°C and an evaporating temperature of -20°C.
The other data are the following:
= 2.262 m/min
Vv 1.986 Temperatures
pn =r = 1986_ 9 978 or 87.8% leaving evaporator -10°C
“VW 2262
entering compressor -5°C
2287 kJ/min
(e) COP =eWw = (11.99 kJ/s) (50 s/min) = 3.18 leaving compressor
entering condenser
95°C
85°C
leaving condenser 33°C
(f) Heat balance
entering expansion valve 36°C
Heat input to the system Wiredrawing
(a) Compressor, W = 719.5 kJ/min suction valve 20 kPa
(b) Evaporator, Qe = 2287 kJ/min discharge valve 40 kPa
(c) Pipe line from evaporator to compressor, Compressor speed 400 rpm
Mechanical efficiency 80%
Q,., = (m) (hy-h,) = (2.091) (1470-1445)
Volumetric efficiency 17%
= 53.3 kJ/min Stroke-to-bore-ratio ‘ 1.3
(d) Pipe line from condenser to expansion valve,
Q,., = (m) (h,-h,) = (2.091) (351.5 - 341.77) Atwin-cylinder, double-acting compressor is to be used. The
heat absorbed by jacket water is 30 per cent of the indicated
= 20.3 kJ/min work of the compressor. Determine (a) the bore and stroke
Total heat input = 719.5 + 2287 + 52.3 + 20.3 (b) the brake work, (c) the heat lost or gained between compressor
= 3079.1 kJ/min and condenser, and (d) the heat rejected from the condenser.

Heat rejected by the system SOLUTION

(a) Jacket cooling water, Q; = 186.3 kJ/min
(b) Pipe line from compressor to condenser,
Q,.5 = (m) (h,— h,) = (2.091) (1725-1700)
= 52.3 kJ/min
(c) Condensing cooling water,
Q, = (m) (h,—h,) = (2.091) (1700-341.77)
= 2840.1 kJ/min
Total heat rejected = 186.3 + 52.3 + 2840.1
= 3078.7 kJ/min

Enthalpy, kJ/kg
= h, at 33°C = 356.3 kJ/kg
64 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 65

(b) AH = (m) (h, — h,) = (9.69) (1650 - 1470) = 1744.2 kJ/min

190.74 kPa *9 8 F561 kPa Q, = 0.30 W

1597 kPa W =AH+Q,
2
W = 1744.2 + 0.30 W

1 W= 2491.7 kJ/min or 41.53 KW

170.74 kPa
Brake work = indicated
work _ 41.53 _ 51.91kW
UJ mechanical efficiency 0.8 ‘
or 69.56 hp
COMPRESSOR

h, =h,at 33°C = 356.3 kJ/kg (c) Q,,= (m) (h,-h,) = (6.69) (1650-1628) = 213.2 kJ/min
h, =h, =h, at 36°C = 370.96 kJ/kg (d) Q.=(m) (h,-h,) = (9.69) (1628-356.3) = 12,323 kJ/min
h, = hat 190.74 kPa and -10°C = 1460 kJ/kg
(3-3) An ammonia compression plant is to be designed for
h, =h at 190.74 kPa and -5°C = 1470 kd/kg acapacity of 30 TR. The cooling water temperature requires a
v, =v at 170.74 kPa and h, equal to h, = 0.75 m/kg condenser pressure of 1400 kPa and the brine temperature a
h, =h at 1557 kPa and 95°C = 1650 kJ/kg pressure of 291.6 kPa in the brine cooler. The following
temperatures will exist at the points designated:
h, =h at 1557 kPa and 85°C = 1628 kJ/kg
compressor suction o°c
entering condenser 90°C
leaving condenser 32°C
m= Q, _ (50 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) = 9.69 kg/min leaving evaporator -5°C
(a)
h,-h,
8
(1460
- 370.96) kJ/kg Wiredrawing through compressor valves
suction 35 kPa
V, =(m) (v,) = (9.69 kg/min) (0.75 m%/kg) = 7.268 m*/min discharge 70 kPa
A two-cylinder, vertical ccmpressor is to be used at 120
m/min piston speed.
vas = 7.268 _ 9 439 m/min mechanical efficiency 80%
on, 0.77 adiabatic compression efficiency 82%
volumetric efficiency 15%
D? LN stroke-to-bore ratio 1.20
V,=—
4 %

Determine (a) the rate of circulation of ammonia, (b) the BHP

of the compressor, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser, (d) the
9.439 -+ D? (1.3 D) (400) (2) (2) bore, stroke, and rpm of the compressor, and (e) the COP.

D = 0.1794 m or 17.94 cm
L = (1.3) (17.94) = 23.32 cm
 Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 67
66 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

SOLUTION (c) Q. = (m) (h, -h,) = (5.685 kg/min) (1645 — 351.5) kJ/kg

= 7353.5 kJ/min

(d) V, =(m) (v,) = (5.685 kg/min) (0.48 m/kg) = 2.729 m,/min

a

% Vv
£ Vv, =— = 2.729 = 3.639 m,/min
n,., 0.75

E
2

L <=-Piston speed _ 120 m/min __60

= —nm
(rpm) (2) (rpm) rpm

V, ==mo.D?LN
Enthalpy, kJ/cg
Tt 60
3.639= (—-D?) (——) (2) (rpm)
= ho= h, at 32°C = 351.5 kJ/kg 4 rpm
h,
h. = hat 291.6 kPa and -5°C = 1465 kJ/kg D = 0.1965 m or 19.65 cm
h, = hat 291.6 kPa and 0°C = 1475 kJ/kg L = (1.20) (19.65) = 23.58 cm
v, = vat 256.6 kPa and h, equal to h, = 0.48 m/kg
piston speed 120 fe
h, = hat 1470 kPa and s, equal to s, = 1745 kJ/kg Pr =e = = 254
P 2L (2) (0.2358)
h, = hat 1400 kPa and 90°C = 1645 kJ/kg

(e) COP = (30 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) = 3.38

eye Q, _ (30 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) _ , gg5 kg/min
(31.2 kJ/s) (60 s/min)
h-h,~ = (1465 - 351.5) kd/kg

(b) Isentropic work = h, - h, = 1745 - 1475 = 270 kJ/kg (3-4) A simple ammonia compression system has a
compressor with a piston displacement of 1.76 m%/min, a
condenser pressure of 1557 kPa and an evaporator pressure of
isentropic work — 270 _
Actual work =—evrvescw> =[ 807 329.3 kJ/kg 227 kPa. The liquid is subcooled to 35°C and the vapor leaving
¢ the evaporator and entering the compressor is —-6°C. The
Indicated work = (5.685 kg/min) {329.3 kJ/kg) temperature of the vapor leaving the compressor is 90°C. The
heat rejected from the ammonia to the compressor jacket is 5070
1872.1 kJ/min or 31.2 kW kJ/h. The volumetric efficie \cy of the compressor is 80%.
Determine. (a) machine capacity in tons, (b) IHP of the
31.2
= 41.82 hp compressor, and (c) COP of machine based on indicated work.
~ 0.746
indicated work - 41.82
BHP of compressor = mechanical efficiency 0.80
= 52.28 hp
 68 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 69

SOLUTION
(3-5) Saturated vapor Freon 12 refrigerant at 219.12 kPa
35°C
leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at minus 5°C.
The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 25°C

of)
and enter the expansion valve at 22°C. Heat rejected from the
condenser amount to 74 KW. The work to the compressor is 55.5
Pressure, kPa
kJ/kg, while the heat lost from the compressor is 4.2 kJ/kg. If
~~,

1.15 kJ/kg of heat are lost in the piping between the compressor
and condenser, calculate the refrigeration capacity in tons.

SOLUTION
~

Naas
-16°C 68°C

Enthalpy, kJ/kg

h, =h,=h,at 35°C = 366.1 kJ/kg

Pressure, kPa
h, =hat 227kPa and -6°C = 1465 kJ/kg
vy, =vat227kPa and -6"C = 0.55 m*/kg
h, =hat 1557 kPa and 90°C = 1640 kJ/kg
219.12 kPa
(a) ,)
(0.80) (1.76)
V, = (n,= )(V = 1.408 m*/min

m at 21.408 mi/min_ = 2.56 kg/min

vy 0.55 m*/kg

Q. = (m) (h,-h,) = (2.56) (1465 - 366.1) = 2813.2 kJ/min

2813.2
= 13.33 TR
211

(b) AH = (im) (h, — h,) = (2.56) (1640 ~ 1465) = 448 kJ/min

Q
_ 5070 = 84.5 kJ/min
a 60
W = Q+AH
i
= 84.5 + 448 = 532.5 kJ/min or 8.875 kW
8.875
= =11:9h
IHP = 0746 y
frigerating effect 2813.2 .
(c) COP = ean = = 5.28
indicated work 532.5
 70 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 71

Energy balance about compressor,

SOLUTION
h,+4.2 =h,+55.5
h, 2 = 350 + 55.5 —- 4.2 = 401.3 kJ/kg

Energy balance about piping from compressor to condenser,

—
—s,
h, + 1.15 =h, Lo
am

Expansion Q
h, 3 = 401.3 - 1.15 = 400.15 kJ/kg valve e
=

Energy balance about condenser,

q.+h, =h,

q, = 400.15-223.65 = 176.5 kJ/kg (a) Q, = (100 tons) (3.52 kW/ton) = 352 kW

Q 74 kd/s Actual work = Q, 352
mass fl llow te,
rate, m
m =—~=———————
q, 1765 kd/kg = 0.419 kg/
g/s
actual COP 5.86” 00 KW
Refrigerating capacity = (m) (h,-h,) = (0.419) (347.13-220.75) (b) Refrigerating load = (m,) (c,) (At,) = (m,) (4.187) (22-2)

= 52.95 kW = 83.74m,kW
83.74m, = 352
52.9 kW
= —————-_ = 15.04 TR
3.52 kW/ton m,, = 4.2kg/s of chilled water
mean temperature of water in the evaporator = en = 12°C
(3-6) Avapor compression refrigeration system is designed
2
to have a capacity of 100 tons of refrigeration. It produces chilled
From the steam table, the specific volume of water at 12°C,
water from 22°C to 2°C. Its actual coefficient of performance is
5.86 and 35 per cent of the power supplied to the compressor is v, = 0.0010005m*/kg
lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling losses. Determine:
Volume flow rate of chilled water
(a) “size of the electric more required to drive the
compressor in kW,
= (4.2 kg/s) 90.0010005 m/kg)
(b) volume flow rate of the chilled water in liters per
second, and = 0.0042 m/s or 4.2 L/s
(c) the condenser cooling water required in kg/s for a
(c) Qj = 0.35W = (0.35) (60) = 21kW
temperature rise of 10C°.
Energy balance about the system
Q.+Q =W+Q,

Q, +21 =60 +352

Q, = 391 kW
 72 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 73

t Tt
ry D? LN = Tr (0.25 m)? (0.30m) (300x4 cycles/min)

"
Q. 391

o
Condenser cooling water, me = = ——__
(c,) (At) (4.187)(10) 17.671 m/min

= 9.34 kg/s V, = (n,.) (V,) = (0.9397) (17.671) = 16.605 m/min

(3-7) A 4-cylinder, single acting ammonia compressor 25 — 1 __16.605 m/min
cm x 30 cm operates at 300 rpm. Condenser and evaporator
pressure are 1204 kPa and 227 kPa, respectively. The vapor from
V, 0.52826 m/kg
the evaporator to the suction of the compressor is dry saturated Ww - on~[e ae
= i]
and there is no subcooling in the condenser. Clearance factor of
the compressor is 2 per cent. Compression process is polytropic
with n = 1.20. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect, (b) the
horsepower required. (c) the heat rejected to compressor jacket
water, and (d) the heat rejected at the condenser.
W
=
= (1.20)(227)(052826)
Ga
12041200
-
1-1.20 227
—.?

= 230.66 kJ/kg
SOLUTION
= 230.66 kJ/kg (31.43 kg/min) = 7247.3 kJ/min
or 120.76 kW
120.79
= “OTIS = 161.9 hp
P
Pressure, kPa

(c) v, =v, ele = (0.52826) | 22] _ 9 1315 mi/kg

1204

h, =hat 1204 kPa and 0.1315 m*/kg = 1610 kJ/kg

AH = (m) (h,-h,) = (31.43 kg/min) (1610 — 1442.6) kJ/kg

Enthalpy, kJ/kg = 5261.4 kJ/min

h, =h,at 1204 kPa = 346.6 kJ/kg
Q, = W-AH = 7247.3-5261.4 = 1985.9 kJ/min or 33.1 kW
h, =h, at 227 kPa = 1442.6 kJ/kg
Vv, i =v, at 227 kPa = 528.26 L/kg (d) Q, = (m) (h,-h,) = (31.43) (1610-346.6) = 39,709 kJ/min

(a) Refrigerating effect = h,-h, = 1442.6 — 346.6 = 1096 kJ/kg or 661.8 kW

(b) n= 1+e- we [BE] * =1 + 0002- -0.02 [= i20

1

= 0.9397
 74 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 75

(3-8) An ammonia compression system operates at a

h, = h at 1422 kPa and 0.1356 m°/kg = 1760 kJ/kg
capacity of 150 tons. Condensation temperature is 35°C. The
evaporation temperature in brine cooler is —24°C. Ammonia
leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at —8°C.
h, = h, = 1760 kd/kg
Ammonia enters the expansion valve at 30°C. Were drawing
through the compressor valves: suction 35 kPa, discharge 70 _ PPV,
Pv es
P, ye -i|
kPa, compression is polytropic with n = 1.22, volumetric efficiency
is 75%. Calculate (a) IHP,(b) heat transferred to cylinder water
jacket, (c) piston displacement, (d) heat transferred to condenser (1.22)(124.2)(1.0) sa22) a
circulating water, and (e) COP.
~

W=——733——
Sa (GS
124. 2) hal -1]- 380.3 kJ/kg
SOLUTION
= (28.18 kg/min) (380.3 kJ/kg) = 10,717 kJ/min
or 178.6 kW
1422 kPa 178.6
IHP Po ==———
Saag == 239-4 hp
Pressure, kPa

(b) AH = (m) (h,-h,) = (28.18 kg/min) (1760-1465) kJ/kg

= 8313.1 kJ/min
Q, = W-AH = 10,717-8313.1 = 2403.9 kJ/min or 40.07 kW
(c) V, = (m) (v,) = (28.18 kg/min) (1.0 m%/kg) = 28.18 m/min
Enthalpy, kJ/kg

=h, at 30°C = 341.8 kJ/kg Vy = = = —— = 37.57 m9/min

=h at 159.2 kPa and -8°C = 1465 kJ/kg

=h, = 1465 kJ/kg (d) Q, = (m) (h,—-h,) = (28.18) (1760-341.8) = 39,965 kJ/min
or 666.1 kW
v, =v at 124.2 kPa and h, equal to h, = 1.0 m*/kg
(e) COP = h,-h, _ _1465-341.8
Q, ___ (150 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton)
(a) m= = 28.18 kg/min WwW 3803.79
h,-h,
6
(1465-341.8) kJ/kg

1 1

v,= v,[=*] _ a.o [=] = 0.1356 mi/kg

P, 1422
76 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 77

PROBLEMS (3) Arefrigerant 12 refrigerating system operates with a

(1) AFreon 12 refrigeration system, with a 10-TR capacity
and a coefficient of performance of 3.23, operates with a
condenser pressure of 984.5 kPa and an evaporator pressure of
150.8 kPa. The temperatures entering and leaving the
compressor are -10°C and 80°C, respectively. The temperature
entering the expansion valve is 34°C. The compressor is water
jacketed and operateds with unknown pressure drops through
the valves. Compute (a) the mass flow rate per minute, (b) the
indicated work, and (c) the heat removed by the jacket water.
condensing temperature of 38°C and an evaporating temperature
of -12°C. The refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters the
compressor at —2°C. The compressor is a 4-cylinder, V-
arrangement single acting type, direct driven by an electric motor
at 875 rpm. The clearance is 5 per cent, the capacity is 40 tons,
bore-stroke ratio is 1.25 and the compression is polytropic with
n= 1.275. Determine (a) the bore and stroke, (b) the piston speed,
(c) the indicated hp of the compressor.
Ans. (a) 14.73 x 11.78 cm, (b) 206.2m/min, (c) 50.3 hp

Ans. (a) 18.43 kg/min, (b) 19.87 kW, (c) 270.5 kJ/min (4) A food freezing requires 20 tons of refrigeration at an
evaporator temperature of -30°C and a condenser temperature
(2) Atest of a 10-TR ammonia vapor compression of 35°C. The refrigerant Freon 22 is subcooled 4°C before entering
refrigeration system gave the following results: the expansion valve and the vapor is superheated 5°C before
condenser pressure 1600 kPa leaving the evaporator. The clearance is 4%, the suction and
evaporator pressure 191 kPa discharge valve pressure drops are 35 kPa and 50 kPa,
temperature leaving evaporator coils —-10°C respectively. Compression is polytropic with n = 1.08. The
temperature entering compressors orc mechanical efficiency is 75%. An 11.5 x 11.5-cm, six cylinder
temperature leaving compressors 100°C single acting compressor running at 1000 rpm is used. Determine
temperature entering condenser 80°C (a) clearance volumetric efficiency, (b) piston displacement, (c)
temperature leaving condenser 38°C total volumetric efficiency, (d) theoretical hp, (e) actual hp, (f)
coefficient of performance 3.1 heat rejected during compression, (g) heat rejected to condenser
cooling water, and (h) quantity of cooling water in the condenser
(A) Find heat lost or gained, (a) between evaporator coils if the tempétature rise is 6°C.
and compressor, (b) between compressor and condenser, and
(c) to condenser water. Ans. (a) 67.38%, (b) 7.167 m‘/m, (c) 66.61%, (d) 35.86
S hp (e) 47.85 hp, (f) 332 kJ/min, (g) 5492.3 kJ/min, (h) 218.6
(B) ‘Find, (a) temperature in the evaporator coils in kg/min
saturated state, and (b) quantity of the vapor in the evaporator
coils folf6wing expansion through valve.

(C) Find, (a) the work, and (b) the heat absorbed by jacket
water.
Ans. A: (a) 44.37 kd/min,
(b) 106.1 kJ/min,
(c) 2399.5 kJ/min

B: (a) -20°C
(b) 14.62%

C: (a) 11.34 kW,

(b) 329.5 kJ/min