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 GEOGRAPHY
Geo – Earth Graphy – Study
Father of Geography
Eratosthenes (Greek Scholar and Mathematician)

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY INDIAN GEOGRAPHY WORLD GEOGRAPHY

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
 PRIME MEREDIAN

PRIME MERIDIAN
The prime meridian is a geographical reference line that
passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,
in London, England.

PRIME MERIDIAN PASSES THROUGH

BSF GAME in TOGO & ANTARTICA
Burkina Faso, Spain, France,
Ghana, Algeria, Male, England
Togo
Antarctica
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
HEMISPHERES OF EARTH
 GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS ABOUT INDIA

INDIA – 7th Largest Country in terms of Geographical Area, 2nd Largest in terms of Population
AREA WISE COUNTRY – Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India, Argentina, Kazakhstan, Sudan

INDIA’S TOTAL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA – 32,87,263 𝐾𝑚2

LAND FRONTIER : 15,200 Km
COASTALINE – 7516.6 KM (Including A&N and Laksyadweep)

LATITUDINAL EXTENT: 80 4′ North to 370 6′ North (Mainland)

LONGITUDINAL EXTENT: 680 7′ East to 970 25′ East

NORTH - SOUTH EXTENT: 3,214 Km

WEST – EAST EXTENT – 2,933 Km
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS ABOUT INDIA
Latitude & Longitudinal extent
of India is approx. 300 , yet the
North – South & West – East
has different lengths, Why?

Here’s Why!
Degrees of latitude are parallel
so the distance between each
degree remains almost constant
but since degrees of longitude
are farthest apart at the equator
and converge at the poles, their
distance varies greatly. See the
following figure to understand
better.
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS ABOUT INDIA

NORTHERN MOST POINT OF INDIA – INDRA COL, J&K

SOUTHERN MOST POINT OF INDIA – CAPE COMORIN, KANYAKUMARI, TN (MAINLAND)
SOUTHERN MOST POINT OF INDIA – INDRA POINT, GREAT NICOBAR, A&N ISLANDS

WESTERN MOST POINT OF INDIA – GHAUR MOTI, GUJRAT

EASTERN MOST POINT OF INDIA – KIBITU, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

STANDARD MERIDIAN (IST) - 82.30 𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑇, MIRZAPUR, UTTAR PRADESH

INDIA SHARES LAND BORDER WITH : 7 COUNTRIES

CHINA, PAKISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, AFGANISTHAN, MYANMAR
LOCATION AND EXTENT OF INDIA
1. The island groups of India lying in the Arabian Sea
and the Bay of Bengal.
2. The countries constituting Indian Subcontinent.
3. The states through which the Tropic of Cancer
passes.
4. The northernmost latitude in degrees (Indira Col in
Jammu and Kashmir).
5. The southernmost latitude of the Indian mainland in
degrees (Cape Comorin, Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu).
Note that the southernmost point of India is the Indira
Point which is the southernmost point of Great Nicobar
Island of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. The
Indira Point was previously known as the Pygmalion
Point or the Parson Point.
6. The eastern and the westernmost longitudes in
degrees. (Earstern – Kibitu, Arunachal Pradesh,
Western – Ghuar Moti)
7. The place situated on the three seas.
8. The strait separating Sri Lanka and India.
9. The Union Territories of India.
STATES PASSING THROUGH TROPIC OF CANCER
TRICK TO REMEMBER
MiRa’s JCB at GMT

Mi - Mizoram
Ra - Rajasthan
J - Jharkhand
C - Chhattisgarh
B - Bengal
G - Gujrat
M – Madhya Pradesh
T - Tripura
 LAW OF THE SEA

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS)

UNCLOS, is an International body, which defines the authority of
different countries over the sea, bordering their country.

In 1982, UNCLOS had given various definitions, according to which the

marine boundary of each country can be decided.
 LAW OF THE SEA
BASELINE
Normally, the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured is the low-water line
along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal
state. This is either the low-water mark closest to the shore, or alternatively it may be
an unlimited distance from permanently exposed land, provided that some portion of
elevations exposed at low tide but covered at high tide (like mud flats) is within 3
nautical miles (5.6 kilometres; 3 1⁄2 statute miles) of permanently exposed land.
INTERNAL WATERS
Waters landward of the baseline are defined as internal waters, over which the state
has complete sovereignty: not even innocent passage is allowed without explicit
permission from said state. Lakes and rivers are considered internal waters. All
"archipelagic waters" within the outermost islands of an archipelagic state such
as Indonesia or the Philippines are also considered internal waters, and are treated
the same with the exception that innocent passage through them must be allowed.
INTERNAL WATERS OF INDONESIA
 LAW OF THE SEA
TERRITORIAL SEA
Territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 UNCLOS is a belt of coastal waters extending at
most 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the baseline (usually the mean low-water
mark) of a coastal state. The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of
the state, although foreign ships (military and civilian) are allowed innocent
passage through it, or transit passage for straits; this sovereignty also extends to
the airspace over and seabed below. Adjustment of these boundaries is called, in
international law, maritime delimitation.
CONTIGUOUS ZONE
The contiguous zone is a band of water extending farther from the outer edge of the
territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi) from the baseline, within
which a state can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing
"infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations
within its territory or territorial sea".
 LAW OF THE SEA

EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ)

An EEZ extends from the baseline to a maximum of 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi),
thus it includes the contiguous zone. A coastal nation has control of all economic
resources within its exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining, oil exploration, and
any pollution of those resources. However, it cannot prohibit passage or loitering above,
on, or under the surface of the sea that is in compliance with the laws and regulations
adopted by the coastal State in accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention,
within that portion of its exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea.
CONTINENTAL SHELF
The continental shelf of a coastal nation extends out to the outer edge of
the continental margin but at least 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the
baselines of the territorial sea if the continental margin does not stretch that far.
Coastal states have the right of exploration and exploitation of the seabed and the
natural resources that lie on or beneath it, however other states may lay cables and
pipelines if they are authorised by the coastal state.
INDIA & ITS NEIGHBOURS
LAND BORDER WITH INDIA
TRICK : BaChPaN M BA
Ba – Bangladesh
Ch – China
Pa – Pakistan
N – Nepal
M – Myanmar
B – Bhutan
A – Afghanistan
ISLAND BORDERING INDIA
Sri Lanka
Maldives
LINES SEPERATING INDIA FROM NEIGHBOURS
RADCLIFFE LINE – SEPERATES INDIA AND PAKISTAN
AND INDIA AND BANGLADESH
McMOHAN LINE – SEPERATES ARUNACHAL PRADESH
FROM CHINA
JOHNSON LINE – INDIAN INTERPRETAION OF INDIA
CHINA BORDER IN J&K
McDONALD LINE – CHINA’S INTERPRETAION OF INDIA
CHINA BORDER IN J&K
DURAND LINE – SEPERATES PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN
 LINES SEPERATING INDIA FROM NEIGHBOURS

STATES SHARING BORDER WITH PAKISTAN STATES SHARING BORDER WITH BHUTAN

STATES SHARING BORDER WITH NEPAL STATES SHARING BORDER WITH CHINA
 LINES SEPERATING INDIA FROM NEIGHBOURS

STATES SHARING BORDER WITH BANGLADESH STATES SHARING BORDER WITH AFGHANISTAN

STATES SHARING BORDER WITH MYANMAR

LAND BORDERS OF INDIA
 MARITIME BORDERS OF INDIA
Maritime borders of India are the maritime boundary recognized by the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea entails boundaries of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic
zones. India, with its claim of a 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) territorial maritime zone and 200-
nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, has a more than 7,000-kilometre (4,300 mi)
maritime border shared with seven nations.
 STATES OF INDIA
THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT
1. States/UTs and their Capitals
2. North Eastern States and their
capital
3. Largest State and top 5 in terms
of Area
4. Smallest State and Bottom 5 in
terms of Area.
5. Formation of Goa, Diu Daman,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli,
Puducherry and North Eastern
States
STATES OF INDIA
 STATES OF INDIA
INDIA HAS 28 STATES AND 8 UNION TERRITORIES
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
1. JAMMU & KASHMIR – REPEAL OF ARTICLE 370 AND CREATED UNION
TERRITORIES OF LADAKH AND JAMMU & KASHMIR – 31 OCT 2019

1. DADAR AND NAGAR HAVELI AND DIU DAMAN MERGED AS SINGLE UNION
TERRITORY – 26 JAN 2020
 STATES/UTs OF INDIA
LARGEST STATES IN INDIA SMALLEST STATES IN INDIA
1. RAJASTHAN - 342239 1. GOA - 3,702
2. MADHYA PRADESH - 306252 2. SIKKIM - 7,096
3. MAHARASHTRA - 307713 3. TRIPURA - 10,486
4. UTTAR PRADESH - 240928 4. NAGALAND - 16,579
5. GUJRAT - 196021 5. MIZORAM - 21,081

LARGEST UT IN INDIA SMALLEST UT IN INDIA

1. LADAKH - 59,146 1. LAKSHYADWEEP - 32
2. JAMMU & KASHMIR - 42,241 2. CHANDIGARH - 114
3. ANDAMAN & NICOBAR - 8,249 3. PUDUCHERRY - 479
NORTH EASTERN STATES OF INDIA
TRICK