PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PROJECT

DONE BY:
CLASS XI-A1
BAALA PRANITH EC
DHAKSHITH RAAM S
TEJAS ARJUNA A
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks to our

Principal Mr. Poovanan and our physical education
teachers who gave us the golden opportunity to do this
project on the topic of “Throwing Sports” , which
helped us in doing a lot of research and we came to
know so many things about athletics. Secondly, we
would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped us a lot in finalising this project within the
limited time frame.

PRINCIPAL’S SIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 HISTORY OF ATHLETICS

ATHLETICS:

Athletics includes a number of competitions in running,

walking, leaping, and throwing activities. It is also known as
track and field sports. Even though these competitions are
known as track and field (or just track) in the US, they are
typically referred to as athletics abroad. This page discusses
the development of competitions, the rules and procedures of
the many events, as well as some of the most well-known
athletes in the various sports.

Track and field athletics, which sprang from the most

fundamental human activities—running, walking, jumping,
and throwing—are the oldest forms of organised sport. The
most truly global sport now is athletics, with competitions
taking place in almost every nation on earth. The majority of
countries send men's and women's teams to the four-yearly
Olympic Games and the official track and field world
championships. Additionally, a number of championship meets
for the European, Commonwealth, African, Pan-American, and
Asian continents are held. There are up to twenty different
events that fall under the general heading of athletics. These
activities make up a meet, which is typically held outside. The
field events ( jumping and throwing) take place either inside the
track's confines or in nearby locations, while the outdoor
running competitions are performed on an oval track
measuring 400 or 440 yards.

HISTORY:

The early years of athletics as an organised sport are not well

documented.

Many years before the Christian era, it is known that Asian and
Egyptian cultures promoted athletics. Ireland hosted the
Tailteann Games for the Lugnasad festival, which featured
different track and field events, possibly as early as 1829 BC.
Greek Olympic competitions began in 776 BC and were held for
11 centuries before coming to an end in the year 393 AD. As far
as competitors and viewers were concerned, these ancient
Olympics were exclusively male spectacles. According to
legend, Greek women created their own Heraea Games, which
were held every four years, just like the Olympics.England was
the birthplace of modern athletics and the country where it
matured. When practising fields were first built in London in
1154, the earliest mention of the sport in England was made.
King Edward III outlawed the activity in the 1300s, but Henry
VIII, who was rumoured to be an expert hammer thrower,
brought it back in the 20th century.

MODERN DEVELOPMENT:

But it wasn't until the early 19th century that contemporary

sport began to take shape. Even while organised amateur
footraces began to take place in England as early as 1825,
athletics didn't really take off until 1860. The first
amateur-only competition was hosted by the West London
Rowing Club in 1861, and the first English championships were
held by the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC) in 1866, the year it was
created. All of these competitions placed a focus on
competitiveness for "gentlemen amateurs'' who were not paid.
The Amateur Athletic Association (AAA) gained control of
athletic competition in 1880 from the AAC.

The New York Athletic Club, founded in the 1860s, hosted the
first meet in North America, which took place close to Toronto
in 1839.that gave the sport a strong foundation in the country.
The club hosted the first indoor competition in history and
worked to support the establishment of the National
Association of Amateur Athletes of America (NAAAA) to hold
national competitions in 1879.

Nine years later, amid allegations that the NAAAA was lax in
upholding amateurism, the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) took
over as national regulatory organisation. By the late 1800s,
athletics had spread throughout many nations, but it wasn't
until the Olympic Games were revived in 1896 that the sport
truly became global. Despite its modest beginnings, the
Olympics served as the catalyst for the global interest in
athletics by inspiring uniformity. The International Amateur
Athletic Federation (IAAF) was established in 1912. More than
170 national members were a part of that organisation when it
celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1987. Before 1936, when the
IAAF also became the regulatory body for women's athletics, its
regulations only applied to men's competition.
HISTORY OF JUMPING:
Men and women compete in four jumping events: the high jump, long
jump, triple jump, and pole vault.

HIGH JUMP:
The first recorded high jump event took place in Scotland in the
19th century. Early jumpers used either an elaborate straight-on
approach or a scissors technique. In later years, soon then after,
the bar was approached diagonally, and the jumper threw first
inside leg and then the other over the bar in a scissoring motion.

LONG JUMP:
The long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient Greece's
original Olympics' pentathlon events. All events that occurred at the
Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for
warfare. The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the
crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines.

TRIPLE JUMP:
Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally
mention jumps of 15 metres or more. This led sports historians to
conclude that these must have been a series of jumps, thus providing
the basis for the triple jump. However, there is no evidence for the
triple jump being included in the ancient Olympic Games, and it is
possible that the recorded extraordinary distances are due to artistic
licence of the authors of victory poems, rather than attempts to report
accurate results.
HIGH
JUMP
HIGH JUMP:
The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors
must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured
heights without dislodging it. In its modern, most-practised
format, a bar is placed between two standards with a crash mat
for landing. Since ancient times, competitors have introduced
increasingly effective techniques to arrive at the current form,
and the current universally preferred method is the Fosbury
Flop, in which athletes run towards the bar and leap head first
with their back to the bar. The discipline is, alongside the pole
vault, one of two vertical clearance events in the Olympic
athletics program. It is contested at the World Championships in
Athletics and the World Athletics Indoor Championships, and is
a common occurrence at track and field meets. The high jump
was among the first events deemed acceptable for women,
having been held at the 1928 Olympic Games.

RULES:
Technical Rules TR26 and TR27 (formerly Rules 181 and 182)
have been established by World Athletics (previously known as
the IAAF) for the high jump. Jumpers have to start on one foot.
If the jumper touches the ground or anything else behind the bar
before clearing it, dislodges the bar, or both, the leap is deemed
a failure. The chief judge may proclaim any height at which
competitors may start leaping, or competitors may pass at their
own discretion. In most events, a jumper is disqualified after
three consecutive missed jumps, regardless of height or
combination of heights. The jumper who clears the biggest
height in the final is declared the winner.If two or more jumpers
tie for any place, the tie-breakers are: 1) the fewest misses at the
height at which the tie occurred; and 2) the fewest misses
throughout the competition. If the event remains tied for first
place (or a limited-advancement position to a subsequent meet),
the jumpers have a jump-off, beginning at the next height above
their highest success. Jumpers have one attempt at each height.
If only one succeeds, he or she wins; if more than one does, these
try with the bar raised; if none does, all try with the bar lowered.
This process was followed at the 2015 World Championship
men's event.
RECORDS:
MENS:
The first world record in the men's high jump was recognised by
the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) in
1912. As of June, 2009, the IAAF has ratified 40 world records in
the event. Fourteen of the 16 records from 1912 to 1960 were set
in the United States and were originally measured in feet and
inches; they were converted to metric before being ratified as
world records. As of January 1, 1963, records were accepted as
metric marks, with marks measured in feet and inches to the
nearest quarter-inch and rounded down to the nearest
centimetre. When measurements were taken in feet and inches
the bar could be raised, for record-attempt purposes, in
increments of one-quarter inch. Under the metric system, a new
record must be (at least) one centimetre higher. In 1973,
American Dwight Stones was the first Fosbury Flop jumper to set
a world record. The namesake of the technique, Dick Fosbury,
impressed the world by winning the 1968 Olympics with the flop,
but never held the world record. The last Straddle style jumper
to hold the World Record was Vladimir Yashchenko (Soviet
Union/Ukraine) in 1978; all record-setters since then have used
the Flop technique. The world record of 2.45 metres (8.04 ft) by
Cuban Javier Sotomayor in 1993 has never been surpassed.

WOMENS:
The first world record in the women's high jump was recognised
by the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) in
1922. In 1936, the FSFI was absorbed by the International
Association of Athletics Federations, now known as World
Athletics. As of June 21, 2009, the IAAF (and the FSFI before it)
has ratified 56 world records in the event.
TABLE OF WORLD RECORDS:
MEN’S :
TABLE OF RECORDS:
WOMENS:
 FAVOURITE ATHLETE:
MARIYAPPAN THANGAVELU:
Mariyappan Thangavelu (born 28 June 1995) is an Indian
Paralympic high jumper. He represented India in the 2016
Summer Paralympics games held in Rio de Janeiro in the men's
high jump T-42 category and the 2020 Summer Paralympic
games held in Tokyo in the men's high jump T-63 category ,
winning the gold medal and silver medal respectively in the
finals.
He is India's first Paralympian gold medalist since 2004. On 25
January 2017, the Government of India conferred him with the
Padma Shri award for his contribution towards sports and in the
same year, he was also awarded the Arjuna Award. He was
awarded with the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna in 2020.