Humanoid Robots | 2023

SHRI SHAMBHUBHAI V. PATEL COLLEGE OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE & BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT

A
Seminar Report
On

Humanoid robots

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

[B.C.A]
Year 2022-2023

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

Prajapati Jenish B. Dr.Radhika amlani

BCA- 6th SEMESTER (2022-2023)

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Humanoid Robots

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Acknowledgement

With immense pleasure and a sense of fulfilment, I would like to present this
report on the seminar titled Humanoid robot.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Dr.Radhika amlani,

for providing me the opportunity to work under her guidance. I am grateful to her
for keeping faith in mean considering me worthy for such a development work. I
thank her for being my torchbearer and for guiding me well to face the
development challenges. I am thankful to her for taking personal interest and
making all the resources available to me. Her valuable guidance and substantial
suggestions was extremely helpful to me during the development of the project.
I would also like to offer my gratitude towards our H.O.D. Mrs. Riddhi Vyas as
well as Principal Mr. C.H. Thakkar and all faculty members of B.C.A.
department, who helped me by giving their valuable suggestions and
encouragement which not only helped me in preparing this report but also in
having a better insight in this field. Overall, this project has given me a rich set
of experiences, which shall always guide me throughout my career.

Last but not the least; I owe a special debt to the All mighty for his grace
and blessings. I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to my family for
their love, faith and blessings which they bestowed me.

Thank you all,

Jenish prajapati

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Abstract

Humanoid robots are robots designed to resemble human beings in form and
function. These robots have the ability to interact with humans in a human-like way,
which makes them ideal for use in a wide range of applications, including education,
healthcare, entertainment, and manufacturing.
The design of humanoid robots is based on the human body, which consists of the
head, torso, arms, and legs. These robots use sensors, motors, and actuators to move,
sense their environment, and interact with humans. They can perform a variety of
tasks, such as walking, talking, and carrying objects, just like humans.
One of the main advantages of humanoid robots is their ability to work in
environments designed for humans. This makes them ideal for use in factories,
where they can work alongside humans to perform tasks that require precision and
speed. They can also be used in healthcare, where they can assist doctors and nurses
in providing care to patients.
Another advantage of humanoid robots is their ability to learn and adapt to their
environment. They can be programmed to recognize faces, speech, and gestures, and
respond appropriately. This makes them ideal for use in education, where they can
be used to teach children and adults about various topics, such as science, math, and
language.
However, despite the many advantages of humanoid robots, there are also some
challenges associated with their design and use. For example, they require a lot of
power to operate and can be expensive to build and maintain. They also require
advanced software and hardware to operate effectively.
In conclusion, humanoid robots are an exciting development in robotics technology.
They have the potential to revolutionize the way we work, learn, and interact with
technology. As the technology continues to develop, we can expect to see even more
sophisticated humanoid robots that can perform a wider range of tasks and interact
with humans in even more human-like ways.

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INDEX

Sr. No Topics Page No

1 History of humanoid robot 7
2 Introduction of humanoid robots 10
3 Application area of humanoid robots 11
4 Sensors 14
5 Actuators 16
6 Planning and control 19
7 Chips 20
8 Advantages 26
9 Disadvantages 27
10 Future 28
11 Conclusion 30
12 References 31

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❖ History of humanoid robots

➢ The concept of a humanoid robot originated in many different cultures around

the world. Some of the earliest accounts of the idea of humanoid automata
date to the 4th century BCE in Greek mythologies and various religious and
philosophical texts from China. Physical prototypes of humanoid automata
were later created in the Middle East, Italy, Japan, and France.

❖ Greece
The Greek god of blacksmiths, Hephaestus, created several different humanoid
automata in various myths. In Homer's Iliad, Hephaestus created golden
handmaidens and imbued them with human-like voices to serve as speaking tools or
instruments. Another Greek myth details how Hephaestus crafted a giant bronze
automaton named Talos to protect the island of Crete from invaders.

❖ China
In the 3rd century BCE, a Taoist philosophical text called the Liezi, written by
Chinese philosopher Lie Yukou, detailed the idea of a humanoid automaton. The
text includes mention of an engineer named Yan Shi who created a life-size, human-
like robot for the fifth king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty, King Mu.The robot was
primarily constructed of leather and wood. It was capable of walking, singing, and
moving all parts of its body.

❖ Middle East
In the 13th century, a Muslim engineer named Ismail al-Jazari designed various
humanoid automata. He created a waitress robot that would dispense drinks from a
liquid reservoir and appear out of an automatic door to serve them. Another
automaton he created was used for hand washing to refill a basin with water after
being drained.

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❖ Italy
In the 1400s, Leonardo da Vinci conceptualized a complex mechanical robot clad in
a suit of armor, capable of sitting, standing, and independently moving its arms. The
entire robot was operated by a system of pulleys and cables.

Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings.

❖ Japan
From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Japanese built humanoid automata called
karakuri puppets. These puppets resembled dolls and were used for entertainment in
theatre, homes, and religious festivals. Karakuri puppets that were used for theater
plays were called butai karakuri. Small karakuri puppets found in homes, called
zashiki kurakuri, were placed on tables to dance, beat drums, or serve drinks. The
puppets used in religious festivals were known as Dashi karakuri, and they served to
reenact myths and legends.

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A karakuri automaton, c. 1800, British Museum

❖ France
In the 18th century, French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson created a significant
humanoid automaton called The Flute Player. This wooden, human-sized robot was
capable of playing various melodies with the flute. It consisted of a system of
bellows, pipes, weights, and other mechanical components to simulate to the muscles
necessary to play the flute.

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❖ Introduction to humanoid robot

➢ A humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape. The design
may be for functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and
environments, for experimental purposes, such as the study of bipedal
locomotion, or for other purposes.
➢ In general, humanoid robots have a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs,
though some humanoid robots may replicate only part of the body, for
example, from the waist up.
➢ Some humanoid robots also have heads designed to replicate human facial
features such as eyes and mouths. Androids are humanoid robots built to
aesthetically resemble humans.

Honda P series: P1 (1993), P2 (1996), P3 (1997), P4 (2000)

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❖ Application area of humanoid robots

➢ Humanoid robots are now used as research tools in several scientific areas.
Researchers study the human body structure and behavior (biomechanics) to
build humanoid robots. On the other side, the attempt to simulate the human
body leads to a better understanding of it.
➢ Human cognition is a field of study which is focused on how humans learn
from sensory information in order to acquire perceptual and motor skills. This
knowledge is used to develop computational models of human behavior, and
it has been improving over time.
➢ It has been suggested that very advanced robotics will facilitate the
enhancement of ordinary humans.

❖ Medical and research

➢ Humanoid robots are a valuable resource in the world of medicine and

biotechnology, as well as other fields of research such as biomechanics and
cognitive science.
➢ Humanoid robots are being used to develop complex prosthetics for
individuals with physical disabilities such as missing limbs. The WABIAN-2
is a new medical humanoid robot created to help patients in the rehabilitation
of their lower limbs.
➢ Although the initial aim of humanoid research was to build better orthosis
and prosthesis for human beings, knowledge has been transferred between
both disciplines. A few examples are powered leg prosthesis for the
neuromuscularly impaired, ankle-foot orthosis, biological realistic leg
prosthesis, and forearm prosthesis.
➢ Humanoid robots can be used as test subjects for the practice and development
of personalized healthcare aids, essentially performing as robotic nurses for
demographics such as the elderly.
➢ Humanoids are also suitable for some procedurally-based vocations, such as
reception-desk administrators and automotive manufacturing line workers.
➢ In essence, since they can use tools and operate equipment and vehicles
designed for the human form, humanoids could theoretically perform any task

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a human being can, so long as they have the proper software. However, the
complexity of doing so is immense.

Orthosis Prosthesis

❖ Entertainment

➢ Humanoid robots have had a long history in the realm of entertainment, from
the conception and ideas in the story of Prometheus to the application and
physical build of modern animatronics used for theme parks.
➢ Current uses and development of humanoid robots in theme parks are focused
on creating stuntronics.
➢ Stuntronics are humanoid robots built for serving as stunt doubles, and are
designed to simulate life-like, untethered, dynamic movement.
➢ Several Disney theme park shows utilize animatronic robots that look, move
and speak much like human beings. Although these robots look realistic, they
have no cognition or physical autonomy. Various humanoid robots and their
possible applications in daily life are featured in an independent documentary
film called Plug & Pray, which was released in 2010.

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❖ Demonstrative

➢ Though many real-world applications for humanoid robots are unexplored,

their primary use is to demonstrate up-and-coming technologies.
➢ Modern examples of humanoid robots, such as the Honda Asimo, are revealed
to the public in order to demonstrate new technological advancements in
motor skills, such as walking, climbing, and playing an instrument.
➢ Other humanoid robots have been developed for household purposes,
however excel only in single purpose skills and are far from autonomous.
➢ Humanoid robots, especially those with artificial intelligence algorithms,
could be useful for future dangerous and/or distant space exploration
missions, without having the need to turn back around again and return to
Earth once the mission is completed.

Valkyrie, from NASA

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❖ Sensors

➢ A sensor is a device that measures some attribute of the world. Being one
of the three primitives of robotics (besides planning and control), sensing
plays an important role in robotic paradigms.
➢ Sensors can be classified according to the physical process with which they
work or according to the type of measurement information that they give
as output. In this case, the second approach was used.

❖ Proprioceptive

➢ Proprioceptive sensors sense the position, orientation, and speed of the

humanoid's body and joints, along with other internal values.
➢ In human beings, the otoliths and semi-circular canals (in the inner ear) are
used to maintain balance and orientation.
➢ Additionally, humans use their own proprioceptive sensors (e.g. touch, muscle
extension, limb position) to help with their orientation. Humanoid robots use
accelerometers to measure the acceleration, from which velocity can be
calculated by integration;
➢ tilt sensors to measure inclination; force sensors placed in robot's hands and
feet to measure contact force with environment;
➢ position sensors that indicate the actual position of the robot (from which the
velocity can be calculated by derivation); and even speed sensors.

❖ Proprioceptive

➢ Arrays of tactels can be used to provide data on what has been touched. The
Shadow Hand uses an array of 34 tactels arranged beneath its polyurethane
skin on each finger tip.
➢ Tactile sensors also provide information about forces and torques transferred
between the robot and other objects.

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The shadow dexterous hand

➢ Vision refers to processing data from any modality which uses the
electromagnetic spectrum to produce an image. In humanoid robots it is used
to recognize objects and determine their properties. Vision sensors work most
similarly to the eyes of human beings. Most humanoid robots use CCD
cameras as vision sensors.
➢ Sound sensors allow humanoid robots to hear speech and environmental
sounds, akin to the ears of the human being. Microphones are usually used for
the robots to convey speech.

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❖ Actuators

➢ An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and

controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple
terms, it is a "mover".
➢ Actuators are the motors responsible for motion in the robot.
➢ Humanoid robots are constructed in such a way that they mimic the human
body. They use actuators that perform like muscles and joints, though with a
different structure.
➢ The actuators of humanoid robots can be either electric, pneumatic, or
hydraulic. It is ideal for these actuators to have high power, low mass, and
small dimensions.

❖ Electric actuator

➢ Electric actuators are the most popular types of actuators in humanoid robots.
➢ These actuators are smaller in size, and a single electric actuator may not
produce enough power for a human-sized joint. Therefore, it is common to
use multiple electric actuators for a single joint in a humanoid robot.
➢ One of the main advantages of electric actuators is their precision and
accuracy, as they can provide very fine control over the position, velocity, and
torque of the robot's movements. Additionally, electric actuators are generally
smaller and lighter than hydraulic actuators, which can make them more
suitable for use in humanoid robots.
➢ Electric actuators come in different types such as brushed DC motors,
brushless DC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors, each with its own
specific benefits and drawbacks.
➢ Brushed DC motors are simple and inexpensive, but can have limited lifespan
and can generate electrical noise. Brushless DC motors offer higher efficiency
and longer lifespan, but may be more expensive. Stepper motors are precise
and have good holding torque, but may have limited speed and can generate
vibration. Servo motors offer high precision and can provide feedback for
control, but are typically more expensive.
➢ Overall, electric actuators provide a good balance between precision, size, and
power for humanoid robots. As technology advances, we may see continued
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development and improvements in electric actuators and other types of

actuators used in robotics.
➢ An example of a humanoid robot using electric actuators is HRP-2.

Image of electric actuator

❖ Hydraulic actuator

➢ Hydraulic actuators produce higher power than electric actuators and

pneumatic actuators, and they have the ability to control the torque they
produce better than other types of actuators.
➢ However, they can become very bulky in size. One solution to counter the
size issue is electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHA).
➢ One of the advantages of hydraulic actuators is their ability to provide high
force and torque, making them ideal for powering the joints and limbs of
humanoid robots. Additionally, they are capable of operating at high speeds,
enabling robots to move quickly and smoothly.
➢ However, hydraulic actuators also have some drawbacks. They can be quite
bulky and heavy, which can limit the range of motion of the robot.
Additionally, they require a hydraulic power source, which adds complexity
and weight to the robot.
➢ Despite these limitations, hydraulic actuators continue to be used in humanoid
robots due to their impressive strength and power capabilities. As robotic
technology continues to evolve, it's likely that we'll see continued
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development and refinement of hydraulic actuators and other types of

actuators used in robotics.
➢ The most popular example of a humanoid robot using hydraulic actuators is
the ATLAS robot made by Boston Dynamics.

❖ Pneumatic actuator

➢ Pneumatic actuators operate on the basis of gas compressibility.

➢ As they are inflated, they expand along the axis, and as they deflate, they
contract. If one end is fixed, the other will move in a linear trajectory.
➢ One of the advantages of pneumatic actuators is their simplicity and low cost,
as they require relatively simple components and can be powered by a small
air compressor. Additionally, pneumatic actuators are lightweight and have
high speed capabilities, making them suitable for high-speed movements in
humanoid robots.
➢ However, pneumatic actuators also have some drawbacks. They typically
have lower force capabilities than hydraulic or electric actuators, which may
limit the range of motion of the robot. Additionally, they require a continuous
supply of compressed air, which can be challenging to provide in certain
environments.
➢ Despite these limitations, pneumatic actuators can be a useful option in certain
robotic applications, particularly those that require high-speed and lightweight
movements. As with other types of actuators, ongoing research and
development may lead to improvements in the performance and capabilities
of pneumatic actuators for use in humanoid robots.
➢ A popular example of a pneumatic actuator is the Mac Kibben muscle.

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❖ Planning and control

➢ Planning in robots is the process of planning out motions and trajectories

for the robot to carry out. Control is the actual execution of these planned
motions and trajectories. In humanoid robots, the planning must carry out
biped motions, meaning that robots should plan motions similar to a
human. Since one of the main uses of humanoid robots is to interact with
humans, it is important for the planning and control mechanisms of
humanoid robots to work in a variety of terrain and environments.
➢ The question of walking biped robots stabilization on the surface is of great
importance. Maintenance of the robot's gravity center over the center of
bearing area for providing a stable position can be chosen as a goal of
control.
➢ To maintain dynamic balance during the walk, a robot needs information
about contact force and its current and desired motion. The solution to this
problem relies on a major concept, the Zero Moment Point (ZMP).
➢ Another characteristic of humanoid robots is that they move, gather
information (using sensors) on the "real world", and interact with it. They
do not stay still like factory manipulators and other robots that work in
highly structured environments. To allow humanoids to move in complex
environments, planning and control must focus on self-collision detection,
path planning and obstacle avoidance.
➢ Humanoid robots do not yet have some features of the human body. They
include structures with variable flexibility, which provide safety (to the
robot itself and to the people), and redundancy of movements, i.e. more
degrees of freedom and therefore wide task availability. Although these
characteristics are desirable to humanoid robots, they will bring more
complexity and new problems to planning and control. The field of whole-
body control deals with these issues and addresses the proper coordination
of numerous degrees of freedom, e.g. to realize several control tasks
simultaneously while following a given order of priority.

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❖ Chips

➢ Programming humanoid robots requires specialized chips that are designed to

handle the complex computing tasks involved in robotics. These chips are
typically designed to provide high processing power, low latency, and real-
time control, making them suitable for a range of robotic applications.
➢ One important consideration when choosing a chip for programming
humanoid robots is the type of programming language that will be used. Some
chips are designed to work with specific programming languages, while others
are more flexible and can work with a range of programming languages.
➢ Another important factor to consider is the power consumption of the chip, as
humanoid robots require a lot of energy to operate. Low-power chips can help
to reduce the energy requirements of the robot, allowing it to operate for
longer periods of time on a single battery charge.
➢ Chips used to program humanoid robots may also incorporate specialized
features, such as hardware acceleration for specific computing tasks or
interfaces for connecting to sensors and other peripherals.
➢ Overall, the choice of chip will depend on the specific requirements of the
robot and the application it is being designed for. By selecting the right chip
for the job, robotics engineers can create humanoid robots that are capable of
performing complex tasks with precision and efficiency.
➢ There are different types of chips that can be used to program humanoid
robots, depending on the specific requirements of the robot and the
application. Here are some of the most common types of chips:

❖ microcontroller

➢ Microcontroller chips are a type of chip that is commonly used in

the development of humanoid robots. These chips are designed to
provide low-power, low-cost control for a range of embedded
systems, including robots.

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➢ One of the advantages of using microcontroller chips to program

humanoid robots is their small size and low power consumption.
This makes them ideal for use in compact, battery-powered robots
that need to operate for long periods of time without needing to be
recharged.
➢ Microcontroller chips are also relatively easy to program, with a
range of programming languages and development tools available
to suit different levels of expertise. This makes them accessible to a
wide range of developers and hobbyists, allowing them to
experiment with humanoid robot development without requiring
specialized training or equipment.
➢ However, microcontroller chips do have their limitations. They
typically have limited processing power and memory compared to
more advanced chips like GPUs and FPGAs, which can make them
unsuitable for more complex robotics applications.
➢ Overall, microcontroller chips are a popular choice for
programming humanoid robots due to their affordability,
accessibility, and ease of use. By selecting the right microcontroller
chip for the job, robotics engineers can create humanoid robots that
are capable of performing a wide range of tasks with precision and
efficiency.

❖ System on a chip (Soc)

➢ System on a Chip (SoC) is a type of chip that is commonly used in the

development of humanoid robots. SoCs are integrated circuits that
combine multiple components of a computer system onto a single chip,
including the processor, memory, and input/output interfaces.
➢ One of the advantages of using SoCs to program humanoid robots is their
high processing power and real-time performance. This makes them ideal

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for use in advanced robotics applications that require complex

computations and real-time control.
➢ SoCs also have a relatively small form factor, which makes them ideal for
use in compact, mobile robots. They typically consume less power than
traditional computer systems, which can help to extend the battery life of
the robot.
➢ Another advantage of using SoCs is that they can be highly customizable,
allowing developers to tailor the chip to the specific needs of their robot.
SoCs can be designed with different configurations of processor cores,
memory, and input/output interfaces, depending on the requirements of the
robot.
➢ However, one of the drawbacks of using SoCs is their complexity.
Programming SoCs requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which
can be a barrier to entry for hobbyists and inexperienced developers.
➢ Overall, SoCs are a popular choice for programming humanoid robots due
to their high processing power, real-time performance, and customizable
design. By selecting the right SoC for the job, robotics engineers can create
humanoid robots that are capable of performing a wide range of tasks with
precision and efficiency.

❖ Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)

➢ Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are a type of chip that is commonly
used in the development of humanoid robots. FPGAs are integrated circuits
that can be programmed to perform a range of custom logic functions,
including signal processing, control, and interfacing.
➢ One of the advantages of using FPGAs to program humanoid robots is their
high processing power and flexibility. FPGAs can be customized to perform
specific tasks, allowing developers to optimize the chip for the requirements
of their robot.
➢ FPGAs also offer low latency and high bandwidth, which makes them ideal
for real-time applications that require fast processing and low delay. This can
be particularly useful in humanoid robots that require real-time control and
response.
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➢ Another advantage of using FPGAs is their reprogrammability. FPGAs can

be programmed and reprogrammed as needed, allowing developers to modify
the chip to adapt to changing requirements or to fix bugs and errors.
➢ However, one of the drawbacks of using FPGAs is their complexity.
Programming FPGAs requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which
can be a barrier to entry for hobbyists and inexperienced developers. FPGAs
also tend to be more expensive than other types of chips, which can make
them less accessible for some developers.
➢ Overall, FPGAs are a popular choice for programming humanoid robots due
to their high processing power, flexibility, and reprogrammability. By
selecting the right FPGA for the job, robotics engineers can create humanoid
robots that are capable of performing a wide range of tasks with precision and
efficiency.

❖ Graphics processing unit (GPU)

➢ Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are a type of chip that is commonly used
in the development of humanoid robots. GPUs are designed to accelerate the
processing of large amounts of data, particularly graphics and video data.
➢ One of the advantages of using GPUs to program humanoid robots is their
high processing power and parallel processing capabilities. GPUs can perform
many calculations simultaneously, which makes them ideal for applications
that require high-speed processing of large datasets.
➢ Another advantage of using GPUs is their ability to handle complex visual
data, such as images and video. This can be particularly useful in humanoid
robots that require computer vision capabilities, such as object recognition
and tracking.
➢ However, one of the drawbacks of using GPUs is their high power
consumption and heat output. This can be a challenge in mobile robots that
are powered by batteries, as GPUs can quickly drain the battery and generate
excessive heat.
➢ Another challenge of using GPUs is their complexity. Programming GPUs
requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which can be a barrier to entry
for some developers.
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➢ Overall, GPUs are a powerful tool for programming humanoid robots,

particularly those that require high-speed processing of large datasets and
complex visual data. By selecting the right GPU for the job, robotics engineers
can create humanoid robots that are capable of performing a wide range of
tasks with precision and efficiency.

❖ Neural processing units (NPUs)

➢ Neural Processing Units (NPUs) are a type of chip that is designed to

accelerate the processing of neural networks, a type of artificial intelligence
algorithm that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain.
➢ One of the advantages of using NPUs to program humanoid robots is their
ability to perform high-speed, low-power processing of complex neural
networks. This can be particularly useful in robots that require advanced
machine learning capabilities, such as natural language processing, speech
recognition, and image classification.
➢ NPUs are optimized for performing the kinds of operations that are required
for neural network processing, such as matrix multiplication and convolution.
This allows them to perform these operations much faster and with less power
than other types of chips.
➢ Another advantage of using NPUs is their flexibility. They can be
programmed to perform a wide range of neural network operations, making
them suitable for a variety of applications.
➢ However, one of the drawbacks of using NPUs is their complexity.
Programming NPUs requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which can
be a barrier to entry for some developers.
➢ Overall, NPUs are a powerful tool for programming humanoid robots that
require advanced machine learning capabilities. By selecting the right NPU
for the job, robotics engineers can create humanoid robots that are capable of
performing a wide range of tasks with precision and efficiency.

❖ Digital signal processor (DSP)

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➢ DSPs are specialized microprocessors that are optimized for performing

digital signal processing operations, such as filtering, modulation, and
demodulation.
➢ One of the advantages of using DSPs to program humanoid robots is their
high-speed processing capabilities. DSPs are designed to perform
mathematical operations on streams of data in real-time, making them ideal
for applications that require real-time processing of sensor data, such as vision
and audio processing.
➢ DSPs are also highly configurable and can be programmed to perform a
variety of functions, including control, signal processing, and interfacing.
➢ However, one of the drawbacks of using DSPs is their complexity.
Programming DSPs requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which can
be a barrier to entry for some developers.
➢ Overall, DSPs are a powerful tool for programming humanoid robots that
require real-time processing of sensor data. By selecting the right DSP for the
job, robotics engineers can create humanoid robots that are capable of
performing a wide range of tasks with precision and efficiency.

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❖ Advantages

➢ Humanoid robots are machines that resemble human beings in form and
function. These robots have been developed to perform a wide range of tasks
in various fields, including healthcare, manufacturing, education, and
entertainment. Here are some of the advantages of humanoid robots:
➢ Humanoid robots can perform tasks that are too dangerous or difficult for
humans. For example, they can be used in disaster response situations where
it is unsafe for humans to enter. They can also work in environments with high
radiation levels, such as nuclear power plants.
➢ Humanoid robots can improve efficiency and productivity in the workplace.
They can perform repetitive tasks with consistent accuracy and do not require
breaks or time off like human workers. This can save time and money for
companies.
➢ Humanoid robots can assist humans in tasks that require physical strength,
such as lifting heavy objects or moving equipment. This can help prevent
injury to human workers and reduce the physical strain on their bodies.
➢ Humanoid robots can provide support and assistance to people with
disabilities or elderly people who may have difficulty performing certain tasks
on their own. For example, humanoid robots can help with basic daily tasks,
such as getting dressed or preparing food.
➢ Humanoid robots can be used in education to enhance learning and
engagement. They can interact with students, provide personalized feedback,
and adapt to different learning styles.
➢ Humanoid robots can provide entertainment and companionship for people.
They can be programmed to play games, tell jokes, or even engage in
conversation.
➢ Overall, humanoid robots have the potential to revolutionize various
industries and improve the lives of people in many ways. As technology
advances, it is likely that their capabilities and applications will continue to
expand.

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❖ Disadvantages

➢ While humanoid robots have numerous advantages, they also come with a
number of disadvantages that should be considered. Here are some of the most
significant disadvantages of humanoid robots:
➢ High Cost : The development and production of humanoid robots can be very
expensive, making them unaffordable for many individuals and organizations.
➢ Limited Flexibility : Humanoid robots may not be able to adapt to changing
situations as well as humans can. They may be programmed for specific tasks,
but if those tasks change or if unexpected situations arise, the robot may not
be able to respond appropriately.
➢ Limited Emotional Intelligence : While some humanoid robots can simulate
emotions, they do not have the same level of emotional intelligence as
humans. This may limit their ability to effectively interact with humans in
certain situations.
➢ Vulnerability to Hacking : Humanoid robots rely on technology and
software, which makes them vulnerable to hacking and other cyber threats.
This could lead to sensitive information being compromised or the robot being
used for malicious purposes.
➢ Ethical Concerns : There are ethical concerns around the use of humanoid
robots in certain situations, such as in healthcare or military applications.
These concerns include issues around privacy, safety, and accountability.
➢ Unemployment : The increasing use of humanoid robots in the workplace
may lead to unemployment for human workers, particularly in industries
where robots can perform tasks more efficiently and cost-effectively than
humans.
➢ In conclusion, while humanoid robots have numerous advantages, they also
have some significant disadvantages that need to be taken into account. It is
important to carefully consider these factors before deciding to invest in or
use humanoid robots in various industries and settings.

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❖ Future

➢ Humanoid robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in various fields,

including manufacturing, healthcare, and entertainment. With technological
advancements and increased investment in robotics, it is evident that
humanoid robots are poised to play an even more significant role in the future.
➢ One of the primary reasons for the increased popularity of humanoid robots is
their ability to perform tasks that were previously deemed too risky or
dangerous for humans. For instance, humanoid robots can be used to explore
space, defuse bombs, and conduct search and rescue missions in hazardous
environments.
➢ In the healthcare sector, humanoid robots are already being used to assist
doctors and nurses in patient care. They can be programmed to perform
repetitive tasks, such as taking vitals, delivering medication, and assisting
with physical therapy. This not only reduces the workload on healthcare
workers but also ensures that patients receive consistent and reliable care.
➢ In the manufacturing industry, humanoid robots are being employed to
perform complex tasks with greater precision and accuracy than humans.
They can work around the clock without the need for breaks, which means
that production can be accelerated, and costs can be reduced.
➢ Another area where humanoid robots are likely to have a significant impact is
education. They can be used to teach children complex concepts in a fun and
interactive way. For instance, humanoid robots can be programmed to speak
different languages and to engage in role-playing activities, making learning
more engaging and effective.
➢ The future of humanoid robots is undoubtedly exciting, and there are several
trends that are likely to shape their development. First and foremost is the
integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into their
programming. This will enable humanoid robots to learn and adapt to their
environment and to perform more complex tasks autonomously.
➢ As AI and ML become more advanced, it is also likely that humanoid robots
will become more responsive to human emotions and behavior. They will be
able to read facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language, and adjust
their responses accordingly. This will make them more effective in social
settings, such as healthcare and education.
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➢ Another trend that is likely to shape the development of humanoid robots is

the miniaturization of components. As technology advances, it will become
possible to build smaller and more compact robots with greater mobility and
dexterity. This will enable them to perform tasks in tight spaces, such as inside
the human body or in small manufacturing environments.
➢ There is also the potential for humanoid robots to become more integrated into
our daily lives. As they become more affordable and accessible, they could
become commonplace in households, offices, and public spaces. This could
revolutionize the way we live and work, making our lives more efficient,
productive, and enjoyable.
➢ However, there are also potential challenges and ethical considerations that
need to be addressed as humanoid robots become more prevalent. For
instance, there are concerns about job displacement as robots take over tasks
that were previously performed by humans. This could have significant
economic and social implications, particularly for those who are not able to
retrain for new roles.
➢ There are also ethical concerns around the use of humanoid robots in
healthcare and education. While they can provide significant benefits, there is
a risk that they could replace human interaction, which is crucial for empathy,
compassion, and emotional support.
➢ In conclusion, the future of humanoid robots is exciting and promising, with
numerous potential benefits for various industries and sectors. However, as
with any technological advancement, it is essential to consider the potential
challenges and ethical implications to ensure that these technologies are used
in a responsible and sustainable way.

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❖ Conclusion

➢ In conclusion, humanoid robots have the potential to revolutionize the way

we live and work. These robots are designed to mimic human movements and
interactions, making them ideal for a wide range of applications, from
assisting in medical surgeries to serving as personal assistants in homes or
offices.
➢ As technology continues to evolve, the capabilities of humanoid robots are
becoming increasingly advanced, with the ability to learn and adapt to new
situations. However, there are still some challenges to be addressed in areas
such as power efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
➢ Furthermore, the use of humanoid robots is not limited to just industrial or
commercial applications. They have also been used in education and
entertainment, such as teaching children with autism social skills or
performing in theater productions.
➢ As the technology continues to advance, the ethical implications of using
humanoid robots will need to be carefully considered, particularly in areas
such as privacy, autonomy, and the potential displacement of human workers.
➢ Overall, while there is still much work to be done, the future of humanoid
robots looks promising, and they have the potential to greatly improve our
lives in a variety of ways.
➢ Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of humanoid robots cannot be
overlooked. They have the ability to perform tasks that are too dangerous or
difficult for humans, and can also free up time for humans to focus on more
creative and complex tasks. Overall, humanoid robots represent a promising
area of research and development, and are likely to play an increasingly
important role in our lives in the years to come.

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❖ references

➢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot
➢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot#Planning_and_control
➢ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/humanoid-robots
➢ https://www.automate.org/a3-content/service-robots-humanoid-robots
➢ https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Startups/New-chip-for-robots-conveys-
sense-of-touch-to-human-operators

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