Mini-Project For Mechatronics (ME 4630)

ROBOT

Members Names And ID:

Fahad Fayez Alotaibi – 441050383
Faisal Khalid Alrwuais – 441051579
Rashed Aldossary – 441050959

Date Of Submission:
Tuesday 6-6-2023

Supervisor Name:
Dr. RASHID DJOUJOOU

1 | Page
:Table of contents

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 BACKGROUND 5
1.2 FUTURE OF ROBOTS 6
1.3 Advantages of robots 7

Chapter 2: The design and components of Robot 8

2.1 The main components of robot 8
2.2 Robot design 12

Chapter 3: programming code and the improvements 13

3.1 programming code 13
3.2 the improvements 15
3.3 conclusion 16
3.4 References 17

2 | Page
List of Tables and Figures:

Tables and Figures page

Figure 1 8

Figure 2 9

Figure 3 10

Figure 4 11

Figure 5 12

Figure 6 12

Figure 7 12

Figure 8 13

Figure 9 14

Figure 10 14

3 | Page
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, new technology has become a mixture between mechanics and

programming on the one hand, and movement, and on the other hand, there is
programming, so we have a device that has made a breakthrough in our current
era, which is the robot, so we have developed a robot that performs many
functions simultaneously, such as measuring the degree of Temperature and
also measure distances, such as those found in most modern cars that are
equipped with sensors in the front and rear to alert the driver if there is an object
close to the vehicle. Finally we added a sensor that can recognize colors and can
be used where the colors refer to certain objects, and according to each color the
robot deals with it in the appropriate way. So the robot was the best solution
invented for some of the problems that we may face in our lives, for example in
industry, robots can be used to operate and install parts, and it has several
sensors added to it, such as the sensor that we previously put in our project,
which is the distance sensor that senses nearby objects using the ultrasonic
sensor Also, robots can be used in dangerous places where it is dangerous for
humans to be present, such as dismantling bombs. This was a very serious
problem and many people died because of it. So with the use of the robot and its
development using several sensors, the matter has become less dangerous, and
you can dismantle bombs or deal with them without the need for the presence of
people. They are close to it and are working on it. There are also examples of
the use of robots in surgical operations, such as when there is a doctor in one
country who can operate on a patient in another country using a robot that he
can control, or the robot is programmed to do some things such as sterilizing
.surgical instruments and others

4 | Page
1.1 BACKGROUND:

:What is the robot

robot, any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it
may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a
humanlike manner. By extension, robotics is the engineering discipline dealing
with the design, construction, and operation of robots. The concept of artificial
humans predates recorded history (see automaton), but the modern
term robot derives from the Czech word robota (“forced labour” or “serf”),
used in Karel Čapek’s play R.U.R. (1920). The play’s robots were
manufactured humans, heartlessly exploited by factory owners until they
revolted and ultimately destroyed humanity. Whether they were biological, like
the monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), or mechanical was not
specified, but the mechanical alternative inspired generations of inventors to
build electrical humanoids. The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimov’s
science-fiction story Runaround (1942). Along with Asimov’s later robot
stories, it set a new standard of plausibility about the likely difficulty of
developing intelligent robots and the technical and social problems that might
result. Runaround also contained Asimov’s famous Three Laws of Robotics:

1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm.

2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such
orders would conflict with the First Law.

3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law. [1]

5 | Page
1.2 FUTURE OF ROBOT:

Numerous companies are working on consumer robots that can navigate their
surroundings, recognize common objects, and perform simple chores without
expert custom installation. Perhaps about the year 2020 the process will have
produced the first broadly competent “universal robots” with lizardlike minds
that can be programmed for almost any routine chore. With anticipated
increases in computing power, by 2030 second-generation robots with trainable
mouselike minds may become possible. Besides application programs, these
robots may host a suite of software “conditioning modules” that generate
positive- and negative-reinforcement signals in predefined circumstances. By
2040 computing power should make third-generation robots with monkeylike
minds possible. Such robots would learn from mental rehearsals in simulations
that would model physical, cultural, and psychological factors. Physical
properties would include shape, weight, strength, texture, and appearance of
things and knowledge of how to handle them. Cultural aspects would include a
thing’s name, value, proper location, and purpose. Psychological factors,
applied to humans and other robots, would include goals, beliefs, feelings, and
preferences. The simulation would track external events and would tune its
models to keep them faithful to reality. This should let a robot learn by imitation
and afford it a kind of consciousness. By the middle of the 21st century, fourth-
generation robots may exist with humanlike mental power able to abstract and
generalize. Researchers hope that such machines will result from melding
powerful reasoning programs to third-generation machines. Properly educated,
fourth-generation robots are likely to become intellectually formidable.[2]

6 | Page
1.3 Advantages of robots:

1.3.1 Robots and productivity:

 Robots produce more accurate and high quality work.

 Robots rarely make mistakes and are more precise than human workers.

 They can produce a greater quantity in a short amount of time.

 They can work at a constant speed with no breaks, days off, or holi-
day time.

 They can perform applications with more repeatability than humans.

1.3.2 Robots for safety:

 Robots save workers from performing dangerous tasks.

 They can work in hazardous conditions, such as poor lighting, toxic

chemicals, or tight spaces.

 They are capable of lifting heavy loads without injury or tiring.

 Robots increase worker safety by preventing accidents since humans are

not performing risky jobs.

1.3.3 Savings:

 Robots save time by being able to produce a greater magnitude of

products

 They also reduce the amount of wasted material used due to their
accuracy

 Robots save companies money in the long run with quick ROIs (return on
investment), fewer worker injuries (reducing or eliminating worker’s
comp), and with using less materials.

7 | Page
Chapter 2: The design and components of Robot:

2.1 The main components of robot:

2.1.1 The sensors:

It is what enables the robot to learn about the outside world, which represent the
senses In humans, the robot contains: Ultrasonic distance sensor and line
tracking sensor, in addition to a chip for receiving Bluetooth signals, As well as
on a remote control to control the robot remotely.

1- Ultrasonic distance sensor:

Ultrasonic sensors operate on a similar principle to radar or sonar in that they

assess the attributes of a target by interpreting echoes from radio or sound
waves respectively. Ultrasound sensors generate high frequency sound waves
and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor.

Figure 1: Ultrasonic distance sensor [3]

8 | Page
2- line tracking sensor:

line sensors detect the presence of a black line by emitting infrared (IR) light
and detecting the light levels that return to the sensor. They do this using two
components: an emitter and a light sensor.

Figure 2: line tracking sensor[4]

2.1.2 processing or control unit:

The Arduino Robot is the first official Arduino on wheels. The robot has two
processors, one on each of its two boards. The Motor Board controls the
motors, and the Control Board reads sensors and decides how to operate. Each
.of the boards is a full Arduino board programmable using the Arduino IDE

Power

The Arduino Robot can be powered via the USB connection or with 4 AA
batteries. The power source is selected automatically. The battery holder holds
4 rechargeable NiMh AA batteries.

9 | Page
Memory

The ATmega32u4 has 32 KB (with 4 KB used for the bootloader). It also has
2.5 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library). The Control Board has an extra 512 Kbit EEPROM that
can be accessed via I2C. There is an external SD card reader attached to the
GTFT screen that can be accessed by the Control Board's processor for
additional storage.

Input and Output

The Robot comes with a series of pre-soldered connectors. There are a number
of additional spots for you to install additional parts if needed. All the
connectors are labelled on the boards and mapped to named ports through
the Robot library allowing access to standard Arduino functions.

Figure 3: mCore microcontroller.[5]

10 | Page
mCore components and features:

- Loudspeaker bell

- 2 RGB LEDs

- IR receiver and transmitter

- Light sensor

- USB entrance

- button to press

- Two entrances to connect

- Bluetooth device (Bluetooth)

- Interrupter to control the operation and shutdown operations

- An entrance to connect the Lipo battery

An entrance to connect the battery holder

- 4 inputs of type 45RJ to connect the sensors. [6]

2.1.3 The motors:

They are the motors that enable the robot to move and move at angles

And different speeds and directions, as the robot contains two

DC motors.

Figure 4: two DC motor

11 | Page
2.2 Robot design:

Figure 5: separate components

Figure 6: Detail of components

Figure 7: Complete design

12 | Page
Chapter 3: programming code and the improvements

3.1 programming code:

The robot was programmed using the Arduino IDE and the programming code
is as follows:

Figure 8: programming code

13 | Page
Figure 9: programming code

Figure 10: programming code

14 | Page
3.2 the improvements:

What can we gain from this robot and how can we develop it?

We can use it in our current situation to know the colors that the robot
walks on, and finally to know the distances surrounding this robot.
But we can develop it and add more than one sensor, for example, a
sensor to know the humidity of the air, or a sensor that makes the
robot follow the lights, and each sensor that we add has its own uses.
Also, we can mix the sensors and make them work with each other
using programming. For example, we use the distance sensor with the
temperature sensor and the color sensor, so that if the temperature
surrounding the robot is between 20 to 40 degrees Celsius, and the
body on which the robot walks is red, the robot moves forward and
follows the specified path to If there is an object close to it, then it
stops.

15 | Page
3.3 conclusion:

During this project, we learned many areas of engineering to build a

robot. We have developed in the field of mechatronics, which
includes three types of tasks: electronic, mechanical and computer
engineering. Using the mechanical side of engineering, we built our
robot, using many parts and components. We designed a four wheeled
robot to perform the tasks and also used electrical engineering to
connect the robot with electricity and power. We started to install the
pieces and components of many sensors, and we also installed the
mCore processor on the robot. Furthermore, we used several aspects
of computer engineering interchangeably to program the robot so that
it could perform tasks successfully. The programming part was a bit
tricky and needed many trials

To check the best performance of the robot. We also used ultrasonic

sensors so that our robot could successfully detect the red and green
beacon. Additionally, the servo we used with proper programming
was successful in toggling the red beacon as well as grabbing the
green beacon outside the boundary line. Besides the engineering
aspects, we also learned about teamwork and time management. This
project needed a very good plan before we could do anything. We
divided ourselves into a group of three and each one of the groups
was responsible for different aspects of the engineering.

16 | Page
3.4 References:

[1] https://www.britannica.com/technology/robot-technology

[2] https://www.britannica.com/technology/robot-technology/The-
future

[3] https://www.javatpoint.com/iot-project-using-ultrasonic-
sensor-arduino-distance-calculation

[4] https://www.azdelivery.de/en/products/linienfolger-modul

[5]
https://support.makeblock.com/hc/en-us/articles/4412894402967-
mCore-Main-Control-Board-of-mBot

[6] http://docs.makeblock.com/diy-platform/en/electronic-
modules/main-control-boards/mcore.html

[7] https://books.google.com.sa/books?
hl=ar&lr=&id=rLfADwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=introd
uction+to+robotic&ots=_v1wvr0jCn&sig=sMjSG0vGl3e_t17S4A
D0BZ6AXC0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=introduction%20to
%20robotic&f=false

17 | Page