Module 4 Literature under the US Colonialism

Historical background of the American period

▪ The Filipino revolutionaries won against the Spaniards and the Philippine
Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898.
▪ The flag was hoisted by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and the Philippine Republic
was inaugurated but was short-lived.
▪ The Philippines lost in the Philippine – American War with the surrender of
Gen. Miguel Malvar of Batangas and Gen. Simeon Ola of Bicol.
▪ The spirit of nationalism of the people remained undaunted.

▪ Peace movements started as early as 1900 and many Filipinos started

writing again “after the sword was broken.”
▪ The Filipino men-of-letters wrote all forms of literary genres like news,
poetry, stories, plays essays, novels which clearly depicted their love of
country and longing for independence.
Newspapers circulated during the American period
These newspapers were published during the American period and were primarily
established to continue the fight for freedom after the defeat of the Filipino forces
against the Americans. These are:

1. El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) – established by Sergio Osmena in 1900.

American sensors banned this newspaper and threatened Osmena with
banishment.
2. El Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) – established by Pascual Poblete
in 1900. The Tagalog version is “Ang Kapatid ng Bayan”.
3. El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) – founded by Rafael Palma.

Periodicals during the Period of Re-Orientation (1900 – 1910)

El Renacimiento and Philippine Free Press

During the US Colonialism, the Philippine literature was greatly influenced by the
free education given by the Americans as the English language was learned and used.
Free education served as the stepping stone for other Filipinos to improve their social
status, as well as their mastery of the language. However, for the reason that Filipino
writers still lack the knowledge and mastery of the English language, not much literary
work were produced. On a positive note, writers during the American Period were
inspired and motivated to write about Propaganda Movement and Revolutionary
Movement to awaken the Filipinos and encourage them to fight for the country’s
freedom against the American colonizers. Philippine literature at this time served as the
cry or demand for independence.
Periodicals are any type of publications such as newspapers, magazines, review
paper, and journals which are published at regular intervals.

El Renacimiento (The Rebirth)

El Renacimiento was a Spanish-Tagalog language newspaper founded in 1901

by Rafael Palma, who became the UP President. Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Teodoro M.
Kalaw, and the founder himself were known to be its directors. For the editors, they had
Wenceslao Retana, Javier Gomez de la Serna, Dominador Gomez, Isabelo de los
Reyes, and Felipe Calderon.

This periodical was the pioneering newspaper to publish works written in English
Language. It was first published on September 3, 1901 and was believed to be a
response to the signing of the Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898). El Renacimiento
was mostly focused on criticizing and exposing the American regime and its policies.

The controversial editorial publication of El Renacimiento’s “Aves de Rapiña” or

“Bird of Prey” was accomplished on October 30, 1908. Aves de Rapiña dealt with the
corruption in the colonial government. As a result, Dean Conant Worcester (then-
Secretary of the Interior of the Insular Government of the Philippines) sued the
newspaper for libel.

Unfortunately, the paper was expected to shut down due to official pressure after
publishing Aves de Rapiña. It was only up until 1940s that it was continued to be printed
by the members of the Guerrero de Ermita family in Manila.

Philippine Free Press

The Philippine Free Press was the first privately owned publication to publish
English works of Filipino writers. It is a weekly English language news magazine which
was founded by R. McCullough Dick and D. Theo Rogers in 1908. Consequently, it is
still currently in print which makes it the Philippines’ oldest weekly English language
periodical. The Philippine Free Press was known to criticize the administration of
Ferdinand Marcos before, during, and after Martial Law is put into effect.
 Plays under American Colonization

History
The colonizers religious dramas and dramatizations, long “hyperbolic” verse
plays (komedya), and the plays they came to call “seditious” because these had
the audacity to espouse Philippine independence from the United States.

Plays and dramas advocating independence were labeled “seditious plays”.

● The Sedition Law of 1901

American authorities enacted this law that states that any Filipino who
advocates independence or separation from the United States would be
punished severely by death or imprisonment.

Plays staged during the American Period

There were plays written by Filipinos during the American Period but after the
first and second presentations, the Americans put a stop to this because of the
consistent theme of nationalism. Included here were the following:

● KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow)

Playwright: Aurelio Tolentino (October 13, 1867-July 3, 1915)

A Kapampangan playwright, poet, essayist, educator, novelist and public
servant was arrested because of this play.

● It is anti-imperialist play attacking the new colonizer that time the

Americans, while not forgiving the old ones Mother Spain and Old China,
who want to feast on the Philippines wealth (Noel Sales Barcelona,
Bulatlat 2009).
● It was first presented on Teatro Libertad in Manila on May 14, 1903.

● The drama was originally written in Tagalog and then translated by the
same author in Kapampangan, which he called Napon, Ngeni at Bukas
(Kahayon and Zulueta 2000).

● Characters
Inang Bayan (Philippines)
 Taga-ilog (Filipino Tagalog)
Haring Bata (Chinese)
Dilat na Bulag (Spain)
Matanglawin (Spanish Government)
Malaynatin (American Government)
Masunurin (Filipino Women)
Walang Tutol (Filipino Men)
Asal Hayop (Filipino Traitor)
Dahumpalay (Another Traitor)
Bagong Sibol (America)
Halimaw (Friars)

● Its focus is the triumph of Inang Bayan (Motherland) over her tormentors,
Haring Bata (Child King) who is the symbol of the Old China; Halimaw
(Monster), the symbol of the Spanish friars who continued dominating the
church and influencing local politics despite the mock battle in Manila Bay;
Dilat-na-Bulag (Eyes Open, yet Blind), the ever ‘royal’ Spain; and Bagong
Sibol (The Budding One), which is the new superpower of the capitalist
world, the United States of America.

● Three Acts
KAHAPON – were presented in the FIRST ACT
Tagailog leads an armed revolt that drives away Haring
Bata. NGAYON – showed in the SECOND ACT
Tagailog is imprisoned for insulting Dilat-na- Bulag, but is
able to escape, leaving behind a corpse intended to be mistaken for
a dead Tagailog.
The deception is able to throw off Tagailog’s enemies, and
he is able to organize a revolution that overthrows Matanglawin
BUKAS – THIRD ACT
Likely project a positive future of Inang Bayan from the
American Government
Bagong Sibol and Malaynatin who had come to offer
friendship even as Tagailog and his men were still fighting
Matanglawin, turn out to be the enemies of the Filipinos, just like
Haring bata and Dilat-na- Bulag
Inang bayan plead a crowdof children to ask Bagong Sibol
for freedom and the latter he prophesied to relent. The play
concludes with general rejoicing among the Filipinos.

● TANIKALANG GINTO (Golden Chain)

Playwright: Juan Abad (February 8, 1872 – December 24, 1932)

A Filipino printer turned playwright and journalist. His main contribution to

Filipino theatre was his patriotic plays, especially the zarzuela Tanikalang
Guinto (Golden Chain).

● It was first produced on July 7, 1902 and banned on May 10, 1903 after
the performance in Batangas and Abad was imprisoned for two years plus
a fine of $2,000.

● Characters:
Kaulayaw (Revolution)
Liwanag (Nationalism)
Maimbot (Americans)
Dalita (Philippines)
Nagtapon (Filipinos who betrayed and slaves of Americans)
Diwa (Heroism)

● Plot

The play revolves around Liwanag (“light,” “the new Philippines

after the departure of Spain”), who is promised to the hero Kulayaw
(“loyal,” the Filipino freedom fighters, also the penname of Abad).
Her adopted father Maimbot, (“avaricious” Americans), approves
the proposed marriage. However, he later withdraws his consent and bans
Kulayaw from his house.
He entreats Liwanag to abandon Kulayaw and tries to bribe her
with gifts. He uses Nagtapon (worthless Filipino collaborators who see a
life at ease under the Americans) to spy on his brother, Kulayaw.
Nagtapon disowns their mother Dalita (poor and suffering Mother
Country and the masses). Dalita dies abandoned by her sons.
Maimbot’s gifts fail to move Liwanag so he ties her to a Balete and
leaves her to Nagtapon. Kulayaw searches for Liwanag and once he finds
her, Nagtapon kills her.
Diwa (“spirit” persistence in struggle) takes Liwanag to heaven.
Diwa promises to Kulayaw that Liwanag will return to him after she has
circled the universe.
The play ends with a tableau: Nagtapon is possessed by demons
while Kulayaw is crowned by spirits after delivering an emotional speech.
● MALAYA (Free)

Playwright: Tomas Alup Remigio (March 7, 1867– August 1, 1916)

He worked with Bonifacio, Plata and Diwa, as well as a famous, pro-

Filipino writer and playwright.
He was arrested by both the Spanish, for his actions in the war against
them; and the Americans, because of his anti-American plays.

● It was considered as one of the finest nationalist plays written during the
American Colonial times.
● It is a three-act drama simboliko or "seditious" play written in Spain.

● First staged at Dulaang Luzon in Santa Cruz, Manila on 26 August 1902.

Then restaged in 1979 by Dulaang Babaylan at Manuel Roxas High
School, Quezon City.
● A Tagalog drama where political allegory was hidden in the love story of
the heroine, Malaya (Spirit of Independence) and the hero Magtanggol
(the Filipino army).
● It advocates the revolt of the masses.

● Characters:
Malaya (The Free One)
Katwiran (Reason)
Magtanggol (The Defender)
Manlupig (The Conqueror)
Busilak (Immaculate)
Karugo (Blood-kin)
Nagbalik (He Who Returned)
Dalisay (Pure)
Kalahi (Race-kin)
Sugod (The Attacker)
Tukmol (Turtledove)

● Three Acts
ACT I
It introduces Manlupig, a deer hunter, and his
followers half of whom are rich and the other are poor that
bewail their oppressed condition.
 In highly metaphorical and at times elevated verses,
Magtanggol recounts how he gradually awakened to his
country's sufferings under the tyranny of Manlupig.
One night, Magtanggol was treacherously struck
down in the forest by his own kin.
Nagbalik, who has been spying on Malaya and
Magtanggol, reports that he has seen Malaya when
Manlupig returned.
Manlupig proceeds to Malaya's house to offer his love
but he was rejected, so he forcibly takes Malaya away.
A voice from heaven admonishes Nagbalik, then he
frees Katwiran and reconciled with Magtanggol.
ACT II
Again, Malaya refuses Manlupig's proposal.
Magtanggol who has an escape plan devised by
Nagbalik, could not wait to see Malaya and he calls her to
the window.
Unfortunately, Sugod saw them and he told Manlupig.
Manlupig met Magtanggol as he boldly asks for
Malaya's release. Manlupig not only consents, but also
arranges their marriage.
Just before the wedding, Sugod rushes in and
accuses Magtanggol of killing Linta outside Malaya's
window.
ACT III
Magtanggol and Malaya were tied to a pillar, where
Manlupig attempted to rape Malaya.
Fortunately, Nagbalik, assisted by Karugo and Kalahi,
it didn't happen.
Manlupig wants vengeance so he went to Katwiran's
house and stabs her.
Malaya, Nagbalik and Magtanggol arrived as Katwiran
died. Manlupig escapes and the play concluded on Dalisay's
warning:
“Oh my countrymen!
Katwiran is dead,
Malaya has fallen;
If Magtanggol is stricken too
 Slaves we shall all become!”

● WALANG SUGAT (Unwounded)

Playwright: Severino Reyes (February 11, 1861 – September 15, 1942)

A Filipino writer, playwright, and director of plays. He used the pen name
Lola Basyang.
He was known as the "Father of Tagalog Plays" and as the "Father of the
Tagalog Zarzuela"

● An anti-imperialist three-act play that was first published in 1898 and was
first staged on Teatro Libertad in Manila in 1902.
● It is about the injustices experienced by Filipinos during Spanish
Colonialism including the oppression of Filipino prisoners by Spanish friars
for expressing their patriotism.

● Characters:
Tenyong (Filipino who fought friars)
Julia (Tenyong’s love interest)
Miguel (Julia’s suitor)
Lucas (Close friend of Tenyong)
Putin (Mother of Tenyong)
Kapitan Inggo (Father of Tenyong)
Juana (Julia’s Mother)
Kura (Friars)
Teban (Friar who raised Miguel)
Tadeo (Miguel’s Father)
Monica (Julia’s servant)

● Three Acts
FIRST ACT
Tenyong was enjoying sweet time with his sweetheart Julia
when news came that his father was arrested by the Spanish officers due
to suspicion of his seditious activities against the government.
The cruelty of his captors led to his death forcing the young
Tenyong to avenge his father’s death by joining the rebels and taking on
what his father had started.
However, this decision meant leaving his family and his
beloved Julia behind.
 The ever hopeful and faithful Julia can only do nothing but
support the decision of Tenyong and prayed to the high heavens that time
will come that all these things that disturbed their love will come to pass.

SECOND ACT

As if separation was not enough. News came for Julia that she was
to be engaged to Miguel, the rich yet witless son of Don Tadeo, a family
friend of Julia’s, who won the favor of Julia’s mother Juana.
His being dense and “shy” on so many things eased her
nerves that he will never be involved in any undoing against the
government that will bring peril to their lives unlike the rebellious Tenyong.
This unwelcome news came to Tenyong through an emissary sent
by Julia along with it is also the news of the passing of Tenyong’s mother.
Luckily for both of them, the revolution was coming to an end just in
time for Tenyong to rescue his love from being married to somebody else.

FINAL ACT
Tenyong arrived on the day of Miguel and Julia’s wedding date
being carried by his soldiers and appeared to be wounded and was about
to die.
He had requested for Julia’s hand in marriage and would not mind
so much for Julia and Miguel to carry on with their matrimony upon his
death. Everybody agreed as an act of goodwill for someone who is close
to death thus Tenyong and Julia wed. Tenyong of course did not die.
Instead, he revealed himself to be in good health for everybody to
exclaim “Walang Sugat!” ending the story on a happy note that all good
things will come in the end.

The Philippine Literature in Spanish language

In the earlier years of American occupation, the inspiration of our Filipino writers in
Spanish was our National Hero, Dr. Jose Rizal. His novels, Noli and El Fili, contained
the best qualities of a novel ever written which inspired a lot of Filipinos to use the
Spanish language. Here are some of our outstanding writers in the Spanish language.

1. Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all
other heroes. His poem dedicated to Rizal entitled, “A Rizal” is his
masterpiece: “…que se una bala destrozo tu craneo tambien tu idea destro
zo un imperio…”
 2. Fernando Ma. Guerrero is another writer who, together
with Apostol, became Kings of Balagtasan in Spanish. He also wrote a
poem to honor Rizal entitled, “Invocacion a Rizal:” “…
hablar contigo que dejaste escrito, el evangelio libre de tu raza…”
3. Jesus Balmori used the pen name Batikuling. He was elected Poet
Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe with his topic Recuerdo: “…
Mi tema es el Recuerdo, mi moto hidalguia, Mi divisa un laurel,
mi corazon un penasco!”
4. Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet whose fierceness and nationalistic spirit was
unchanged in any topic. His topic was Olvido: “… Recordar! Ay del
alma que recuerde, la quiebra que ha sufrido la illusion…”
5. Claro M. Recto wrote poems and compiled them under the
title Bajo Los Cocoteros (Under the Coconut Trees).
6. Adelina Guerea was the first woman poet in the Philippines. She obtained
the Zobel Prize in her song El Nido (The Nest).
7. Isidro Marpori became famous for his books entitled Aromas
de Ensueno (Scents of Dreams).
8. Macario Adriatico wrote the legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de
Salto (The Place of Origin).
9. Epifanio delos Santos (Don Panyong) was a good leader and biographer in
Spanish.
10. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del Proteccionismo.

The Philippine Literature in Filipino (Tagalog) language

Majority among the Filipinos were beginning to read and write. Most of them started to
read and became informed with what is happening around. As a result, more and more
Filipinos became writers and poets and dramatists. Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar’s epic
poem, Florante at Laura and Father Modesto De Castro’s social novel, Urbana at Felisa
became the inspiration of the Filipino (Tagalog) writers. Some of the more popular
writers during this period were:

1. Lope K. Santos was a novelist, poet, author and grammarian. He was called
“Apo” of the Tagalog writers. He was also dubbed as “Ama ng Balarilang
Filipino” (Father of National Language Grammar). The novel, “Banaag at
Sikat” was his masterpiece.
2. Jose Corazon De Jesus was also known as “Huseng Batute.” He was
deemed as “Makata ng Pag-ibig.” He wrote the nationalistic poem, “Bayan
Ko” and “Isang Punong Kahoy,” an elegy, was his masterpiece.
3. Amado V. Hernandez was crowned “Makata ng mga Manggagawa”
because his poems revolve on the lives of city laborers. He wrote the poems
“Isang Dipang Langit,” “Bayang Malaya,” “Munting Lupa” while being
incarcerated in the Muntinlupa Jail because of his involvement in labor riots.
The famous poem, “Ang Panday” was his masterpiece.
 4. Valeriano Hernandez Peña was popularly known as “Tandang Anong”. He
used “Kuntil Butil” as his pen name. The novel “Nena at Neneng” was his
masterpiece.
5. Iñigo Ed. Regalado was the son of Odalager, a popular writer during
Spanish Period. He was a popular story-teller, novelist and newspaperman
during the American period.
Filipino (Tagalog) poetry
Inspired by the Propagandists and Revolutionists writers and poets, more and more
Filipinos started using the pen to share their sentiments and emotions. A lot of Filipino
poets emerged during this period. Hence, Julian Cruz Balmaceda, a popular writer,
dramatist and critic classified these poets based on the poems that they wrote. They are
classified as:

1. Poets of the Heart (Mga Makata ng Pag-ibig)

A. Lope K. Santos
B. Inigo Ed. Regalado
C. Carlos Gatmaitan
D. Pedro Gatmaitan
E. Jose Corazon de Jesus
F. Cirilo Panganiban
G. Deogracias del Rosario
H. Ildefonso Santos
I. Amado V. Hernandez
J. Nemecio Carabana
K. Mar Antonio
2. Poets of Life (Mga Makata ng Buhay)
A. Lope K. Santos
B. Jose Corazon de Jesus
C. Florentino Collantes
D. Patricio Mariano
E. Carlos Gatmaitan
F. Amado V. Hernandez
3. Poets of the Stage (Mga Makata ng Entablado)
A. Aurelio Tolentino
B. Patricio Mariano
C. Severino Reyes
D. Tomas Remigio
Filipino (Tagalog) Short Story
The emergence of the English short story was instrumental in the development of this
literary genre called “Maikling kuwento” or simpy referred to as “Dagli” since they can be
read in one sitting. Short stories began to appear in Pangsandaliang Libangan (Short-
time Leisure) and Dagli (Fast) columns. Popular short story writers include:

1. Lope K. Santos
2. Patricio Mariano
3. Rosauro Almario
In “Liwayway,” a popular weekly publication who publishes short stories, we find the
names:

1. Deogracias Rosario
2. Teodoro Gener
3. Cirio H. Panganiban
Filipino (Tagalog) drama
In the American period, a lot of changes began to unravel. Almost all literary genres
were affected with the coming of the Americans and the English language. However,
there are still Filipino men-of-letters who wanted to use the Tagalog medium and sought
to improve various literatures using it.

In Tagalog drama, Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan criticized the Spanish
Moro-moro and showed that dramas can be powerful vehicles for propagation of Filipino
values for the audiences. Aside from these values, these dramas were extensively used
as a way to promote nationalism as well. The popular dramatists during this period
include:

1. Severino Reyes was called the “Father of Tagalog Drama.” His immortal
play, “Walang Sugat” was his masterpiece.
2. Aurelio Tolentino was deemed the “Father of Kapampangan Drama.” His
work, “Luhang Tagalog” was his masterpiece and his “Napon, Ngeni at
Bukas” was a translation of his other masterpiece, “Kahapon, Ngayon at
Bukas.”
3. Hermogenes Ilagan was a dramatist who founded the
group Campaña Ilagan, presenting many dramas in Central Luzon.
4. Patricio Mariano wrote the play entitled “Ninay.” His masterpiece was “Anak
ng Dagat.”
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda was a playwright who wrote “Bunganga ng Pating.”
Vernacular poetry
Aside from the flowering of Spanish, Filipino and English languages as literary media,
several vernaculars writers and poets gained popularity in their respective localities. Let
us take a look at some of them.
Ilokano Poetry
1. Pedro Bukaneg was deemed as the “Father of Ilocano Literature.” The
Ilocano Bukanegan was the Ilokano form of Balagtasan which was
periodically held to honor his name.
2. Claro Caluya was the “Prince of Ilocano Poets.”
3. Leon Pichay was crowned as the “Best Bukanegero.” He was also a poet,
novelist, short story writer, dramatist and essayist.
Kapampangan Poetry
1. Juan Crisostomo Soto was called the “Father of Kapampangan Literature.”
The Crisotan was the Kapampangan form of Balagtasan held in his honor.
2. Aurelio Tolentino was a dramatist and his “Napon, Ngeni at Bukas” was a
translation of his masterpiece “Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas.”
Visayan Poetry
1. Eriberto Gumban was dubbed as the “Father of Visayan Literature.” He
wrote a number of zarzuelas, moro-moro and plays in Visayan language.
2. Magdalena Jalandoni was a notable female novelist who wrote “Ang mga
Tunuk san isa ca Bulaclac.”

The Philippine Literature in English language

Although the Filipinos were defeated in the Philippine-American War, or Philippine
Insurrection as termed by the Americans, they kept the flame of nationalism burning as
ever. Seeking to find a better solution other than violent means, they resorted back to
the pen. Peace movements started as early as 1900 and many Filipinos started writing
again “after the sword was broken.”

They wrote all forms of literature like news, poetry, stories, plays essays, novels which
clearly depicted their love of country and longing for independence. Hence, the spirit of
nationalism of the people remained undaunted.

With the arrival of the English language, a new way of writing literature has emerged.
The Filipinos, being lovers of languages and natural linguists, began using this new
medium to record their thoughts, sentiments, ideas and views, dreams and fears as well
as everyday life-matters. In short, a new weapon was added to their arsenal.

As students of Philippine literature, you need to understand how Philippine literature in

English developed and improved from its early years during the American period and
beyond. To begin with, let us take a look at the three periods, namely:

1. Period of Re-orientation
2. Period of Imitation
3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth
Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910)
The Period of Re-orientation covered the early years of American period and the
landing of the Americans to Philippine shores including the Philippine-American War.
Even during the war, the Americans established public school system in areas that
have been pacified. English language was used as medium of instruction in public
schools as early as 1900 in the Corregidor Island.

▪ The first English teachers were the American soldiers stationed in various
areas.
▪ Later on, the professional teachers arrived via US Army transport ship “USS
Thomas” hence, these pioneering teachers were called “Thomasites.”
▪ These Thomasites established numerous public Elementary, Secondary and
Tertiary schools throughout the archipelago.
▪ They established the University of the Philippines with Murray Bartlett, a
Thomasite, as the First President; which was the first to use English
language in the higher education.
▪ They also established Philippine School of Arts and Trades (which became
Polytechnic University of the Philippines), Philippine Normal School (which
became Philippine Normal University), Silliman University and Xavier
University, in the Visayas and Mindanao.
Pioneer Filipino English writers
Justo Juliano

▪ Born on December 6, 1887 in Manila Philippines and died on January 28,

1972 at the age of 84 in Zephyrhills, Florida

▪ Juliano's patriotic piece, "Sursum Corda," was the first known Filipino poem
published in English, appearing in the Philippine Free Press in 1907.

▪ Juan F. Salazar wrote “My Mother” and “Air Castles” which were published in
1909.
▪ Proceso Sebastian wrote “To my Lady in Laoag” which was published in
1909.

Sursum Corda (lift up your hearts or up hearts)

But scarce her wounds could heal, gores yet fresh,
The wailing cries still linger in the breeze,
 That mighty Eagle from across the sea
Came, shedding patriots’ blood, forces Liberty
To give her key, and banished from his Isle
Who will not yield, who will not reconcile
What could a handful do against a host?
Leonidas e’en perished, tho not lost!
- First Filipino poem written in English.
- This poem was published in the Philippines Free Press in 1907.
- Julianus advocated for Philippine independence and he was punished for his
poem that contravened the Sedition Law passed by US Congress at that time
and prohibited the public display of Philippine flag.
- "Sursum Corda" is Latin for "Lift up your hearts," and it served as a call to action,
urging Filipinos to rise above the challenges and injustices they faced during the
American colonial period. Justo Juliano wrote this patriotic poem as a symbol of
resistance and resilience against colonial oppression. It aimed to inspire fellow
Filipinos to unite and strive for freedom and independence. The poem reflected
Juliano's anti-colonial stance and his unwavering commitment to advocating for
Philippine sovereignty. Therefore, the symbol of "Sursum Corda" lies in its
message of hope, empowerment, and the collective struggle for liberation.
Juan F. Salazar
- Born in 1889 in San Roque, Cavite.
- Pneumonia claimed his life in 1919.
- He was a reporter for the Filipino Periodicals La Democracia and El
Renacimiento.
My Mother
I wish to write of my mother,
My mother loving and kind,
Who to me, more than any other,
Is the idol of my mind.

She cared for me in my girlhood

With a care that can never be told
And that love in the years of womanhood
Is even more precious than gold.
 I was often wayward and reckless,
But she loved me just the same;
And when I was cruel and heartless
Her heart condoned the same.

No task was too great for her fingers;

Now, they're wrinkled, twisted and bent;
Ah, my memory fondly lingers
Oh her ministries, heaven sent.

Her beautiful raven tresses

Are fading to winter's gray,
But the weal of her caresses
Grows greater every day.

Her face, like an angel's, grow brighter

With the passing of the years,
And her voice makes the dark places lighter
As she wipes away my tears.

My mother, my beautiful mother,

Thank God for your life sublime,
You have taught us sisters and brother,
The noblest lesson of time.

That for others our lives should be given

That our actions should always be right;
Your reward is secured up in heaven,
A crown in the mansion's light.
 The poem "My Mother," written by Juan F. Salazar, is a poignant and lovely ode
to the speaker's mother, who is shown as a loving and caring mother to her daughter.
The main theme of this poem is mother/daughter relationships. This poem serves as a
helpful reminder of the value of showing thankfulness and respect to those, like our
mother, who have greatly influenced who we are today.
Air Castles
My life's tomorrow beckons me
From distant mountains, high and low;
My future seems a boundless sea,
Where moving passions come and go.

Deep in my heart ambitions dwells;

He cheers me up the highland,
And guides me through the hills and dells
Wherein I pass the busy day.

I cannot write with Shakespeare's pen,

But I can love with Shakespeare's heart;
I love his skill his craft of men,
His mastery of poet's art.

I do not care for fame, has he,

Enthroned, was like unto a god:
The depths he reached are dark to me.
But I will grope the ways he tried.

I wear achievement’s coronet,

For best are they who see things done!
And all my cares I soon forget
When I have wrought my work alone.
 If I be met by adverse fate,
And all my dreams be but in vain;
Then, must I work the harder yet
With high resolve to try again.
Air Castle is one of the poems that was written by Juan F. Salazar. It is an
inspirational poetry that everyone can relate and reflect on their own selves. It is how we
perceive life and acceptance in every situation. The poem wants us to realize that
ambition is not easy to achieve, we can always experience rejection. However, we
should never let rejection deter us from trying again; instead, it should serve as
motivation to keep going. Let us always keep in mind that rejection is a massive part of
success and accomplishment. They are just a necessary component of your
development and advancement toward professional achievement.
Features of the poem:
- One of the most remarkable aspects of the poem is the use of language and
imagery. The speaker describes the air castles as a “shimmering palace in the
sky,” invoking a vivid vision of a fantasy construction that is both attractive and
unattainable.
- The language employed to depict the castle is also notable, as it is characterized
by terms such as “fragile,” “fleeting,” and “illusionary,” which imply that the dream
is ultimately transient and unsubstantial.

Proceso Sebastian
- Born in Claveria, Cagayan, on January 26, 1892.
- He was a Filipino lawyer, politician and diplomat.
- Senator of the Philippines (1941-1947)
- Elected governor of Cagayan (1926-1929)
- Works include “To My Lady in Laoag”

Period of Imitation (1910-1924)

This period was characterized by the Filipino writers imitating the American and
English writers. The UP College Folio, the school publication of the University of the
Philippines, published literary compositions in English written by the pioneers in English
poetry, essays and short stories.

Period of Imitation Poets

1. Fernando Maramag wrote the “Rural Maid.” Other poets include:
2. Juan F. Salazar
3. Jose M. Hernandez
 4. Vicente del Fierro
5. Francisco Tonogbanua
6. Maximo Kalaw
7. Vidal A. Tan
8. Francisco Africa
9. Victoriano Yamzon
Period of Imitation Essay writers
Essay was a Filipino literary genre that was born in the Period of Imitation. The following
essayists wrote Formal essays which were truly scholarly, full of sobriety, substance
and structure. Pioneers in formal essay include:

1. Carlos P. Romulo
2. Jorge C. Bocobo
3. Mauro Mendez
4. Vicente Hilario

Informal essay writers also emerged and they are composed of:

1. Ignacio Manlapaz
2. Godofredo Rivera
3. Federico Mangahas
4. Francisco B. Icasiano
5. Salvador P. Lopez
6. Jose Lansang
7. Amado G. Dayrit
Period of Imitation Short Stories
Short story as a literary genre was brought along by the Americans. Filipinos readily
adopted short story because as a form of relaxation and entertainment, it proved to be
worthwhile for one can read such in just a short while. There were even Filipino
(Tagalog) and other vernacular versions of them. By and large, short stories began to
be published in various school newspapers and periodicals such as:

1. UP College Folio which became Philippine Collegian

2. Bulletin
3. The Philippine Herald
4. The Philippine Review
5. The Independent
6. Rising Philippines
 7. Citizens
8. The Philippine Education Magazine
Many Filipino writers became popular during this period due to their masterful works.
Notable writers include:

1. Paz Marquez Benitez who wrote the “Dead Stars” which stand out as model
of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot and message. She also
became the editor of Women’s Journal, the first literary magazine in English
published in the Philippines
2. Bernardo P. Garcia wrote the poem “George Washington.”
3. Eulogio B. Rodriguez was a research writer of UP College of Liberal Arts
who won Villamor Prize in the Provincial History Competition
4. Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote the award-winning poem “Azucena.”
5. Procopio Solidum wrote “Never mind and Other Poems.”
6. Lorenzo E. Paredes wrote the first poetry anthology “Reminiscenses.”
7. Zoilo Galang published his first volume of essay entitled “Life and Success.”
8. Eliseo Quirino and Vicente Hilario wrote the essay “Thinking for
Ourselves.”
9. Zoilo Galang published the first anthology of short stories in “Tales of the
Philippines.”
10. Rodolfo Dato published his anthology “Filipino Poetry.”
11. Carlos P. Romulo published a collection of plays entitled “Daughters for
Sale and other Plays.”

Procopio Solidum
- A Negrense poet, holds the distinction of being the first Filipino to publish a
collection of poems in English.
- Born in Cadiz, Negros Occidental, on July 6, 1901.
- Procopio Solidum was not only a poet but also a pioneer in education. After
marrying a school teacher, he became a founder of schools. Together with his
wife, he established the Ibajay Academy in Ibajay, Aklan. Later, he founded
sixteen private schools in various locations, with a combined enrollment of two
thousand students. His vocational school, the Quezon-Osmefta Institute, was
also established.
“Never Mind, and Other Poems”
- A collection of poetry by Procopio L. Solidum
- Published in 1921, this book holds the distinction of being the first Filipino
collection of poems published in English.
- Several poems in the collection deal with the prospect of imminent death.
- Some poems from Never Mind provide a view of the young Solidum's idealized
woman.
 My Maiden Bride
Under the bowers
Of Youth's best hours,
I've dreamed of one—
My darling fair
Of beauty rare
Under the golden sun.
No houri has her grace,
Heaven shines in her face.

And all the night,

While gleamed the light
Of that full, ardent moon,
My angel bride
Lay by my side
Like a sweet baby at noon;
So spirit-pure she by,
I knelt me down to pray.

"My Maiden Bride" is the exultation of a young man who has found the girl of his
dreams, with the qualities not only of an angel but of that voluptuous virgin of the
Muslim paradise, the houri. However, the sentiment of the young bridegroom is almost
childlike as he beholds his angel bride asleep "like a sweet baby at noon." The perfect
bliss is touching in its adoration of pure innocence and its utter lack of sexual desire. It
is almost comic to visualize the youth's gratitude at the end of the poem when he is
move to kneel down and pray.

When I'll Be Dead, Love

When I'll be dead, Love,
And from your eyes I'm gone!
All that I beg, Love,
Forget me not too soon.
 When I'll be dead, Love,
And I'll be in my grave,
Oh, don't forget, Love,
To mark my lonely grave.

When I'll be dead, Love,

Please wear a rose for me,-
And when you smell it, Love,
What should its odor be?

When I'll be dead, Love,

And you may hear my name,
How will you mention it, Love,
With blushes and shame?

When I'll be dead, Love,

Will you recall the days,
When we were one, Love,
0, those youthful ways!

When I'll be dead, Love,

And you may meet a friend,
See that he'll be true, Love,
Faithful to the end.

"When I'll Be Dead, Love" is a simple poetic exercise, but such a morbid anticipation of
death seems too unlikely for a young man not yet married. Certainly, Solidum’s persona
is almost naive in his appeal for continuing remembrance when he allows for a time
when his wife may meet another man he hopes will be faithful to her.
BERNARDO P. GARCIA
 - His poem “George Washington” was printed in 1902
- The poem reflects the sentiments of Filipinos during the American colonization
period in the Philippines.
- It serves as a tribute to a great leader and a reminder of the universal struggle for
independence and dignity. Bernardo P. Garcia’s poem captures the shared
aspirations of people across different nations and time periods.

 Summary:
The poem “George Washington” portrays the admiration and reverence of the Filipino
people for George Washington, the first President of the United States. It highlights
Washington’s leadership, courage, and dedication to freedom. Symbolically,
Washington represents not only a historical figure but also the ideals of liberty and
justice. The poem draws parallels between Washington’s fight for independence and the
aspirations of the Filipino people for their own freedom.
Marcela De Gracia Concepcion
- Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion was born and studied in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.
- During World War I, he was a member of the American Navy then worked in the
Alaskan fishery for a season following the war.
- He was the first Filipino to have a book of poetry in English accepted by any
American publisher, as well as the first Asian poet to gain recognition in
American literary circles.
“Azucena”
- A compilation of poems written by Concepcion and was published in New York in
1925.
- Named after the lily found in the Philippines.
 Included in this collection of poems is “Ili-na”

“ILI-NA”
And he is carried back into dreams
to the beautiful sundowns of his ili-na.
There is the music of young laughter.
He well remembers now his old friendships,
the long-lost ties of long ago.

There he sits under the shadows of the bells

at vesper-time.
 The scenes are different now.
The voices are not the same he used to hear.

He is all alone now in the world,

for he feels strange himself.
Seemingly out of place.
Seemingly miscarried by the current of time.

He stands to go.
He cannot go.
For the scent of azucena at sundown
brings back to him
the long-lost ties of long ago.
Lorenzo E. Paredes
- In 1921, Lorenzo Paredes wrote his first collection of poems entitled
Reminiscences which contained poems including “My Parting Words” and
“Moonrise”, which are considered masterpieces of Philippine literary history
“Reminiscences”
- The representation of a Platonic idea as if it had been known in a previous
existence. It can also mean the process or practice of thinking or recounting past
experiences, remembering a long-forgotten experience or fact.

Reminiscences
My Parting Words
To “Her”

Come lay the dead love out,

And close his vacant eyes,
That once shone with the light
And hope of Paradiza.
 Unbend the rounded limbs
So perfect still in death,
Lay by the harmless bow
And poison harrow shealth.

Fold back the broken wings

That now shall mount no more,
Though once beyond the stars
The goldlike child they bore.

Yes, take my hand again,

Though we be parted wide,
And far a moment’s space
Go softly by my side.

While once more, as of old,

A common pain we brave,
And bear our dearest dead
Together to the grave.

Zoilo Galang
- Galang was born on July 27, 1895, in the town of Bacolor Pampanga.
- He finished studies at Pampanga High School.
- The first author of the first Filipino Novel written in English Language (A Child of
Sorrow)
- His works includes “Tales of the Philippines” (1921) which is the first volume of
Philippine legends and folk tales written in English
“Life and Success”
- A novel that explores the themes of personal growth, determination, and the
pursuit of success.
- First volume of Philippine essay in English
Summary:
The story follows the journey of the main character as they navigate various challenges
and obstacles in their long search for a fulfilling life. This novel offers a valuable insight
into the human experiences and inspires readers to overcome adversity and achieve
their goals.
Rodolfo Dato
- Born on April 17 1899.
- Rodolfo is known for his published book "Filipino Poetry", one of the first
anthologies of Filipino poets from 1911 to 1924. In which all intents and purposes
may serve as a specimen of native English poetry.
“Filipino Poetry”
- A collection of 89 poems and are produced by 44 authors.
- These are some glimpses of the poems included in Filipino poetry: 89 poems, 33
are love poems, or to be specific a love of a woman to a man; a love of a man to
a woman, 7 are nature poems, 19 sing of emotions other than sexual love, filial
love, joy, sorrow, hope, regret; 7 are patriotic hymns and poems.
- The remaining 16 are themes allied to the rest. There is very little of the grave
and philosophical in Browning. We find two poems which are satirical, one of
which reminds the Philippines Free Press, a weekly which originally published it,
of Rudyard Kipling's "The Vampire”.
- With the support of his brother, Luis, Rodolfo edited and published the book
Filipino Poetry in 1924. In his introduction, Rodolfo described the book as “a
collection of the maiden songs of our native bards warbling in borrowed
language,” furthermore, that “the full flowering of our poetic art has not yet come,
but the fertile fields smiled abundant growth and gives promise of a rich and
bountiful harvest in a day far distant.” The collection had works of early poets,
writers like Maximo, M. Kalaw, Fernando Maramag, Procopio Solidum, Maria
Agoncillo, and Luis G. Dato. The book “seems to be deeply saturated with the
fragrance of the jasmines and the sampaguitas,vibrant with the mellifluous songs
of the mayas…”

Paz Marquez Benitez

- March 3, 1894 - November 10, 1983.
- A beauty queen, Filipino short-story writer, educator, and editor.

“Dead Stars”
- Published in 1925.
- First ever modern short story in English from the Philippines.
- Paz wrote “Dead Stars” to portray the slow decay of Philippine heritage.
Symbolism:
 - The "Dead Stars" stand for an unseen presence. It talks about relationships and
feelings that might exist but are unrealized, losing their true value and purpose.
Summary:
In his 30s, Alfredo Salazar, a bachelor, became interested in Julia, a different lady, even
though he was engaged to Esperanza after three years of dating. He soon noticed that
his desire for Julia was growing while his love for Esperanza was beginning to fade.
Whenever they have the chance, Alfredo and Julia hang out.
Carlos P. Romulo
- January 14, 1899 - December 15, 1985 (age 86 years)
- He had a distinguished career in journalism, serving as editor of the Manila
Times and winning a Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence in 1942
- His works include “Daughters for Sale and Other Plays”

Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)

In this period Filipino writers acquired mastery of the English Language. Evidently, they
began to write confidently and competently. They wrote in free verse, sonnets, odes,
elegies and others. They even started to write novels and dramas.

Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Poetry

▪ The Philippine Writers Association was organized in 1925.

▪ Luis Dato wrote “Manila: A Collection of Verses”

▪ Marcelo De Gracia Concepcion wrote “Bamboo Flute”

▪ Aurelio S. Alvero wrote “Moon Shadows on the Water”

▪ Pablo Laslo edited the “English-German Anthology of Filipino Poets”

▪ Luis Dato published “My Book of Verses”

▪ Rafael Zulueta da Costa wrote “First Leaves”

▪ Aurelio S. Alvero wrote “Nuances”

▪ Abelardo Subido wrote the sonnet “Soft Night”

▪ Rafael Zulueta da Costa won the Commonwealth Literary Contest with his
compilation “Like the Molave and other Poems”
▪ Jose Garcia Villa published “Poems by Doveglion” and he also published his
books in the US.
Pen name: Doveglion which is a combinationof dove, eagle, and lion.
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Short Story
Aside from poetry, short story has likewise flourished during this time. Numerous short
story writers were motivated due to incentives given by these publications:

1. Philippine Free Press -is a weekly English language news magazine which
was founded in 1908, which makes it the Philippines' oldest weekly English
language periodical. It is known for being one of the few publications that
dared to criticize the administration of Ferdinand Marcos in the years before
the declaration of Martial law, and for being one of the first publications
shuttered once Martial Law was put into effect.

2. The Graphic
3. The Philippine Magazine- t was established by Alexander Tilloch in 1798; in
1822 Richard Taylor became joint editor and it has been published
continuously by Taylor and Francis ever since.
4. UP Literary Apprentice- helps teachers support students to become
motivated, strategic, and critical readers, thinkers, and writers.

Short story became the most popular literary genre during this time. Popular short story
writers during this time include:

1. Paz Marquez Benitez published her first short story anthology “Filipino Love
Stories.”
2. Jose Garcia Villa published “Philippine Short Stories.” He won first place the
Philippine Free Press short story writing contest with his “Mir-i-nisa.”
Known as the “Comma Poet”
3. Manuel Arguilla won the Commonwealth Literary Contest for short story
with his “How my Brother Leon brought home a Wife.”
4. Paz Latorena wrote “Sunset”
5. Jose Lansang wrote “Broken Parasol”
6. Sinai C. Hamada wrote “Talanata’s Wife”
7. Fausto Dugenio wrote “Wanderlust”
8. Amado G. Dayrit wrote “His Gift” and “Yesterday”
9. Amador T. Daguio wrote “The Woman who looked out of the Window”
10. Arturo B. Rotor
11. Osmundo Sta. Romana
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Essay
The essay during this period was greatly improved in quality and quantity. There have
been improvements on the subject, content and style of writing essays. During this
period, various Filipino essayists were classified according to:

1. Political, social, and reflective essays. These essays were opinions and
viewpoints by the essayists using their newspaper columns which appeared
regularly hence, they were very popular during this time. Some political,
social and reflective essayists include:
A. Federico Mangahas
B. Salvador P. Lopez
C. Pura Santillan Castrence
D. Vicente Albano Pacis
E. Ariston Estrada
F. Jose Lansang
2. Critical essays. These essays were serious treatment of various issues
during this period.As these essayists regularly appear in various newspaper
columns, they became very popular during this time. The critical essayists
during this time include:
A. Salvador P. Lopez
B. I.V. Mallari (Ismael Villanueva Mallari)
C. Ignacio Manlapaz
D. Jose Garcia Villa
E. Arturo B. Rotor
F. Leopoldo Y. Yabes
G. Maximo Soliven wrote the prize-winning essay entitled, “They
Called it Brotherhood.”
3. Personal or familiar essays. These essays were casual and light in terms
of the mood they were written. They provided sort of entertainment and
relaxation for the readers. Popular essayists of this kind include:
A. Francisco “Mang Kiko” B. Icasiano
B. Alfredo E. Litiatco
C. Solomon V. Arnaldo
D. Amado G. Dayrit
E. Consuelo Gar Catuca
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Notable Essays
1. “Literature and Society” was written by Salvador P. Lopez. This is a
collection of critical reflections and serious essays. It won first place in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest in essay.
 2. “The Filipino Way of Life” was written by Camilo Osias. This is a series of
essays on the Filipino way of life as drawn from history, folkways,
philosophy, and psychology of the Philippines.
3. “Mang Kiko” was a reprint of Francisco B. Icasiano’s essays in the “Sunday
Times Magazine” under the column “From my Nipa Hut.” It is an essay of the
common tao and is written with humor and sympathy.
4. “I am a Filipino” was an editorial essay written by Carlos P. Romulo printed
in the “Philippines Herald” magazine. It was published in his book “My
Brother Americans” in New York by Double Day & Company in 1945.
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Drama
The University of the Philippines introduced playwriting as a course. UP established the
UP Little Theater and provided incentives for playwrights who wrote plays.

▪ Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero became director of UP Theater and popularized drama

performances in the country.
▪ He founded the UP Mobile Theater which performed in various place
throughout the country.
▪ The UP Mobile Theater also performed in various universities worldwide.
Some of the notable dramas during this period include:

1. Daughters for Sale and other Plays written by Carlos P. Romulo

2. The Radiant Symbol written by Jorge Bocobo
3. The Husband of Mrs. Cruz & A Daughter of Destiny written by Vidal A.
Tan
4. The Waves written by Hilarion Vibal
5. The Oil Lamp & The Earthquake written by Augusto C. Catanjal
6. The Land of our Fathers written by Severino Montano
7. Panday Pira, the Cannon Maker written by Jose M. Hernandez
8. 13 Plays was a collection of plays written by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Biography
Writing biographies and autobiography became fashionable during this period. Some
notable biographies during this period include:

1. Quezon was a biography written about Manuel L. Quezon by I.P. Caballero

and Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion.
2. The Great Malayan was a biography which won the Commonwealth Literary
Contest for biography about Rizal. It was written by Carlos Quirino, the most
famous biographer of this period.
 3. Quezon, the Man of destiny was another biography written about Manuel L.
Quezon by Carlos Quirino, the most famous biographer of the period.
4. The Birth of Discontent was an autobiography written by I.V. Mallari.

References:
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People’s Culture, Traditions and Beliefs: A Task-Based Approach. Great Books
Publishing, Quezon City.
Vinuya, Remedios V. (2012). Philippine Literature: A statement of Ourselves.
Grandbooks Publishing, Inc., Metro, Manila.

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Dead Stars
https://litpriest.com/short-stories/dead-stars-summary-themes-analysis