Thermal Analysis of RC Building Using Et

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 14, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2023, pp. 83-94, Article ID: IJCIET_14_05_008
Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=14&Issue=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/X78WV
© IAEME Publication
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING USING

ETABS-PART 1
Mohammad Shahiq Khan
Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering & Information Technology,
Onaizah Colleges, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4165-4858
Corresponding Author: shahiq@oc.edu.sa
Nacer Nacer
Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering & Information Technology,
Sheroz Khan
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering & Information Technology,
ABSTRACT
The temperature is rising around the world due to global warming and the Middle
East gets affected by this phenomenon. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the
countries that are exposed to elevated temperatures in most of its regions. Because of
the elevated temperatures, residential, educational and other buildings have more
electricity consumption to control the indoor environment. This situation creates serious
problems and causes additional stresses to the structure. Taking these factors into
account, in this paper the effect of thermal load (50oC temperature) on reinforced
concrete building allocated in the Saudi region has been investigated using software
analysis. In this analysis the effect of thermal load at noon time (peak hours) has been
studied in the form of displacements, interactions and stresses with the change of slab
length. It has been found that the slab stresses and horizontal reaction increased with
the increasing slab length in the building. It is recommended to install solar panels on
the rooftop reduce the effect of temperature on the slab, and also to store energy in the
battery to power the house and electric vehicles. This process will help reduce energy
consumption especially during peak hours and will also contribute to a healthy
environment.
Keywords: Thermal Load; Thermal Analysis; Elevated Temperature; Building Frame
Cite this Article: Mohammad Shahiq Khan, Nacer Nacer and Sheroz Khan, Thermal
Analysis of RC Building Using ETABS-Part 1, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 14(5), 2023, pp. 83-94.
https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=14&Issue=5
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 83 editor@iaeme.com
Mohammad Shahiq Khan, Nacer Nacer and Sheroz Khan
1. INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a desert climate characterized by extreme heat during the
day, and a sudden drop in temperature at night. The average summer temperature is about 45°C,
but readings of up to 50°C are not unusual. The highest temperature of 52°C has been recorded
in the summer of 2010 in Jeddah. The elevated heat waves and high temperatures are caused
by climate change-related reasons [1, 2]. The extreme weather conditions are going to affect
the exposed concrete structures of bridges and roofs continuously lose heat and gain heat from
solar radiation, convection and re-radiation to or from the surrounding environment. The heat
becomes intense shortly after sunrise and lasts until sunset. The increase or decrease in
temperature leads to the expansion or contraction of the structure. Contraction and expansion
joints are a method used to reduce the magnitude of forces, displacements and cracking caused
by temperature or loading conditions leading to temperature variations in buildings [3]. The
magnitude of the forces developed and the amount of displacements caused by temperature
changes are directly proportional to the length of the building [4]. If the atmospheric
temperature increases, it may lead to cracks on the surface of the reinforced concrete due to the
thermal stresses. On the other hand, the construction sector is a major consumer of energy out
of the total electricity used in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi government initiated an energy
efficiency strategy that aims to rationalize the energy use as part of the government's policy to
reduce carbon emissions as inscribed in Saudi Arabia's 2030 vision [5, 6]. Therefore, to mitigate
the economic and environmental impacts of the sector, the Saudi government has initiated an
energy efficiency strategy that attempts to reduce the demand for fuel and raw materials in the
construction sector [5]. The Saudi Building Code demands for energy saving be it may from
building envelope, mechanical systems, electrical systems, lighting systems and domestic water
heating systems [6]. In the addition to saving, the existing residential building stock could
reduce electricity consumption and carbon emission too as well as be used for generating
electricity for offsetting the peak demand. The use of solar roof for the dual gains of thermal
insulation and power supply has been discussed, as the heat passing through buildings can be
reduced by covering the roofs with PV modules capable to absorb the heat for conversion to
into electrical energy. Phase change materials undergo through change in their physical states
through release or absorbing of heat, and hence find applications in the energy saving pursuits
when used in buildings [7]. The effect of rooftop panels in terms of energy saving has been done
by authors in [8] to see the effect of three types of panels installations are studied to explore
their impacts on the heat gain and heat loss of the roof and buildings heating and cooling load.
The high consumption of government buildings (80%) followed by residential buildings (50%)
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia shows that there is greater margin lying in the saving of energy
by considering innovating designs coupled with phase change material or novel insulation
mechanisms [9]. There are thus literature on investigating the technical and economic of PV
rooftop systems with appropriate storage to reduce the dependence on grid to minimize reliance
on fossil fuel generation of electricity as the carbon emissions per head population has to be
reduced in the light of the KSA 2030 Vision. The effect of temperature has been a concern due
to its highest exposures to intense solar radiation and heavy rain in equatorial countries such
as Malaysia [10-11]. The insulation has been tried by authors in [12] that has resulted energy-
efficient glass panels enabling a significant savings of energy and lowering carbon dioxide
emissions. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the effects of elevated temperatures
on reinforced concrete buildings in the form of displacement, interactions and stresses along
with the changes in building length and to provide an option to reduce the effect of temperature
and energy consumption especially in peak hours. Also, the paper proposes a KSA-specific PV-
based rooftop system as an alternate solution to insulate the buildings from the effects of
temperature changes as well as to meet the increasing energy demand in the Kingdom during
daytime.
Thermal Analysis of RC Building Using ETABS-Part 1
2. DESCRIPTION AND MODELING

In this work, the effect of elevated temperatures on the structure of a two-storey reinforced
concrete building has been studied. The reinforced concrete building of the College of
Engineering building was considered to study the thermal effects and its model was created on
the ETABS software with help of 2D AutoCAD plan as shown in Fig. 1. According to the
procedures of the ETABS software, create a number of building models with the coefficient of
thermal expansion of concrete being 0.0000099 1/C. The rest of the concrete properties and
the building dimensions are presented in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. The difference
between these models is the variation in length of the concrete slab that increases from 29.4 m
to 149.4m by increments of 5 m. These models have been generated to investigate the effect of
50oC temperature with variation in slab length on displacements, reactions and stresses in two-
story reinforced concrete frame buildings. There are many joints in the plan of building, so we
choose three critical joints to record the reactions, displacement, and stresses results, which are
joint 3, joint 11, and joint 26 as shown in Fig. 1.
Table 1. Properties of Concrete
Concrete Property Value
Concrete compressive strength 40 N/mm2
Modules of elasticity 30000 MPa
Poisson ratio 0.2
Mass per unit volume 2400 Kg/m3
Table 2. The dimensions of building

Length: 29.4 m Width: 15.8 m Height: 4 m each floor
Beam (B1): 400 x 600 mm Beam (B2): 200 x 600 mm
Column (C1) 400x 400 mm Steel Bar :12 ∅ 22, stirrup 4 ∅ 10 @100 mm
Slab thickness 150 mm
(a) 2D plan of Building
(b) 3 D view of Building
Fig. 1. Selected joints in the Model of building
3. RESULTS ANALYZE
To analyze this, a model of the building was created with fixed supports on ETABS software
and then check the temperature load effect on deformation shape, the displacement (Ux, Uy,
Uz), the Reactions (Rx, Ry, Rz, Mx, My and Mz) and stresses at the selected joints (i.e. joint 3,
joint 11 and joint 26). The effect of high temperature on the top slab of the building (second
story of the building) has been analyzed at the noon time when the sun light perpendicular to
the earth. Since, the slab of the first story was covered by the upper slab, so there was very
small effect of temperature (negligible) on its.
3.1. Effect of temperature on the building shape

When the sun light is perpendicular to the earth at noon time, the temperature effect has been
observed on the top slab of the building. The un-deformed shape and the deformed shape of the
building due to 50oC temperature load at noon period are shown in Fig. 2. It is observed that
the deflection can be seen in second story columns in both western and southern side. It is also
observed that the deflection in external column is larger as compared to inner columns.
(a) Western side (b) Southern side
Fig. 2. Deformation and Un-deformed shape of building
3.2 Effect of temperature on the joints

In Fig. 3 results have been plotted and showed the graphical relationship between the length of
building slab and the displacements in X, Y, and Z directions at selected joints i.e. joint 3, joint
11 and joint 26. The displacement in X direction is increasing (negative) with the increasing of
slab length and there are very less displacements and not varying in Y, and Z directions. The
displacement along the X direction is the lateral displacement, its value is increased to the left
side (i.e. negative X-axis) of building as the length of building slab increased and subjected to
thermal load 50oC. It is also found the displacement in external joint (i.e. joint 3) is more as
compare to other selected joints.
(a) Displacements at joint 3
(b) Displacements at joint 11
(c) Displacements at joint 26

Fig. 3. Displacements (Ux, Uy, and Uz) at selected joints
3.3. Effect of temperature on the reactions

In this part, results have been plotted to show the relationship between the length of building
slab and reaction at fixed supports on the base. The three joints (i.e. joint 3, joint 11, and joint
26) have been studied and recorded its results when the length of building slab increased then
drew graph by using Excel program to see the effect of high temperature. First of all have been
plotted the relationship between the reactions and the length of building slab under the joint 3
and observed the temperature effect as shown in figures (Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b).
Fig. 4. Reactions vs length plots at selected joint 3

It is observed from the plots that as the length of the building slab is increased the value of
reactions Rx and My are increased. While the value of reactions Ry and Mz have almost
constant. However, the value of Rz is increased and Mx slightly is decreased with increased of
length. In figures (Fig. 5a & 5b) the relationship between the length of building and the reactions
due to temperature load for joint 11 is shown. From the plots, it is observed that when the length
of the building increased the value of reactions Rx and My are increased.
It is also observed that the values of reactions Ry, Mx, and Mz are almost constant with the
increase of length. However, the values of reaction Rz is decreased as the length of building
slab increases.
(a) Rx, Ry and Rz values at Joint 11
(b) Mx, My and Mz values at Joint 11

Fig. 5. Reactions vs length plots at selected Joint 11
In the figures (6a & 6b) the relationship between the reaction due to temperature load and
the length of building for joint 26 is shown. We observe that when the length of the building
increases, the reaction values of Rx and My are increased. Whereas the values of reaction Ry
and Mz are almost constant. However the value of reaction Rz and Mx are decreased when the
length increases.
(a) Rx, Ry and Rz values at joint 26
(b) Mx, My and Mz values at joint 26

Fig. 6. Reactions vs length plots at selected Joint 26
3.4. Effect of high temperature on slab stresses

In this part, that will deal with the thermal stresses (top and bottom stresses) with respect to the
length of building slab. The stresses data record with respect to the length of building slab for
joints (3, 11, and 26) respectively. Fig. 7, represents the stresses results in the graphical
relationship between stresses and length of building slab for the top and bottom faces of slab.
It is found the slab stresses increased with the increase of length of building slab. The top face
subjected to tension and the bottom face subjected to compression at different joints. For the
first model the top and bottom stresses are very close because it in the critical region of slab.
But when the length of building increases the top face increase and bottom face reduce.
(a) Slab Stresses at Joint 3
(b) Slab Stresses for Joint 11
(c) Slab Stresses for Joint 26

Fig. 7. Slab Stresses at Selected Joints
4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that have elevated temperature in summer season. This
elevated temperature causes an additional stress on buildings. For this reason, we studied the
effect of elevated temperature on reinforced concrete buildings. At noon, the effect of
temperature is on the top slab of buildings, because the sun is above the building in that time.
To carry out this study by modeling the building on ETABS software the parameter considered
are the displacements, reactions and slab stresses.
Total 25-models of the building have been studied in the relation between reactions,
displacements and slab stresses with changing building slab length varying from 29.4 m with
increment of 5 m for each model. The reactions and displacements have been studied for three
dimensions: x-axis, y-axis and z-axis directions. The reactions in x-axis direction are more than
reactions in other directions for all the joints, and all reactions increased with the increase of
building length at all joints. For all the studied joint, the moment reactions in y-axis direction
are more than those in the other directions and these values increase with the increases of
building length, while the change in the moment reaction in the other directions with respect of
building length are smaller and almost constant. The change of displacements in y-axis and z-
axis directions are very small and almost constant for all the studied joints with respect of the
change in building length. For all the joints, slab stresses increased with the increase of building
length. Also, the stresses on top face of the slab are more than those in bottom of the slab.
RECOMMENDATION
In the upcoming time, the concept of smart building will be a much discussed phenomena based
on the analysis of recent trend which indicates the center of intelligent service consumption.
The solar panel will also aid in storing energy in battery to power the smart building and electric
cars. This process will help to reduce the energy consumption especially at peak hours and will
also contribute to a healthy environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express their gratitude to the Dean of the College of Engineering and Information
Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Qassim, 51911, Saudi Arabia, for allowing the use of college
facilities for producing this research work.
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Citation: Mohammad Shahiq Khan, Nacer Nacer and Sheroz Khan, Thermal Analysis of RC Building
Using ETABS-Part 1, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 14(5), 2023,
pp. 83-94.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/X78WV
Abstract Link: https://iaeme.com/Home/article_id/IJCIET_14_05_008
Article Link:
https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJCIET/VOLUME_14_ISSUE_5/IJCIET_14_05_008.pdf
Copyright: © 2023 Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING USING

2. DESCRIPTION AND MODELING

Table 2. The dimensions of building

(a) 2D plan of Building

(b) 3 D view of Building

Fig. 1. Selected joints in the Model of building

3.1. Effect of temperature on the building shape

(a) Western side (b) Southern side

Fig. 2. Deformation and Un-deformed shape of building

3.2 Effect of temperature on the joints

(a) Displacements at joint 3

(b) Displacements at joint 11

(c) Displacements at joint 26

3.3. Effect of temperature on the reactions

Fig. 4. Reactions vs length plots at selected joint 3

(a) Rx, Ry and Rz values at Joint 11

(b) Mx, My and Mz values at Joint 11

(a) Rx, Ry and Rz values at joint 26

(b) Mx, My and Mz values at joint 26

3.4. Effect of high temperature on slab stresses

(a) Slab Stresses at Joint 3

(b) Slab Stresses for Joint 11

(c) Slab Stresses for Joint 26

4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Abstract Link: https://iaeme.com/Home/article_id/IJCIET_14_05_008

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