ABSTRACTS

Industrial Chimneys are generally intended to support critical loads produced by

seismic activity and wind. So it is essential to evaluate the dynamic response of
chimney to seismic activity and wind loads. Response to Earthquake and wind are
more critical as chimney is a slender structure. The present paper will analyse the
60m reinforced concrete chimney. Comparison has been made for wind and seismic
analysis. Seismic analysis is done as per IS 1893(part 4): 2005 and wind analysis as
per Draft Code CED38(7892):2013 (Third revision of IS 4998(part 1):1992). Further
study continues on deciding the governing loads for chimneys for the loads
considered.
KEYWORDS: RCC Chimneys, Earthquake loads, Wind loads, Combineddesign loads, Seismic
analysis, Wind analysis, Draft code.
Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1General
Concrete is one of the most significant natural resource products. The use of concrete in the
modern era was the foundation of the nation's construction industry. The local construction
industry growth requires greater concrete quantity, which indirectly increases the need for
greater supply of natural resources for concrete production. A change in cement can be
obtained on the market and each type is used under persuaded illness owing to its unique
characteristics such as cement colour and different way of arrangement. In latest years, there
has been a general trend towards reducing the use of natural resources and the reuse of waste
products. This experiment is to examine the performance of chicken eggshell blended into
eggshell powder as potential replacement and chicken eggshell waste used as a limestone
filler in Portland cement mortar [1]. A handling technique has been created to generate big
amounts of eggshells. Limestone is introduced as replacement of cement. Measurements of
compressive test and flexural strength are performed. Eggshell consists several growing layer
of calcium carbonates. The innermost layer-maxillary 3 layer develops on the outermost egg
membrane and produces the core on which the thickest portion of the eggshell at the palisade
layer. The quality of eggshell waste is strongly affected by the sunlight exposure, raw water
and severe conditions. Before using with concrete or mortar, the fine-grained powder with the
appropriate proportion that is sieved to the required size.

1.2 Problem Statement

 Eggshell is referred to as waste products or by-products from hatcheries and food sectors.
Majority of the eggshell was disposed of in the landfill without any pre-treatment since it is
recognized as useless traditionally. In Malaysia, water disposal and land filling are one of
the severe problems. It is observed that Malaysia has very high consumption of chicken and
eggs among all the Asian countries. The number of landfills and waste disposal increase
significantly from years to years. If the waste disposal did not dispose in a correct way, it
will lead many negative impacts in terms of environmental pollution and water pollution.
Compared to European nations, the use of food waste such as eggshells in Malaysia is very
limited. All the landfill had waste related to aesthetic problem, contamination, landfill gas
or odour problems. Almost all the waste is disposed using landfill method and majority of
the sites have poor management. Discovered an alarming increase in the dumping site in
Malaysia, which encouraged the Malaysian government to open up more dumping sites
resulting in soil scarcity. Land scarcity has dramatically increased the price of landfill.
Identify material from waste and use it in concrete production in construction industry could
be a wide idea and bringing a lot of benefits as Portland cement is very costly, energy
intensive and produce great amounts of carbon emission

1.3. Aim and Objective

1.3.1 Aim
To investigate the probability of egg shell as a partial substitute for cement in concrete block.

1.3.2 Objectives-
1. To study optimum mix proportion of egg shell as partial substitute for cement in
concrete
2. Detailed study of Egg shell required for partial replacement of cement in concrete.
 Discussions
1) Stresses at the Plate on Top of Chimney
2)Stresses at the Plate on Bottom of Chimney
3)Loading Diagram
4)Deflection of Chimney
5)Max. stresses due to dead load on Chimney
6)Max. stresses due to temperature load on Chimney
 Chapter 3
Methodology
1. Design Advantages: The design concept significantly simplifies construction of a chimney,
which offers a number of distinct advantages over a conventional chimney design with a
separate flue. 1.1A shorter construction time: Building of the chimney consists of
construction of the concrete column only. When a slip form is used for construction, time to
build the column may be reduced to less than 2 months for a typical 200 meter high chimney.
Since no additional supports for a flue need to be incorporated in the concrete shell, the
design is further simplified, aiding reliability of the construction process. 1.2 Lower
maintenance: Due to the simplification of the design, there are fewer items to maintain.
Together with the chimney flue, flue supports, insulation, expansion joints are eliminated.
1.3Greater suitability for seismic regions: Elimination of the internal flue removes a large
mass from the chimney. A steel liner in a typical 200 meter high chimney would weigh about
500 tons, while a borosilicate glass block lining on the concrete shell would only weigh about
80 tons sharply reducing the horizontal loads induced by earthquake movements. Even when
the concrete would be loaded beyond its tensile force and develop small cracks, the chimney
would be kept gas tight by the lining system (i). Fig 2. Methodology. 1.4 Flexibility in
operating conditions: Borosilicate glass is one of the few materials that is completely resistant
to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid without limitation for temperature or concentration. A
power station may therefore choose to run at full wet stack operation or full by-pass and
switch between the two. The borosilicate glass block lining system consists of borosilicate
glass blocks of a closed cellular structure, cut to a typical size of 6”x9”x2”. Cutting the
blocks leaves a roughened surface structure that aids in reduction of the condensate film
thickness. This reduction of the condensate film thickness reduces the chance of
reentrainment of droplets into the gas stream, allowing higher wet flue gas velocities (ii). 6.
Lower cost: All advantages mentioned earlier will result in a chimney that requires lower
initial investment costs and lower maintenance cost during its service life. 2. Temperature
Effects: Chimney structures are vertical cantilevered shells pierced by openings where
necessary and subjected to large temperature gradients. The principle specialized problems
concerning chimneys arise from the thermal and corrosive effects of the elevated
temperatures and differential temperature movements between concrete and the insulating
materials. High temperature flue gases give rise to insulation and movement problems, while
low temperature gases induces difficulties due to acid condensation. These effects necessitate
the protection of the concrete from elevated temperatures and differential temperature
movements between concrete and the insulating materials. Temperature gradient induced
vertical and circumferential stresses can be determined after establishing the magnitude of the
thermal gradient. The concrete shell of a chimney has to withstand the effects of a thermal
gradient prevailing across its thickness. As a result of such temperature gradient, vertical and
circumferential stresses are developed whose values can be determined after establishing the
magnitude of the thermal gradient under steady state conditions. As per the CICIND Model
code for chimneys, the effects of temperature differences between the inner and outer faces of
the concrete shell should be calculated for the steady state heat flow. The characteristic value
of the flue gas temperature should be determined from the given operational conditions and
controls. The characteristic value of the ambient temperature should be taken as the regional
average minimum temperature for the two coolest months of the year.
 Chapter 4

Results and Discussions

Chapter 5

Conclusion
Future Work
1)The changes in the dimensions may have the influence on the dynamic properties of chimneys.
Chimneys are the structures which are built to greater heights as tall slender structures.

2) In early days, as household vents and over the years; they are popularly known as chimneys.
Chimneys or stacks are used as a medium to transfer highly contaminated polluted gases to
atmosphere at greater heights.

3) For the development of large scale industries all over the country, enormous numbers of tall
structures all over the design every year and proper care is to be taken for the design of chimneys.
Reference
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[2] Aleksandar M. Simonovic, Slobodan N. Stupar, Ognjen M. Pekovic, “Stress Distribution as a Cause
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[3] Prof.Wakchaure M.R., Sapate S.V, Kuwar B.B. , Kulkarni P.S., “Cost Optimization of Reinforced
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 Acknowledgement
This is not included only to complete the formalities as per tradition. Everything in life is
achieved by collective efforts and perseverance of many people. The happiness on successful
completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the people, whose constant
support and guidance crowned my efforts with success. It’s a great pleasure and moment of
immense satisfaction for me to express my profound gratitude to my guide Prof. Agarchand
Kawale whose constant encouragement enabled us to work enthusiastically. His perpetual
motivation, patience, and excellent expertise in discussion during progress of the project work
have benefited us to an extent. We would like to give special thank Dr. Priyanka Salunkhe
Head from Department of Civil Engineering, Terna Engineering College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai,
for his great support and encouragement. I am thankful to Dr. L.K.Ragha, Principal, Terna
Engineering College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai for providing an outstanding academic
environment. I put on the record sentiments of deepest gratitude for their invaluable suggestion
and guidance from time to time. Last but not the least; I would also like to thank all my family
for their support and friends those who directly or indirectly helped me in completion of my
work.

Pranjal
Mukherjee

Tejas
Suryawanshi

Anjali Bhusara

Rithik Kadam