DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Structural Engineering
(Theory)
Mid-Term Paper

SUBMITTED TO: Engr.Mubashir

SUBMITTED BY: Ahmed Ali

ROLL NO: BCEF16E025

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, SARGODHA  

 Mid-Term Paper

Table of Contents

The concrete an outstanding fire proofing material

Abstract:.....................................................................................................................................2
1. INTRODUCTION:.............................................................................................................2
2. Behavior of members at high temperature..........................................................................4
A. Behavior of concrete at high temperature :..............................................................................4
B. Behavior of steel at high temperature:......................................................................................4
3. PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE CONCRETE IN FIRE CASE:............................5
4. FACTORS LEADING TO FAILURE OF STRUCTURE IN CASE OF FIRE:................5
A. The phases of burning :.............................................................................................................5
B. Spalling :....................................................................................................................................5
C. Cracking :...................................................................................................................................6
5. TEST METHODS TO EVALUATE RESULT OF FIRE ON DAMAGED CONCRETE6
A. Visual Inspection........................................................................................................................7
C. Ultrasonic Scanning...................................................................................................................7
D. Core Sampling and Testing........................................................................................................8
E. Residual Strength of Steel..........................................................................................................8
6. EFFECTS OF FIRE ON CONCRETE (CASE STUDY)...................................................8
7. SOME ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE FIRE SAFETY...........................9
A. Fire Wall and Barrier Wall..........................................................................................................9
B. Fire Door..................................................................................................................................10
C. Protection against penetration................................................................................................10
8. Conclusion:.......................................................................................................................10
9. References:........................................................................................................................12

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 The concrete an outstanding fire proofing material
Abstract:

Concrete is versatile material in field of construction as it is good resisting

material. It has great power against fire, temperature conductivity, and water seepage.
However in RC structures steel causes damage due to fire. Concrete make structures more
durable and long lasting and provide good resistivity against thermal conductivity and fire
conditions. However concrete structure must be carefully design for fire resistance so that
structural components must face fire conditions and save structure from collapsing .It has
been seen In world trade center incident structure was perfectly designed against impact loads
but the damage was mainly due the fact that there was no consideration in design for fire
resistance. The properties of concrete must be checked and analyzed properly before used in
fire occurring area or area where temperature is more. In this research study effect of fire on
concrete and its damaging effect has been discussed ad remedies has been proposed to
increase fire resistance of structure. There are discussed some solution to make cost effective
fire resistance structures from concrete. The fire proofing property of concrete is mainly due
to its constituents from which it is made like cement and aggregate. They have good
resistance against fire.

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 1. INTRODUCTION:

The remarkable flame(fire-proof) resistant execution of concrete is expected to concrete's

essential materials (cement andiaggregate) which, when artificially consolidated inside solid
concrete, structure a material that is inactive and has generally not good warm conductivity.
Completely created ignition flume cause extension of basic segments and the subsequent
burdens and strains must be stood up to. In 1988, the "DevelopmentiProductsiDirective" gave
by the Council of theIEuropean Communities perceived fire wellbeing as one of the six basic
necessities which developments works must fulfil. Subject upon the proposed utilization of
the civil structure, building guidelines propose various degrees of compartmentation in
various sorts of working to assess the imaginable danger of fire in a specific structure type in
the world. A generally new strategy for deciding fire introduction utilized by fire insurance
engineers is to initially figure the fire load thickness in a compartment. At that point, in view
of the ventilation conditions and an accepted wellspring of burning, the compartment
temperature is resolved at different occasions. Another calculate considered the examination
is the impact of dynamic fire security frameworks for example sprinklers or fire detachments
on the development of the fire. Standard practice for fire-harmed concrete requires that
seriously fire influenced concrete be taken from the steel fortification and pre-focusing on
ligaments, to a profundity of at any rate one bar measurement. The eliminated concrete is
then supplanted with polymer changed cementitious materials or cementitious fix materials.
This activity is cultivated either by utilization of a hand scoop or by showering the materials
onto the surface. The warm properties that impact temperature rise and dissemination in a
solid basic part are warm conductivity, explicit warmth, warm diffusivity, and mass
misfortune. The warm diffusivity of a material is characterized as the proportion of warm
conductivity to the volumetric explicit warmth of the material. It gauges the pace of warmth
move from an uncovered surface of a material to inward layers. The bigger the diffusivity,
the quicker the temperature ascend at a specific profundity in the material [8], [9]. Warm
conductivity can be decreased by utilizing lightweight totals and glass rises instead of typical
totals. The heap bearing obstruction of the development can be expected for a predetermined
timeframe. Compressive quality of concrete at a raised temperature is of essential enthusiasm
for heat proof plan. The quality debasement in high quality concrete is conflicting and there
are huge varieties in quality misfortune, as announced by different creators. Concrete ought

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to be made in controlled conditions to limit the elements that may influence the warm
extension coefficient, for instance the relative dampness. The blend extent of the solid ought
to likewise be firmly directed, particularly the water-concrete proportion .Research indicated
that expansion of steel filaments to High Performance Concrete prompted an impressive
improvement in static and dynamic modulus of versatility. Pilot scale probes concrete and
strengthened concrete basic components are expected to give fundamental approval
information to computational demonstrating. Thickness of concrete is typically partitioned
into two significant gatherings: (1) ordinary weight concretes with densities lies in this
particular ranges 2250 to 2550 3; and (2) concretes which are less in weight with densities
somewhere in the range of 1250 and 1750 3. At the point when the encompassing
temperature increases, dampness of the concrete reduces. This results in a decline in the
thickness (density) of concrete in structure. The maintenance in weight of concrete at raised
temperatures is profoundly affected by the sort of aggregate utilized. Thickness you can say
mass per unit volume and workability of the new concrete like freshly made concrete is
essentially influence its imperviousness to fire. Concrete having less weight used in structures
is more impervious to fire than typical normal weight concrete because of lower decrease in
quality at greater temperature due to intrinsic solidness. They give more protection because of
improved warm conductivity.

2. Behavior of members at high temperature

A. Behavior of concrete at high temperature :

When the temperature rises upto 2,500 Celsius, the phenomenon of spalling occurs.
When the temperature exceeds 300 Celsius, the strength of the concrete starts
reducing. Above, 550 Celsius, the concrete is subjected to creep and it results
negatively for its bearing capacity. Above 600 Celsius, the functioning of the material
doesn't remain proper and doesn't work upto its full potential. A significant damage is
considered at the region close to fire point. Resistance in fire generally refers to the
duration in which a passive protectivity can resist the effects of burning.

B. Behavior of steel at high temperature:

The reinforcing steel requires to be safeguarded from high heating. (upto three hundred
Celsius). It is due to the fact that it steel with less ratio of carbon shows brittle behaviour in

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this temperature range. The responsive behavior of both, steel and concrete is similar upto
tempertaure range of four hundred Celsius.

Larger values of temperature yields a considerable amount of expanding in steel structures as

compared to that of concrete. The loss of strength because of high temperature is
comparatively low in good strength steel as compared to prestressed one.

3. PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE CONCRETE IN FIRE

CASE:

A study analysis on material behaviours in fire cases suggest that fire response of High-
strength steel is dependent on different parameters. The main factors influencing this are it's
resistance in compression, moisture ratio, extent of burning, size of component, placement of
reinforcing bars, load to be beared, coarse material used in concrete and water cement
proportion. If the strength of RC exceeds 55 mega pascals, the material is more vulnerable to
be subjected to spall. Resultantly, the ability to counter the fire also reduces. Moreover, if the
low weighted aggregates are used in concrete formation, the chances to spall are significantly
higher. This is due to the presence of more free water particles that are enhancing the vapour
pressure under burning environment. If the cross-ties are provided in the RC, it also helps in
enhancing resistance against fire cases. If the concrete is subjected to loading, in this cases
the loss in strength is lesser than in the case of concrete subjected to no load. Two kinds of
aggregates are used generally, carbonate aggregates offer greater response against burning
conditions. It also provides significant resistivity against spall as compared to siliceious
aggregates. Moreover, the presence of lime stone also provides decent resistance against
burning. If the presence of aggregate quantity is higher, the fall in compressive strength is
lower as compared to the concrete with higher ratio of aggregate.

4. FACTORS LEADING TO FAILURE OF STRUCTURE IN CASE

OF FIRE:
In a review study, 22 types of fire were recognised to contribute in the failure of multistorey
building. Major reasons were as under :

A. The phases of burning :

The speed at which the fire spreads is dependent on the percentage composition of the fuel
being burnt, direction, the provision of air and heat etc.

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 B. Spalling :

This process can considerably decrease the cover of concrete in the steel in the RC. In this
way, the steel becomes vulnerable to the heat and ultimately the strength reduces.

C. Cracking :
A case study was conducted on this phenomenon, keeping in view the depths at which the
cracks are formed. The depths relative to the temperature. The cracks prolonging deeper than
30 millimeters were due to short duration of heat.

5. TEST METHODS TO EVALUATE RESULT OF FIRE ON

DAMAGED CONCRETE

The most well-known test approach for deciding resistance to fire in the United States is the
ASTM Standard E 119 Test techniques for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
To help keep building fires from dispersal and safe lives and belongings, construction laws
demand that divider, segments, rooftops, and floor/roof gatherings in delicate areas convey
specific fire demand protection. In ASTM E-119 tests, examples of tried investigation
methods are presented to controlled warmth until one of the associated happens in such a
way: the normal temperature probable on the unexposed side of the case in point increment
by 250° F; warmth, fire, or gases smash to the unexposed side; or the model crumples under
the mass. To meet all necessities for fire appraisal of 1 hour or more, examples additionally
should finish a hose stream assessment to imitate firefighting conditions. There are two
alternative for the hose stream bit of the test—one utilizing a copy example that has been
presented to warm for just a large portion of the necessary time which is half and one utilize
the example that has quite recently passed the whole warmth term. As testing each possible
blend of unit size, shape, and center territory is infeasible, the standard business practice is to

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deal the immunity to fire of untested cement by the comparable thickness technique. Utilizing
data producers give on the substance and proportionate thickness of specific stone work units,
creators can counsel standard tables or perform straightforward demonstrating to decide a
particular get together's fire resistance rating. The time temperature curvature given by
ASTM E 119 is given in figure.

A. Visual Inspection

The visual assessment of the fire subjective structure and the status of a portion of the
segments of the structure, for example, considering aluminum, glass sheets, and so on after
the fire recommend the estimated temperature to which the structure was oppressed.

C. Ultrasonic Scanning

The UPV (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity) judgment as shown in figure is one of the different non-
dangerous test techniques used to assess solid stiffness and all the more for the most part
the degree of damage in the material. Specifically, the speed of sound in concrete is an
excellent warm harm marker to account destruction, because of its affectability to any
difference of values in the Young's modulus. At the point when cement is offered to fire in
test, the expansion of temperature in the more deep layers of the material is fairly moderate

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and reformist. Along these lines (because of the fairly low warm diffusivity of solid), this
cycle produces huge temperature slopes between the external and internal layers of some
random concrete structure (for example between the surface and the center). UPV method
may likewise be applied to decide the decreased nature of cement by methods for backhanded
or direct procedures on centers.

D. Core Sampling and Testing

Tests on center examples revitalize direct proof on lingering compressive and temperature to
which the solid part is expose to during fire. The beat speed estimations of these center
examples can be contrast with verify the assessed temperature and the accuracy of assessment
of the complexity of harmed concrete. Studies on center examples uncover that their
thickness and compressive quality allow a connection which assists with affirming the
assessed temperature.

E. Residual Strength of Steel

Yield and ultimate strength is tested for the remaining parts of concrete from different
locations. It give an aproximate value about member temperature to which it was exposed in
fire condition.

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 6. EFFECTS OF FIRE ON CONCRETE (CASE STUDY)

A run of the mill floor was two-way crossing, 285mm profound waffle piece upheld by the
solid center, inward RC segments with extra 365mm profound steel I-shafts and steel border
sections. Initially, the edge segments and inner steel radiates were left unprotected as per the
Spanish construction law at the time of development. The Windsor Tower was totally
destructed by the fire on 17 February, 2004. A huge bit of the floor sections over the
seventeenth floor logically downfall during the fire when the unprotected steel border
segments on the upper levels clasped and fallen.

7. SOME ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE FIRE

SAFETY

Fire safety engineers use to develop building in the use of science and designing standards to
shield individuals and their surroundings from the dangerous impacts of fire and smoke.
Fundamental standards of fire designing are: progression of activities; property security and
life security. Fire insurance is the exercises and practice of palliating the pointless impacts of
flames. A few techniques are utilized to shield concrete from fire. Protecting board
frameworks through gypsum board and calcium silicate board are being used on very large
scale. Furthermore, man-made mineral fiber frameworks are utilized now and again. Fire
dividers, fire wall or hindrance dividers or entrance insurance may likewise be used in case of
emergency.

A. Fire Wall and Barrier Wall

Firewall is an detached fire insurance framework that has ensured openings. This divider
figure stretches out constantly from the establishment to or through the rooftop in a pattern.
normally, it is situated as per the locally material construction standard. Motivation behind
firewall is to partition a structure into discrete fire territories with the goal that it assure that

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no fire will be spread more from one side to the other side. An obstruction divider is planned
to restrict the spread of fire and smoke from a controlled fire as shown in figure.

B. Fire Door

A "fire entry" is the designed door entrance that is tried and inclined to stop fire as it happen.
Smoke start passing in a maaner around the door.

C. Protection against penetration

Moving in depth element include steel, ferrous or pipes of copper, rounded tubes. Flame
resistance wall and item having annular space must be specified to keep the flume
resistance rating with concrete filling items like concrete ,gout used in concrete or mortar
as shown in figure. Division in structures by its elements avoid spread of fire horizontally
and vertically. Earthquake having fire impact is huge treat to engineering structures that are
little bit demolished even before earthquake and leads to total collapse quickly. Test results
assured the strong need for the combination of FFE into the process of analysis and design
of structures.

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 8. Conclusion:

In this review paper, I have summarized reasons of damage and failure in concrete structures.
The main concern of the study was the damage caused by fire. Different techniques to
enhance fire resistance of concrete structure is also studied. Different material which are good
for fire resistance are also studied to enhance the fire resentencing property of concrete.
Sustainability of these materials were also considered in the study. After this study, findings
are as given below:

 The use of Styrofoam and light weighted concrete showed reduction in thermal
diffusivity in concrete.
 Light weighted concrete has more fire resisting property. So, the use of light weighted
aggregate will reduce the overall weight of concrete. Hence, improving its resisting
capability against fire.
 The use of polypropene can reduce the breaking of HS concrete members.
 The use of steel increases the values of tensile strength and elastic modulus of
concrete structure. In this condition steel performs well against fire.
 In design, there should be less spacing between reinforcement in transverse direction.

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9. References:

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