Topic

Classification of Materials
Basic Electronics
PHY-323
BS Software Engineering
Semester : 2nd
SPRING 2023

Resource Person
Dr. M. Zeshan Yaqoob
Lecturer in Physics
Department of Physics,

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 Lecture Outline
 Electronic Materials
• Electronic conductivity of materials
 Insulators
 Conductor
 Semiconductors
• Tuning of Electronic conductivity
 Microscopic View of Materials
 Band Theory & Solids
 Band diagrams and classification of materials

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 Electronic Materials
The materials which are capable of electronic properties are known as electronic
materials. The materials can be categorized in to three ways on the basis of
electronic properties

- - - - - - Material

Conductors Semiconductors Insulators

C, Si, Ge, Sn & GaAs etc

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 Electronic Conductivity of Materials
Consider a current carrying wire of length “L” and Current
correctional
area “A” as depicted in circuit diagram. Material
A
The conductivity of the material can be computed as follow:
According to the definition of current, L
……………………(1)
where is time required for electronics to pass through the whole
material, and is total no. of charges present in the material.
………………………(2)
from , we get
……………………….(3)
Using eq. (2) & (3), the eq. (1), we get
……………………(4)

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 Electronic Conductivity of Materials
As drift velocity is given as , eq.(4) becomes ……………………(4)
……………………(5)
Current density ()is defines as current per unit area, , by using eq. 5, we get
……………………(6)
As per definition of microscopic form of ohm’s law,
……………………(7)
On comparing with eq.(6) & eq.(7), we get

𝑵 ∗ 𝒆 ∗ 𝝁𝒆
𝝈=
𝑨∗ 𝑳
Or

Where,

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 Dependence of Electronic Conductivity
Current
Material

Conductivity ()

Charge Density
Electron Mobility of
/Charge
charge value Charges
Concentration

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 Electronic Conductivity & Materials

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 Tuning of Electronic Conductivity

Mobility of Charges ( ) Thermal Treatment

Conductivity Electron charge value () Not Possible

Doping
Charge Concentration ()
(Impurity)

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 Microscopic view of materials

Atom

Material

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 Bands formation in Solids

Filled Band Band consists electrons of inner shell.

Valence Band Band consists of electrons of valence shell.

Conduction Band Band consists of free electrons.

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 Band diagrams & Materials

3- Semiconductor
2- Conductor
1- Insulator
• Semiconductors have very narrow bandgap
•• •Valence
Conductors
Insulators have
band have
and zero
very bandgap
large
conductionbandgap
band don’t overlap.
•• •Electrons
valenceband
Valence band
can andconduction
and
easily conduction
move banddon’t
fromband overlap.
valence overlap.
band to conduction band by the aid of
• •external
Electrons
Electrons arenot
are
energy. free toatmove
free
Even toroom
movefrom valence
from band
valence
temperature. to conduction
band band.
to conduction band.
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 Concluding Remarks
In this lecture, we have learned about the electronic classification
of materials, how to compute the electronic conductivity of a
material & microscopic properties of solids.

We also discuss about the energy band theory of solids and study
the energy band diagrams to differentiate the conductor,
insulators and semiconductors.

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 Topics for Upcoming Lecture
Basics of Semiconductors

Why we prefer semiconductors?

Tunability of semiconductors

Device fabrication by semiconductors

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 Questions &
Answers
Interactive session
 Zoom Meeting
 WhatsApp Group
 YouTube Comment Section

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