2021 research planing and report writing.

Qa. Explain components of a thesis, what are essential points

need to write under introduction section

Qb. Describe what is review of literature, its six steps and what is
its significance for a research Mention ten motivational points
for research and innovation

Qc. Describe a trapezoidal organization und also provide main

points while composing discussion

Qd. Provide five suitable titles you would like to choose for
research thesis.

Q2. Explain referencing, how you can cite references in the text
and under literature citation; write down the

proper references of the following: a.Agro-morphological

characterization and molecular analysis of lettuce, Noor Fatima,
MPhil, Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, session 2018-
20. Pages 1-117. 2. b.Principles and techniques of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Edited by Keith Wilson and John Walker,
seventh edition, Cambridge University Press, UK, pages 1-744. 3.

c. Alleviating the deleterious effects of salt stress on wheat

(Triticum aestivum L.) By foliar application of gibberellic acid
and salicylic acid by Muhanumad Sajjad Iqbal, Muhammad Akbar,
Muhammad Salman, Rani Mustafa, Jalil Bin Qadir, Rahat
Shahzadi, Amir Shahzad and Falak Sher, Pacific Journal of
Biology, 2020,

Q4. Describe research proposal, provide detail about important

components of a research proposal

Q. 5: Attempt essay question any one out of two: a) Provide

detail about conclusion and recommendation, further write ten
different types of recommendations

What is the significance of research work presentation, provide

detailed points need to be remember during an ideal
presentation.

Qa. Explain components of a thesis, what are essential points

need to write under introduction section

A thesis is a formal document that presents the author's

research and findings on a particular topic. The components of a
thesis typically include the following:

1. Title Page: Includes the title of the thesis, author's name,

institution, department, and date of submission.

2. Abstract: Provides a brief summary of the research objectives,

methods, findings, and conclusions.

3. Table of Contents: Lists the main sections and subsections of

the thesis, along with their page numbers.

4. Introduction: Sets the context for the research, provides

background information, states the research problem or
question, and outlines the objectives and significance of the
study.

5. Literature Review: Reviews the existing literature and studies

relevant to the research topic, highlighting the gaps and
limitations that the current study aims to address.

6. Methodology: Describes the research design, data collection

methods, sample size, data analysis techniques, and any ethical
considerations.

7. Results: Presents the findings of the research, typically

through tables, graphs, or descriptive analyses.

8. Discussion: Analyzes and interprets the results, compares

them with the existing literature, and provides explanations or
hypotheses for the findings.

9. Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings, highlights their

implications, and suggests areas for further research.

10. References: Provides a list of all the sources cited in the

thesis, following a specific referencing style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices: Includes any additional materials or data that

are relevant to the research but not included in the main body of
the thesis.

In the introduction section, it is essential to include the following

points:

1. Background: Provide some context and background

information on the research topic.

2. Research Problem: Clearly state the problem or question that

the research aims to address.

3. Objectives: Outline the specific objectives or goals of the

research.

4. Significance: Explain why the research is important and how it

contributes to the existing knowledge in the field.

5. Scope: Define the scope or boundaries of the research,

including any limitations or constraints.

6. Overview: Provide a brief overview of the structure of the

thesis, highlighting what each section will cover.

Review of literature is a critical evaluation and analysis of

existing published research and scholarly articles relevant to a
particular research topic. It serves several purposes, including:

1. Identifying Knowledge Gaps: Helps identify the gaps and

limitations in the existing literature that the current research
aims to address.

2. Building a Theoretical Framework: Provides a theoretical

foundation and context for the research, helping to establish the
conceptual framework.

3. Evaluating Methodologies: Assesses the strengths and

weaknesses of different research methodologies used in
previous studies.

4. Supporting Hypotheses or Research Questions: Supports or

refutes the hypotheses or research questions based on existing
empirical evidence.

5. Identifying Key Concepts and Constructs: Identifies the key

concepts, constructs, or variables that have been studied in
previous research.

6. Providing Guidance for Research Design: Helps guide the

selection of appropriate research design, methodologies, and
data collection methods for the current study.

Ten motivational points for research and innovation could

include:

1. Curiosity and the desire to explore new ideas and knowledge.

2. Personal passion and genuine interest in a specific field or

topic.
3. The opportunity to make a positive impact on society or
contribute to scientific advancements.

4. Intellectual stimulation and the challenge of solving complex

problems.

5. Recognition and professional growth opportunities.

6. Collaboration and the chance to work with other experts in the

field.

7. Innovation and the ability to create something new or improve

existing processes.

8. Personal and professional satisfaction derived from making

significant discoveries or breakthroughs.

9. Pursuit of personal or academic goals and aspirations.

10. The joy of learning and acquiring new skills or knowledge.

A trapezoidal organization is a type of organizational structure

where the decision-making authority is shared between the top
management and the middle-level management. In this structure,
the top management makes strategic decisions, while the
middle-level management is responsible for implementing those
decisions and making operational decisions.

When composing a discussion section, the following main

points should be considered:
1. Interpretation of Findings: Explain the relationships and
patterns observed in the results, and compare them with the
existing literature.

2. Address Research Questions: Discuss how the findings

contribute to answering the research questions or addressing
the research objectives.

3. Evaluate Hypotheses: Determine whether the results support

or reject the hypotheses formulated in the study.

4. Limitations: Acknowledge any limitations or weaknesses in

the research methodology or data collection process.

5. Alternative Explanations: Discuss any alternative explanations

or potential confounding factors that could influence the results.

6. Implications and Recommendations: Highlight the practical

implications of the findings and suggest recommendations for
further research or application in the field.

Five suitable titles for a research thesis could be:

1. "Exploring the Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior:

A Quantitative Analysis"

2. "The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership

Effectiveness: An Empirical Study"
3. "Examining the Relationship between Employee Engagement
and Organizational Performance"

4. "The Effects of Financial Education on Personal Financial

Management: A Longitudinal Study"

5. "Understanding the Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial

Success: A Comparative Analysis"

Referencing is the practice of acknowledging and citing the

sources that have been used in a research paper or thesis. There
are different ways to cite references in the text, depending on
the referencing style being followed. Some common methods
include in-text citations with the author's last name and the year
of publication, or using superscript numbers that correspond to
the reference list.

The proper references for the examples provided are:

a. Fatima, N. (2018-20). Agro-morphological characterization

and molecular analysis of lettuce. MPhil thesis, Department of
Botany, University of Gujrat, pp. 1-117.

b. Wilson, K., & Walker, J. (Eds.) (2019). Principles and

techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (7th ed.).
Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 1-744.
c. Iqbal, M. S., Akbar, M., Salman, M., Mustafa, R., Qadir, J. B.,
Shahzadi, R., Shahzad, A., & Sher, F. (2020). Alleviating the
deleterious effects of salt stress on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
by foliar application of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid. Pacific
Journal of Biology, 22(1), 1-10.

A research proposal is a document that outlines the plan and

objectives for conducting a research study. Important
components of a research proposal include:

1. Title: Provides a clear and concise title for the research

project.

2. Introduction: Describes the background and significance of

the research topic, states the research problem, and highlights
the research objectives.

3. Literature Review: Summarizes the existing literature related

to the research topic, highlighting the gaps and limitations.

4. Research Questions or Hypotheses: Clearly states the

research questions or hypotheses that the study aims to answer
or test.

5. Methodology: Outlines the research design, data collection

methods, data analysis techniques, and any ethical
considerations.
6. Significance and Expected Outcomes: Describes the potential
significance and benefits of the research, as well as the
expected outcomes or contributions to the existing knowledge.

7. Timeline: Provides a detailed timetable or schedule for the

research, including key milestones and deliverables.

8. Budget: Specifies the estimated budget required for

conducting the research, including any funding sources or grants
applied for.

9. Limitations and Challenges: Identifies any potential limitations

or challenges that may arise during the research process and
how they will be addressed.

10. References: Includes a list of all the sources cited in the

research proposal, following a specific referencing style (e.g.,
APA, MLA).

The conclusion and recommendation section of a research

paper or thesis is the final section that summarizes the main
findings and provides suggestions or guidance based on those
findings. Ten different types of recommendations that could be
included are:

1. Practical Recommendations: Provide specific actions or

strategies that can be implemented based on the research
findings.
2. Policy Recommendations: Suggest changes to existing
policies or regulations based on the research results.

3. Further Research Recommendations: Identify areas or

questions for future research that could build upon the current
study.

4. Educational Recommendations: Propose changes or

improvements to educational programs or curricula based on
the research findings.

5. Organizational Recommendations: Offer suggestions for

improving organizational processes or practices based on the
research outcomes.

6. Social or Behavioral Change Recommendations: Recommend

interventions or initiatives to promote social or behavioral
change based on the research results.

7. Technological Recommendations: Propose the adoption or

development of new technologies or innovations based on the
research findings.

8. Environmental Recommendations: Suggest actions or policies

to address environmental issues or promote sustainability
based on the research outcomes.

9. Health or Medical Recommendations: Provide guidance or

suggestions for improving health outcomes or medical practices
based on the research results.

10. Economic Recommendations: Offer suggestions for

improving economic conditions or promoting economic growth
based on the research findings.

The significance of research work presentation lies in its ability

to effectively communicate the research findings, methods, and
implications to the audience. It allows researchers to share their
work with peers, professionals, and the wider academic
community. Some important points to remember during an ideal
research work presentation are:

1. Clear Structure: Organize the presentation in a logical and

coherent manner, with a clear introduction, main body, and
conclusion.

2. Engaging Introduction: Capture the audience's attention from

the beginning by stating the research question or objective and
its significance.

3. Visual Aids: Use visual aids such as tables, graphs, and

images to enhance understanding and engagement.

4. Concise and Clear Language: Use simple and concise

language to explain complex concepts, avoiding jargon or
technical terms that may be unfamiliar to the audience.

5. Time Management: Be mindful of time constraints and ensure

the presentation stays within the allocated time.

6. Practice and Rehearsal: Practice the presentation multiple

times to ensure fluency, clarity, and confidence in delivering the
content.

7. Eye Contact and Body Language: Maintain eye contact with

the audience, use gestures and body language to enhance
communication and express confidence.

8. Engage the Audience: Encourage audience participation by

asking questions, inviting feedback, or providing opportunities
for discussion.

9. Highlight Key Findings: Emphasize the main findings and their

implications, focusing on the most relevant and impactful
aspects of the research.

10. Conclude Effectively: Summarize the main points and

conclude the presentation with a clear and concise summary of
the research outcomes and potential future directions.

2022

a. Define the terms 'Research problem' and 'Hypothesis'. What is

the difference between these two?

b. Why it is important to write 'conclusions' at the end of

research paper or project.

C. Describe various steps of data analysis.

d. What is 'plagiarism'; explain its significance for good research

report.

Q. 2: Elaborate in detail the difference between good and poor

quality research. How can research quality be improved at
university level?

Q. 3:- At what stage of research planning, the statistical analysis

should be decided and why? Give examples of three statistical
tests to show its application on various supposed data.

Q. 4:- Your topic of research is to improve crop production with

less water use. Give research plan in detail to carryout this
investigation.

Q. 5:- Write a comprehensive note on research design. Give

examples two different research designs along with its
significance and output.

Q. 6:- Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative research.

In which type, 'review of literature' and 'ethnic statement' is most
important?

a. A research problem refers to an area of concern or issue that

requires further investigation. It is a statement that identifies the
gap in knowledge or understanding which the research aims to
address. On the other hand, a hypothesis is a statement or
proposition that suggests a possible explanation or relationship
between two or more variables in a research study. It is an
educated guess or prediction that can be tested through
research.

The main difference between a research problem and a

hypothesis is that a research problem focuses on identifying the
gap or area of concern that needs investigation, while a
hypothesis is a potential solution or explanation for that problem.
In other words, a research problem sets the stage for the
research, while a hypothesis offers a potential answer to the
research problem.

b. It is important to write conclusions at the end of a research

paper or project because they provide a summary of the key
findings, implications, and recommendations that emerged from
the study. Conclusions help to tie together the various sections
of the research paper and provide closure to the study. They also
allow readers to understand the significance of the research and
its potential impact on the field or topic of study.

c. The steps of data analysis typically involve the following:

1. Data Cleaning: This involves reviewing and cleaning the
collected data to ensure accuracy and consistency.

2. Data Coding: The process of assigning numerical or

categorical codes to different variables or responses in the data.

3. Data Entry: The data is entered into a computer program,

spreadsheet, or statistical software for further analysis.

4. Descriptive Statistics: This involves summarizing and

presenting the data using measures such as mean, median,
mode, standard deviation, etc.

5. Inferential Statistics: This involves using statistical tests to

make inferences or draw conclusions about the population
based on the sample data.

6. Data Interpretation: The results of the data analysis are

interpreted, and conclusions and insights are drawn based on
the findings.

d. Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's work, ideas,

or words as one's own without giving proper credit or
acknowledgement. In the context of a research report,
plagiarism can have serious consequences and is considered a
breach of academic integrity. It undermines the originality and
credibility of the research and can lead to academic penalties or
loss of reputation.

Plagiarism is highly significant for a good research report

because it goes against the principles of honest and ethical
research. A good research report relies on accurate and original
information, and plagiarism undermines the integrity of the
research process. It is important to properly attribute and cite all
sources used in the research report to give credit to the original
authors and to avoid plagiarism.

Q. 2:

The difference between good and poor quality research lies in

several factors such as the thoroughness of the research design,
the adequacy of data collection and analysis methods, the
validity and reliability of the findings, and the overall contribution
to knowledge in the field.

Good quality research is characterized by a well-designed

research design that addresses a clear research problem or
objective. It involves a thorough literature review to identify gaps
and build on existing knowledge. Good research also uses
appropriate data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews,
or experiments, and involves a sufficient sample size to provide
reliable results. The analysis of data is conducted using
appropriate statistical techniques, and the findings are
presented in a clear and logical manner. Good quality research
also presents novel or significant findings that contribute to the
field and are supported by strong evidence.

On the other hand, poor quality research often suffers from

flaws in the research design, such as a vague research problem
or lack of rigor in data collection methods. It may have a limited
literature review or inadequate analysis methods that result in
unreliable or biased findings. Poor quality research may also
lack a clear structure or logical flow, making it difficult to
understand or follow. Additionally, it may present findings that
are not novel or significant and do not contribute to the existing
body of knowledge.

To improve research quality at the university level, several steps

can be taken. First, providing comprehensive training and
guidance on research methods and design can help students
develop strong research skills. Encouraging students to critically
evaluate and analyze existing research can also enhance their
understanding of good quality research. Additionally, promoting
collaboration and mentorship between faculty and students can
help students learn from experienced researchers and receive
feedback on their work. Regular feedback and evaluation of
research projects can also identify areas for improvement and
guide students towards conducting high-quality research.

Q. 3:

The statistical analysis should be decided during the planning

stage of research. This is because the choice of statistical
analysis methods depends on the research questions, the nature
of the data collected, and the level of measurement of the
variables.

For example, if the research aims to compare the mean scores

of two groups, a t-test would be an appropriate statistical test.
This test assesses whether the means of two groups are
significantly different from each other.

If the research aims to identify the relationship between two

continuous variables, a correlation analysis can be used. This
test measures the strength and direction of the association
between two variables.

If the research involves comparing the means of more than two

groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be used. This test
assesses whether the means of multiple groups are significantly
different from each other.

Choosing the appropriate statistical analysis at the planning

stage ensures that the data collection and analysis methods are
aligned with the research objectives and can provide accurate
and meaningful results.

Q. 4:

Research Plan: Improving Crop Production with Less Water Use

1. Introduction:

- Provide an overview of the importance and challenges of crop

production with limited water resources.

- Identify the research problem or objective: to improve crop

production while minimizing water usage.

2. Literature Review:

- Conduct an extensive review of existing research and literature

on crop production techniques that conserve water and enhance
growth.
- Identify gaps in knowledge and areas where further research is
needed.

3. Research Design:

- Determine the crops to be studied and select suitable

experimental units, such as plots or greenhouse setups.

- Divide the experimental units into control group(s) and

treatment group(s).

- Ensure sufficient replication and randomization in assigning

treatments.

4. Data Collection:

- Measure variables related to crop production, such as yield,

growth rate, water use efficiency, etc.

- Implement water management techniques, such as drip

irrigation or soil moisture sensors, in the treatment group(s).

- Monitor and record the amount of water applied to each group.

5. Data Analysis:

- Conduct statistical analysis to compare the performance of the

control group(s) and treatment group(s).

- Use appropriate statistical tests, such as t-tests or analysis of

variance (ANOVA), to determine if there are significant
differences in crop production and water use efficiency.

6. Results and Discussion:

- Present the findings of the statistical analysis.

- Interpret and discuss the results, highlighting the impact of the

water management techniques on crop production.

- Compare the results with existing literature and discuss the

implications of the findings.

7. Conclusion:

- Summarize the key findings of the research.

- Discuss the implications of the findings for improving crop

production with less water use.

- Highlight areas for further research and potential applications

of the research findings.

Q. 5:

Research Design:

Research design refers to the overall framework or plan that

guides the research process. It outlines the structure of the
study, including the research questions, methods of data
collection and analysis, and the overall approach to conducting
the research.

Example 1: Experimental Design

- Research Question: Does a new drug treatment reduce

symptoms of a specific disease?

- Method: Randomly assign participants to either a control group

(placebo) or treatment group (new drug).

- Collect data on symptoms before and after the treatment.

- Analyze the data using statistical tests to determine if the new

drug treatment has a significant effect on symptom reduction.

Significance: This design allows for a controlled comparison

between the treatment and control groups, providing more
confidence in the causal relationship between the treatment and
the outcome.

Example 2: Survey Design

- Research Question: What are the factors influencing customer

satisfaction in the hospitality industry?

- Method: Administer a survey to a sample of customers in the

hospitality industry.

- Collect data on factors such as service quality, price, location,

etc., as well as measures of customer satisfaction.

- Analyze the data using statistical techniques to identify the

significant predictors of customer satisfaction.

Significance: This design allows for the collection of data from a

large number of participants, providing a broader understanding
of the factors influencing customer satisfaction in the hospitality
industry.

Q. 6:

Qualitative research is a research method that focuses on

exploring and understanding phenomena through non-numerical
data. It aims to gain in-depth insights and understanding of
social, cultural, and individual experiences and meanings.
Qualitative research often uses methods such as interviews,
observations, and textual analysis.

Quantitative research, on the other hand, focuses on collecting

and analyzing numerical data to test hypotheses and make
statistical inferences. It aims to measure and quantify
relationships, patterns, and trends. Quantitative research often
uses methods such as surveys, experiments, and statistical
analysis.
In qualitative research, the review of literature is important as it
provides a comprehensive understanding of existing theories,
concepts, and frameworks that inform the study. It helps identify
gaps in knowledge and guides the research design and analysis.
The ethnic statement, which refers to the researcher's
positionality in relation to the research topic, is crucial in
qualitative research as it acknowledges the potential influence
of the researcher's background, biases, and perspectives on the
study.

In quantitative research, the review of literature is also important

to identify existing theories, concepts, and previous studies that
will inform the research questions and hypotheses. However, in
quantitative research, the ethnic statement is not the main focus
as the emphasis is on objective and numerical data analysis.

2018

Q.No. 2. Write the difference between Basic and Applied

Research.

Q.No. 3. Write the difference between Qualitative and

Quantitative Research.

No. 4. Write the difference between Research and Review Paper.

No. 5. Write names of three journals related to the course.
Botany.

No. 6. Write three references books suggested for this course

with their edition and name of author/authors.

Q.No. 7. What is the role of literature review is research? Explain.

Q. No. 8. What is the importance of research planning? Explain

different components of thesis synopsis writing.

Q. No. 9. What is plagiarism? How it can be improved? Write the

punishments of plagiarism at student and faculty levels
according to HEC plagiarism policy.

Q. No. 10. Explain APA format of reference style.

Q.No. 11. What are the characteristics of a successful research

proposal?

Q.No. 2. The difference between Basic and Applied Research:

Basic Research:

- It is mainly focused on generating knowledge and

understanding of fundamental principles and theories.

- It is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in a

specific field.

- It is not directed towards any specific practical application or

problem-solving.

- The results of basic research can be further used for applied

research.

Applied Research:

- It is aimed at solving specific practical problems or developing

new products, processes, or technologies.

- It focuses on the utilization of existing knowledge and theories

to find solutions for specific problems.

- It is usually directed towards addressing the immediate needs

of industries, organizations, or society.

- The results of applied research are directly applicable and have

practical implications.

Q.No. 3. The difference between Qualitative and Quantitative

Research:
Qualitative Research:

- It is exploratory and seeks to understand the underlying

reasons, motivations, and opinions.

- It involves collecting non-numerical data such as interviews,

observations, and case studies.

- It aims to describe and interpret phenomena in a holistic and

subjective manner.

- It emphasizes on-depth analysis and understanding of a small

sample size.

Quantitative Research:

- It is structured and aims to measure or quantify variables and

relationships.

- It involves collecting numerical data through surveys,

questionnaires, and statistical analysis.

- It aims to establish cause and effect relationships between

variables.

- It emphasizes statistical analysis and generalization of results

to a larger population.

No. 4. The difference between Research and Review Paper:

Research Paper:

- It is a primary source that presents original research or findings.

- It involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, and

presentation of new data or ideas.

- It typically follows a specific research methodology or scientific

approach.

- It is peer-reviewed and contributes new knowledge to the field.

Review Paper:

- It is a secondary source that summarizes and critically

evaluates existing research on a specific topic.

- It involves the analysis and synthesis of published literature

and research findings.

- It provides a comprehensive overview, evaluation, and

interpretation of existing knowledge.

- It is also peer-reviewed and helps in identifying research gaps

and future directions.

No. 5. Three journals related to the course "Botany":

- Journal of Plant Physiology

- Plant Cell

- Annals of Botany

No. 6. Three reference books suggested for this course with

their edition and author/authors:

- "Plant Physiology" by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger (6th

Edition)

- "Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology" by James D. Mauseth

(6th Edition)

- "Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach" by Walter S.

Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F.
Stevens (4th Edition)

Q.No. 7. The role of literature review in research is to:

- Provide a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge and

research in a specific field.

- Identify the gaps in current knowledge and highlight areas

where further research is needed.

- Evaluate the existing literature critically and identify strengths

and weaknesses of previous studies.
- Provide a theoretical framework and context for the research
study.

- Help in the formulation of research questions and hypotheses.

- Direct the researcher towards relevant and reliable sources of

information.

- Identify methodologies, techniques, and tools that have been

used in previous studies.

- Help in the identification of variables, measures, and methods

for collecting data.

- Support the researcher in the interpretation and discussion of

results.

- Ensure that the research is building upon previous knowledge

and adding value to the existing body of literature.

Q. No. 8. The importance of research planning and components

of thesis synopsis writing:

Research Planning:

- Research planning is important as it helps in setting clear

objectives, defining research questions, and developing a
structured approach for conducting the research study.

- It ensures efficient utilization of resources, including time,

budget, and research facilities.
- It helps in identifying potential challenges or obstacles and
devising strategies to overcome them.

- It provides a roadmap for the entire research process, including

data collection, analysis, and interpretation.

- It enables the researcher to stay focused, organized, and on

track throughout the research project.

Components of Thesis Synopsis Writing:

1. Title: A concise yet descriptive title that reflects the research

topic.

2. Introduction: Provides background information, rationale, and

significance of the study.

3. Objectives: Clearly states the research objectives and

research questions/hypotheses.

4. Literature Review: Summarizes the existing literature and

identifies research gaps.

5. Methodology: Describes the research design, data collection

techniques, and data analysis methods.

6. Results: Highlights the expected outcomes or preliminary

findings of the study.

7. Discussion: Discusses the implications of the research and

potential contributions to the field.

8. Conclusion: Summarizes the main points and emphasizes the

significance of the research.

9. References: Lists all the sources cited in the synopsis using

the appropriate referencing style.

Q. No. 9. Plagiarism and its improvement:

Plagiarism:

- Plagiarism refers to the act of using someone else's work,

ideas, or words without proper acknowledgment or citation.

- It is a serious academic offense as it undermines the integrity

of the research process and violates ethical standards.

- Plagiarism can occur in different forms, including copying text

directly, paraphrasing without proper attribution, and self-
plagiarism (using one's own previously published work without
acknowledgment).

Improvement of Plagiarism:

- Plagiarism can be improved by raising awareness among

students and researchers about the ethical guidelines and
consequences.

- Proper training and guidance should be provided on how to cite

and reference sources appropriately.

- The use of plagiarism detection software can help in identifying

instances of plagiarism and promoting originality in academic
writing.

Punishments of Plagiarism (according to HEC plagiarism policy):

- For students: Range from receiving a warning, deduction of

marks, repeating the assignment, failing the course, or expulsion,
depending on the severity of the offense.

- For faculty: Punishments can include warnings, suspension,

termination, or revocation of research grants or privileges.

Q. No. 10. APA format of reference style:

APA (American Psychological Association) format is commonly

used for citing sources in social sciences, education, and
psychology. It follows the author-date citation style.

In-text citations:

- In-text citations consist of the author's surname and the year of

publication, enclosed in parentheses. (Smith, 2018)

- If there are multiple authors, use "&" before the last author's
surname. (Smith & Johnson, 2018)

- If there are more than two authors, use "et al." after the first
author's surname. (Smith et al., 2018)
- Page numbers should be included for direct quotations. (Smith,
2018, p. 10)

Reference list:

- The reference list should be alphabetized by the author's

surname.

- For books: Include the author's surname, initial(s), year of

publication, title of the book in italics, and the publisher.

- For journal articles: Include the author's surname, initial(s), year

of publication, title of the article in sentence case, name of the
journal in italics, volume and issue number, and page range.

Q.No. 11. Characteristics of a successful research proposal:

1. Clear and focused research objectives: A successful research

proposal clearly states the specific objectives and research
questions/hypotheses.

2. Relevance: The research proposal should demonstrate

relevance to the field of study, addressing a gap in existing
knowledge.

3. Methodology: A well-developed research proposal includes a

robust methodology, explaining the research design, data
collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
4. Feasibility: It is important for the research proposal to
demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of conducting the
research within the available resources.

5. Originality: The research proposal should contribute to the

existing knowledge and exhibit originality in its approach or
findings.

6. Ethical considerations: A successful research proposal

addresses ethical considerations, ensuring the rights and
confidentiality of participants.

7. Significance: The research proposal should emphasize the

potential significance and impact of the research on the field of
study or society.

8. Clear and concise writing: The proposal should be well-

organized, using clear and concise language to convey the
research ideas effectively.

9. Logical structure: The research proposal should have a logical

structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review,
methodology, and expected outcomes.

10. Attention to detail: A successful research proposal pays

attention to detail, demonstrating care and precision in its
execution.

2019

Q. No. 2. Write the difference between Basic and Applied

Research

Q. No 3. Write the difference between CRD and RCBD (10) Notes

Q. No. 4. Write the difference between Research and Review

Paper You

Q. No. 5. How data is collected?

Q.No. 6. Write three references books suggested for this course

with their edition and name of author/authors

Q 7. What is research? How research in botany can improve daily

life?

Q8. What is the importance of research planning? Explain

different components of thesis

Q 9. What is plagiarism? How it can be improved? Write the

punishments of plagiarism at student and faculty levels
according to IIEC plagiarism policy.
Q 10. What is an impact factor? Write Impact factor of four
journals related to Botany

Q11. What are the characteristics of a successful research

proposal?

Q. No 2: The difference between Basic and Applied Research:

1. Basic Research: Basic research is focused on expanding

knowledge and understanding fundamental concepts and
theories. It is driven by curiosity and the desire to explore the
unknown. Basic research is not concerned with immediate
practical applications or solving specific problems. It aims to
contribute to the development of scientific principles and
theories.

2. Applied Research: Applied research aims to solve specific

problems or address practical issues. It uses the knowledge
gained from basic research and applies it to find practical
solutions, develop new technologies, or improve existing
processes. Applied research is focused on practical applications
and the outcomes are expected to be directly applicable to real-
world situations.

Q. No 3: The difference between CRD (Completely Randomized

Design) and RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design):

1. CRD (Completely Randomized Design): In CRD, treatments are

assigned to experimental units randomly, without any
restrictions. Each treatment is independently applied to each
experimental unit, and all units have an equal chance of
receiving any treatment. CRD is suitable when there are no
external factors or variables that could affect the experimental
results.

2. RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design): In RCBD,

experimental units are divided into homogeneous blocks based
on a specific characteristic or factor that may affect the
response variable. Within each block, treatments are randomly
assigned to the units. RCBD allows for better control and
reduction in variability due to potential uncontrolled factors.

Q. No 4: The difference between Research and Review Paper:

1. Research Paper: A research paper presents the findings of an

original research study. It involves a comprehensive
investigation of a specific research question or problem,
including the collection and analysis of data. Research papers
contribute new knowledge to the field and are typically peer-
reviewed before publication.

2. Review Paper: A review paper synthesizes existing literature

on a specific topic. It provides an overview and analysis of
previously published research studies, summarizing the current
knowledge, identifying gaps or controversies, and suggesting
areas for future research. Review papers do not present new
data but aim to provide a critical evaluation and analysis of
existing scholarly works.

Q. No 5: Data collection methods can vary depending on the

nature of the research and the specific objectives. Some
common methods of data collection include:

1. Surveys: Surveys involve gathering information from a sample

of individuals or respondents through questionnaires, interviews,
or online forms.

2. Observations: Observations involve systematically watching

and recording behaviors, events, or phenomena in the natural
environment or controlled settings.

3. Experiments: Experiments involve manipulating variables and

measuring the effects on the dependent variable(s) to establish
cause-and-effect relationships.

4. Interviews: Interviews involve one-on-one or group

discussions with individuals to gather qualitative or quantitative
data.

5. Existing Data: Researchers can also collect data from existing

sources such as databases, government records, or published
literature.

6. Case Studies: Case studies involve in-depth analysis and

investigation of a specific individual, group, or phenomenon to
gain insights and gather data.

Q. No 6: Three suggested reference books for this course with

their edition and author/authors are:

1. "Plant Physiology" by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger (6th

edition)

2. "Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach" by Walter S.

Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F.
Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue (4th edition)

3. "Molecular Biology of the Cell" by Bruce Alberts, Alexander

Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts,
and Peter Walter (6th edition)

Q. No 7: Research is a systematic inquiry or investigation

conducted to gain knowledge, solve problems, or discover new
information. In botany, research can improve daily life in several
ways:

- Enhancing crop productivity and improving agricultural

practices.

- Identifying and studying medicinal plants for the development

of new drugs and treatments.
- Conservation and preservation of plant species and
ecosystems.

- Understanding the effects of climate change on plant

biodiversity and ecosystems.

- Developing sustainable and eco-friendly methods for pest

control and plant disease management.

- Studying the interactions between plants and their environment

for better ecological understanding and conservation strategies.

Q. No 8: Research planning is important as it helps in organizing

and structuring the research process. It ensures that research
objectives are clearly defined, resources are allocated effectively,
and timelines are established. Different components of a thesis
include:

- Introduction: Provides background information, research aims,

objectives, and hypotheses.

- Literature Review: Summarizes existing research and identifies

gaps in knowledge.

- Methodology: Describes research design, data collection

methods, and data analysis techniques.

- Results: Presents the findings of the research study.

- Discussion: Interprets the results, compares them with existing

literature, and discusses implications.

- Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings, highlights the

significance of the research, and suggests future directions.

- References: Lists all the sources cited in the thesis.

- Appendices: Includes additional information such as raw data,

questionnaires, or research instruments.

Q. No 9: Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's ideas,

words, or work without giving them proper credit. It can be
improved by:

- Properly citing and referencing all sources used in the research.

- Paraphrasing and summarizing ideas in your own words, giving

credit to the original author.

- Using plagiarism detection software to check the originality of

your work.

- Developing good research and writing skills to avoid accidental

plagiarism.

Punishments of plagiarism at student and faculty levels

according to IIEC plagiarism policy may vary from institution to
institution. However, common consequences can include
academic penalties such as failing the assignment or course,
academic probation or suspension, or even expulsion for
multiple offenses. Faculty members may face disciplinary
actions, loss of reputation, or termination of employment.
Q. No 10: Impact factor is a measure of the average number of
citations received by articles published in a specific journal. It
reflects the importance and impact of a journal within its field.
The higher the impact factor, the greater the influence and
prestige of the journal. Impact factors of four journals related to
Botany:

1. Nature Plants: Impact Factor: 12.060 (2019)

2. The Plant Journal: Impact Factor: 6.940 (2019)

3. Plant, Cell & Environment: Impact Factor: 6.479 (2019)

4. Annals of Botany: Impact Factor: 5.354 (2019)

Q. No 11: Characteristics of a successful research proposal

include:

1. Clear and well-defined research objectives and questions.

2. A thorough review of existing literature in the field.

3. A logical and well-structured research design and

methodology.

4. Feasibility and practicality of the proposed research.

5. A realistic timeline and appropriate allocation of resources.

6. Potential significance and contribution to existing knowledge.

7. Ethical considerations and compliance with research

protocols.
8. Demonstrated competence and expertise of the
researcher/team.

9. Clear and persuasive writing style with proper grammar and

formatting.

10. Adequate justification of the importance of the research and

potential impact.