Al-Ghad International

College for Applied Medical

Sciences

RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
MIT 438
LECTURE NAME
Week No 13
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
 Lecture objective
By the end of this lecture the students
will be able to:
 Identify Step of research reporting

 Realized Theoretical Frame Work

 Demonstrate literature review and

background study
 discuss Analysis and Interpretation of

the Data
Content
 Step of research reporting
 Theoretical Frame Work
 literature review and background study
 Analysis and Interpretation of the Data
 Conclusions and Suggestions
 Appendices
General format of research
report

A. Preliminaries

B. Textual Body, and

C. References.
A. Preliminary Section

1.Title page
2. Preface or acknowledgements
3. Table of content
4. List of tables (if any)
5. List of figures (if any).
6. List of abbreviations.
B. Main Body of Report or Textual Body
1. Introduction and objectives

2. Review of related literature

3. Design of the study

4. Analysis and presentation of data

5. Discussion and Conclusions

1. Title Page
 This is the first page of a thesis or a dissertation.
It includes:
(a) Title of thesis.
(b) Name of the candidate.
(c) Purpose or relationship of the thesis to the course or
degree requirement.
(d) College and/or department in which the candidate has
been admitted for the degree.
(e) Name of the university to which it is submitted.
(f) Month and year of submission or acceptance.
 Chapter 1. Introduction or Theoretical
Frame Work
 The main purpose of this chapter is to indicate the need
and scope of the study.

 It is reported in past tense form of work completed.

 The problem, objectives, hypotheses, assumptions and

delimitations of the study are reported precisely.
 The introduction tells the reader:
 what the topic of the study is in

general terms,
 why the topic is important

 what to expect in the study

 Introductions are sometimes

folded into literature reviews
Chapter 2. literature review and
background study
 The literature review tells the reader
what other researchers have
discovered about the paper’s topic or
tells the reader about other research
that is relevant to the topic.

 Along the way it states facts and

ideas about the social world and
supports those facts and ideas with
evidence for from where they came.
 Literature reviews have parenthetical
citations running throughout.

 Citations consist of authors’ last names

and the year of publication. One finds
complete information on sources by
looking up last names and dates in
alphabetized references—so there’s no
need to put all that information in the text.
Ch 3--Research method
 It is a set of clearly and fully expressed
rules and procedure.
 The research method includes:

 The population and the study area.

 The study variable.

 The study designs.

 Sampling.

 Method of data collection, analysis and

interpretation.
The population and the study
area
 Give a brief description of the study
population; it is necessary and should
be defined in term of place (the area of
the study) and time.

 Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The study variable
 is a characteristic of person or object or
phenomenon that can take different values
and can be measured e.g. age, distance,
disease …
 Types of variable:
 Dependant variable: the variable used to
describe or measure the problem under the
study.
 Independent variable: the variables that are
used to cause or influence the problem.
Study design
 Two types:
 None intervention.
 intervention.
 Types of none intervention study:
 Exploratory.
 Descriptive.
 Analytical (comparative, explanatory).
Sampling
 Involve the selection of study unit from a
defined study population.
 Sample size:
 The bigger the sample, the better the study
becomes.

 It is better to make extra efforts to get a

representative sample than to get a very
large sample.
 Generally the desirable sample size is
determined by the expected variation in
the data.

 The sample size should not be less than

50 cases for each variable at least
Data collection
 Data collection technique allows the
researcher to systematically collect data
about object of the study.
 Prepare a master data table that shows
each of the variable study in a separate
column, therefore each row represent
separate case.
 Use appropriate code for the categorical
data with the key shown in the footnote.
Example
No
age weight height KV Gender Tech.
1 30 63 150 60 1 2
2 14 70 157 70 1 1
3 56 80 167 93 2 1
4 30 90 175 99 1 2
50 60 55 119 66 2 1

Gender: 1 = male, 2 =
female
Technique: 1 = AP, 2 =
PA
Chapter 4. Analysis and Interpretation of
the Data
 In this chapter analysis and results are reported so as to
draw the inferences of the study.

 The analysis of data are presented in tabular form and in

figures or pictorial presentation.
 The results are interpreted at length.

 This chapter provides the original work or contribution by

the researcher.

 The communicative accuracy is required in this chapter.

Result
 Introduction:
 For each unique group of results there
should be a short description.
 Each Figure must consist of a caption
explain the figure in a concise manner.
 Example:
 Graphs, scatter plot, images etc… the
caption should appear under the figure as
follows: Figure 4:1. A radiograph showing
a chest x-ray of ….. .
 Tables: caption should appear above the
table as follows: Table 1:4. The mean age,
weight and height of 50 patients …
Chapter 5. Conclusions and
Suggestions

 This section assesses how one’s research

findings relate to what the community of
sociologists have accepted as facts.

 Things that should be done:

1. Summarize the most significant points of your

research (tell the reader what you found out about
your topic).

2. Discuss the general significance of your topic and

findings.
3. Discuss the shortcomings of your study and
how these might affect your findings.

4. Discuss things future researchers should

investigate about your topic to advance
knowledge about it.

5. The main thrust in the section is the answer of

the question or solution of the problem. The
validity of the findings should be mentioned.
Discussion
 It includes:
 Summary of the result, to remind your
reader of your main findings.
 Explanation of results: the writer
comments on whether or not the results
were expected, and presents explanations
for the results, particularly for those that
are unexpected or unsatisfactory.
 References to previous study:
comparison of the results with those
reported in the literature, or use of the
literature to support a claim.
 The discussion does not discuss - simply
supplies more detail about the results
obtained. Solution: remember that the
discussion should explain the results.
Conclusion
 Summarize the main points you made in your
introduction and review of the literature.
 Review (very briefly) the research methods
and/or design you employed.
 Repeat (in abbreviated form) your findings.
 Discuss the broader implications of those
findings.
 Mention the limitations of your research (due
to its scope or its weaknesses)
 Offer suggestions for future research related
to yours.
Abstract
 The research begin with an abstract (in
English and Arabic way).
 An abstract is a highly abbreviated
(usually not more than one page)
summary of your research. It should
describe your rationale and objectives,
as well as your methods and findings.
 Because of its limited length, an abstract
cannot go into detail on any of those
topics. Nor can it report on the limitations
of your research or offer suggestions for
future research. For those, readers will
have to read the entire report. But, after
reading your abstract, people unfamiliar
with your research should know what it is
about and whether they want to read the
entire report or not.
References
 This page comes at the end of the
research (but before any appendices)
and has full bibliographic information.
 It contains a list arranged alphabetically
by the last name of the main author
and only includes works that have been
referred to in the text (i.e. that have in-
text references.
Appendices
 Images
 Data collection sheet