GUIDELINES IN WRITING THESIS /CAPSTONE

(INSTITUTIONAL FORMAT)

Generally, there are three main parts of a thesis . These are the preliminaries, texts,
and reference materials.

Preliminaries (front matter). This section includes the following:

Title Page
Approval Sheet
Certification of the Panel of Examiners
Acknowledgment
Dedication (optional)
Table of Contents
List of Tables (if applicable)
List of Figures (if applicable)

Text (body). This section consists of the following chapters:

Chapter 1. The Research Problem

Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis of the Study
Scope, Limitation and Delimitation
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms

2. Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature
Related Studies
Synthesis

3. Research Methodology

Research Design
Respondents/Subjects of the Study
Data Gathering Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment of Data (if applicable)

4. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

5. Summary, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Reference Materials (back matter). This section comprises the following:

1. Bibliography
 2. Appendices (Appendix, if only one)

A. Permit to Conduct a Study

B. Letter to Respondents to Administer Instrument (optional)
C. Research Instrument
D. Other Documents

3. Curriculum Vitae

1. THE PRELIMINARIES (FRONT MATTER)

In consists of the title page, approval sheet, certification of the panel of examiners,
acknowledgment, dedication (optional), table of contents, list of tables, list of figures.

The Title Page. The title page presents the title, the full name of the researcher, and
the submission statement which includes the faculty or school, the degree or course taken,
and the month and year in which the thesis was finally defended.

Criteria for Evaluation

The title should be concise as well as descriptive and comprehensive. Phrases like
… A Critical Analysis… An Evaluation… An Assessment of… A Study… or humorous or
catchy titles are not appropriate for thesis.

The criteria in writing the title are as follows:

1. Reflective of the general problem;

2. Clear and descriptive;
3. Short and concise, preferably not more than 14 words or two lines using the
inverted pyramid format;
4. Correctly worded and properly edited; and
5. Conforms with the institutional format.

Approval Sheet. In this portion, the adviser certifies that the thesis prepared by the
researcher is examined, correct in form and content and is recommended for approval and
acceptance for Oral Examination.

Certification of the Panel of Examiners. It provides a space for the signature of the
panel of examiners, dean and other involved persons indicating their approval and
acceptance of the work. In the master’s thesis, the usual number of panelists is three.

Thesis Abstract. A thesis abstract is a brief descriptive summary of the research

study. The abstract should include the following: title of the study, name of the
researcher, course or degree conferred, institution, specific location where copies can be
found, background of the study, the problem, research methodology, findings, conclusions,
and recommendations.

Acknowledgment. It contains expressions of appreciation for assistance and

guidance in the preparation and completion of the study. The help given by the adviser,
thesis editors, encoders, statisticians, consultants, and other persons. Acknowledgment
should be expressed simply, honestly, sincerely, and tactfully. Whether you are a Christian
or a non-Christian, always give thanks to the Almighty Lord for His spiritual guidance.

Dedication. This is an optional part of a research report. Only those persons who
are close members of the family or those whom you personally love should be cited. There
are different styles of writing a dedication depending upon the researcher’s taste and style.

Table of Contents. This should be typed in capital letters centered between the
margins. All chapter titles should be in capital letters without punctuation marks. There
should be no space leader pointed to the page.

List of Tables and Figures. These should follow the Table of Contents. The List of
Tables should contain the table number, table title and page. The table number should not
be punctuated. The table title should correspond to the table title found in the text. Charts,
graphs, maps, and illustrations are grouped as figures. All captions for figures should show
what the figure is all about.

2. THE TEXT (BODY)

The text is composed of the following chapter headings:

Chapter 1. The Research Problem

2. Review of Related Literature and Studies

3. Research Methodology

4. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

5. Summary, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

CHAPTER 1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Chapter 1 heading is capitalized. The usual parts of Chapter 1 are: introduction,

conceptual framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis of the study, scope, limitation
and delimitation of the study, significance of the study and definition of terms.

1.1 Introduction. The primary goal of the introductory paragraphs is to catch the
attention of the readers and to get them turned on about the subject. It sets the stage for the
paper and puts your topic in perspective. The introduction often contains the general
statements about the need for the study and illustrations or quotes to set the tone. It also
includes legal bases such as relevant pronouncements from authorities, memoranda,
orders, laws and guidelines.

What to cite in this section

  Presentation of the problem situation
 Existence of unsatisfactory condition
 Legal bases
 Rationale of the study
 Research locale
 Link between introduction and statement of the problem (personal
justification)

Guidelines in Writing Introduction

1. Describe the problem situation by considering global, national, and local situation
and using the deductive line of reasoning, from macroperspective to
microperspective.

2. Justify the existence of the problem situation by citing statistical data and
authoritative sources (related studies and literature, constitutions, laws, orders,
ordinance, circulars, memoranda, rules and the like) as bases to support the
problem.

3. Indicate what is wrong in the present system and explain the desire to discover ways
of enriching or improving something, thus the conduct of the study.

4. Cite motives and justification in the conduct the study thus, a clinching statement is
made to relate the background of the study to the research problem.

5. Maintain an objective tone throughout the paper. Keep in mind that a research paper
is a formal exposition of a research problem, not a forum for personal opinion.

6. Present the introduction in three to page pages using the third person point of view.

1.2 Conceptual Framework. The conceptual framework consists of the researcher’s

own position in a problem after his exposure to various theories that have bearing on the
problem. Conceptual framework includes the systems of concept, assumptions,
expectations, and beliefs that support a research study. A concept is in the mind of the
person and therefore it is not known by any other person. Thus, it cannot be tested just like
a theory. Concept must therefore be expressed out in a diagram or illustration by identifying
the key factors, concepts, or variables of the study. This illustration serves as a guide in
conducting the study.

Conceptual Paradigm. It is schematic diagram or illustration depicting what the

concept of the study is all about. If it is already mapped out or diagrammed, it becomes a
framework, a blue print or a plan. A paradigm may take three forms. These are (1) input,
process (throughout) and output approach (semi-sub-system); (2) the true system approach
starts from input and goes back to input using arrows or lines (true subsystem); and (3)
the flow-chart system.

The diagrammatic representation may be in a box form (rectangle, square, round,

triangle) depending on the nature of the study and the idiosyncrasy of the researcher.
 Guidelines in Developing a Research Paradigm

1. Draw the schematic diagram. Illustration and explain the relationship of the
boxes/circles, arrows, and everything in the diagram for the reader to clearly
understand its significance.

2. Illustrate clearly the map or framework for the readers to clearly understand the blue
print of the study.

3. Indicate below the diagram figure number and caption.

1.3 Statement of the Problem. There are two problems to state: the major (general
or main) problem and the minor (specific) problems or sub-problems. The statement of the
problem is the focal point of your research. The general statement is just one sentence
accompanied by several specific statements into which the general problem is broken up.
Usually, the general problem starts with the phrase, This study ….. while the sub-problems
begin with …… Specifically, this study …..

Guidelines in Writing the Specific Problems

1. Arranged them in a logical order (factual to analytical) following the flow in the
research paradigm.

2. State them specifically using grammatically correct language of research without

duplicating or over lapping other sub problems.

3. Provide corresponding statistical tool for each specific problem requiring such. (if
applicable)

4. Utilize only completely researchable topic (not answerable by only by yes or no).

1.4 Hypothesis/es. The research hypothesis is the statement of your assumptions

about the prevalence of a phenomenon or about a relationship between two variables that
you plan to test within the framework of the study. Hypothesis is required if significant
relationship or difference between or among variables is measured. Hypotheses are
necessary because: 1) the researcher needs to have some points around which the
researcher may be oriented in terms of researching for relevant data; 2) they allow us to
comprehend on the research project and the motives of the researcher. Hypotheses are
neither proved nor disproved. They are tested, hypotheses have nothing to so with proof,
rather, they are dependent for their acceptance or rejection upon the determination of what
the facts reveal.

Guidelines in Stating the Hypothesis/es

1. States expected relationship between two or more variables as answers to the

problems.

2. Utilize testable, specific and measurable hypothesis.

 3. Formulate hypothesis at .05 or .01 level of significance for decision making
purposes.

1.5 Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study. The study should indicate
the coverage of the study (scope), the weaknesses and shortcomings (limitation) and the
variable excluded (delimitation). In writing this section, the first paragraph should contain the
scope, the second paragraph should contain the limitation and the third paragraph should
contain the delimitation.

1.6 Significance of the Study. This section provides the practical values the study
has specifically pointing out to whom the study will be most useful (beneficiaries/end-users)
and why the study would be useful to them.

1.7 Definition of Terms. Technical terms and terms which are oftenly used in the
study but have different interpretations, or terms that may be misinterpreted, must have to
be defined. These terms can be found in the research title, statement of the problem,
hypothesis, research paradigm, and some other parts of the study.

A term may be defined lexically (dictionary), authoritatively (published and

unpublished materials), or operationally (as used in the study). If the term is lexically or
authoritatively defined, the source must be cited.

Guidelines in Defining Terms

1. Use introductory sentence/paragraph before defining the terms.

2. Arrange the terms alphabetically

3. Indent and follow each term with a period.

4. Emphasize the terms to be defined by underlining them.

5. Do not number the terms being defined like 1., 2., 3., and so on.

6. Capitalize only the first letter of each term.

7. In case both lexical and operational definitions will be used, write the lexical followed
by the operational meanings. Use complete sentences in giving definitions.

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 Review of Related Literature. Review of related literature should be introduced

by a paragraph enumerating the topics prior to the discussion. In writing the literature
review, the researcher’s intent is to convey to the readers what knowledge and ideas have
been established on the topic. References copyrighted within the last ten years are
preferred.

2.2 Review of Related Studies. On the other hand, review of related studies
highlights what previous researchers have discovered. This section primarily depends upon
how much research has previously been done in the chosen area of investigation. If the
area relatively new, the studies reviewed should cite similar areas that lead up to the current
research.

 What to cite

 major findings
 generalizations
 recommendations

2.3 Synthesis. Synthesis means putting ideas from many sources together in one
essay or presentation. After reviewing literature and studies, the task of the researcher in
this section is to organize the information around topics, make generalizations, and then
present information in a logical way to show both the relatedness or differences of the
reviewed materials and the present study. A synthesis is not a summary, a comparison or a
review. Rather a synthesis is a result of an integration of what the researcher has read and
his ability to use this learning to develop and support a key thesis or argument.

 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology section describes your basic research plan. Research

methodology consists of the following parts; research design, respondents/subjects of the
study, data gathering instrument/s, data-gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of
data
.
3.1 Research Design. In this section, the researcher must state the type of
research, its meaning, and how it is applicable to the study. If a certain research design is
used (descriptive, historical, experimental, or any other type), the particular type of research
must be indicated.

3.2 Respondents. The respondents are those from whom the data/information are
to be collected or gathered. The respondents of the study may either be universal/ total
populations or a sample from a population. In a universal/total population all the members of
that population are involved. If a sample is taken from a population appropriate formula is
used. These formula may either be Slovin’s formula, Parten’s formula, Ibe’s formula, or the
majority rule formula. There are three (3) types of respondents: try-out, target, and actual.
Try-out respondents are those people from whom the test/ instrument is tried out or piloted
to determine the instrument’s validity and reliability. The try-out respondents should not be
involved in the actual study. The target are respondents to the finalized/ validated
instrument, although some of them may not be able to respond, accomplish or return the
distributed instrument. The actual respondents are those who actually responded,
accomplished, and returned the instrument and where the obtained data from them are used
as bases for statistical analysis. Subjects are those who do not respond but are the ones
who are being studied.

3.3 Data Gathering Instruments. The instrument to be used must be appropriate to

the study, valid, and reliable. In this section of the thesis, the researcher must indicate how
the items in the instrument were formulated; parts or section of the instrument must be
explained; to whom and how it was validated; how it was distributed; and how the final form
of the instrument was used/ distributed to the respondents.

3.4 Data-Gathering Procedures. In any research study, the researcher should

indicate briefly how the investigation was conducted. The conduct of the research should
start from the approval of the permit to conduct the study to how the instrument is
distributed; who were given the instrument; how many were given; and how the instrument
was retrieved. As much as possible, the percentage of distribution and retrieval of the
research instrument should be indicated. If an interview was used, the following must be
indicated: preparation of the interview, types of interview used, manner of interview, persons
interviewed, percentage of interviewed persons, and all other incidental matters. In some
interviews, pictures are taken during the interview to substantiate the process. More
recently, the video-coverage is used for those who can financially afford. It is very expensive
to use, but the cost gives a good return.

3.5 Statistical Treatment of Data. The kind of statistical treatment depends upon
the nature of the problem, especially the specific problems and the nature of the data
gathered. The explicit hypothesis particularly determines the kind of statistics to be used.

CHAPTER 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This is the heart of the research study. It is in this section where the obtained data for
sub-problems/ specific problems are presented, analyzed and interpreted. The data can be
presented through the use of tables, text, graphs and figures. Headings consistent with the
sequence found in the Statement of the Problem are presented. After the data have already
been presented in tabular/ textual/graphical forms, then the data are analyzed and
interpreted substantially.

Elements of the Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

 statement of condition or situation

 probable cause of condition
 probable effects
 suggestions for continuance or remedial measures if possible effects are bad

CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This is the final chapter in research report. It has four subsections: Summary,
Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations.

5.1 Summary. This section restates as briefly as possible the Statement of the
Problem, Importance of the Study, Research Method Used, Respondents (Population and
Samples), Research Instrument/s, and Statistical Tools utilized in analysis of data.

What to Cite

• Brief statement about the main purpose of the study

• Period of the study

 • Number of respondents/ subjects

• Research design

• Research instrument/s

• Sampling design

5.2 Findings. These are major statements of factual information based on the
analyzed data. Only the major and salient findings are included in this portion. All sub-
problems must have their respective findings. The result of the hypothesis (if there is any)
must be presented.

5.3 Conclusions. These are generalized statements in answer to the sub-problems/

specific problems raised, or the statement of acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis (if
there is). Conclusion are valid outgrowth of findings and therefore they are not supported or
justified. A one-to-one correspondence with the sub-problem is not always the rule as there
are variables that can be subsumed in one paragraph. Hence, flexibility is considered in
making conclusions.

Guidelines in Writing the Conclusions

• generalizations based on findings

• not to contain numerals

• answering appropriately specific questions

• formulated concisely pointing out facts learned from the inquiry

• not repetitious of any statements anywhere in the thesis

5.4 Recommendations. These are drawn from the findings and conclusions of the
study. They must be feasible to be implemented, workable or functional, doable, adaptable,
and flexible. They may be specific or general or both. A suggestion for further studies must
be included.

Guidelines in Writing the Recommendations

• solve or help solve problems discovered in the investigation

• be for the continuance of good practice or system

• aim for the ideal but must be feasible practical and attainable

• be addressed to persons, entities, agencies that are in a position to implement

them
 • include recommendation for further research related to the topic

In writing the major findings, conclusions, and recommendations, enumeration in

outline form is used.

3. REFERENCE MATERIALS (BACK MATTER)

The reference materials for a thesis/dissertation include bibliography, appendix, and

curriculum vitae.

3.1 Bibliography

A bibliography is a complete list of references cited or utilized in the research study.

This section is written after the Chapter 5. The bibliography should be listed as follows:

A. Books
B. Journals and Periodicals
C. Unpublished Materials (Theses/Dissertations)
D. Documents (Legal Sources)
E. General References
F. On-line Sources
G. Other Sources

This section presents entries based on the format described by American

Psychological Association (APA).

APA CITATION STYLE

APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American
Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style
requires both in-text citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a
full citation in the reference list and vice versa.

Reference Citations in Text

In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is
clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.

Examples

1. Works by a single author

The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the
appropriate point.

…. from theory on bounded rationality (Mission, 2012)

 If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing
information in parentheses.

Mission (2012) posited that …..

 2. Works by multiple authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference
occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).

….. as has been shown (Mission & Tolentino, 2011)

In the narrative text, join the names with the word and.

….. as Mission and Tolentino (2012) demonstrated …

3. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time
the reference occurs.

Getalla, Mission, and Tolentino (2010) found …..

In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author
followed by "et al." (Latin for and others) and the year of publication.

Getalla, et al. (2010) found ….

 4. Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.

The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written
out each time they appear in a text reference.

(Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency [PDEA], 2012)

When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first
reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in
this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its
source in the Reference List without difficulty.

(PDEA, 2012)

 5. Works with no author

When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title
(omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in
quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it
refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.

realistic review of curriculum implementation ("Enriching Curriculum," 2009)

 Strategic Management for School Development (2008)

 6. Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the
date.

evaluation is a critical phase (Anonymous, 2008)

 7. Specific parts of a source

To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the
page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.

(Mission & Tolentino, 2010, p. 96)

Getalla (2012) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be reaching
from the hands of drug busters" (p. 218).

If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based

journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." or the
heading and following paragraph.

(Mission & Tolentino, 2008, para. 9)

 Reference List

References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or
bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each
source.

 Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names.

Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.

 Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use
an ampersand (&) instead of the word and when listing multiple authors of a single
work. e.g. Mission, E. M., & Tolentino, A.

 Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that
are part of a title.

 Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles

from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These
abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters
from edited books.

 Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all
subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a hanging indent.

 Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles
of books and journals.
Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.

 Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct
the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object
identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the
URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some
subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work
from.

 Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a
journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the
work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online
encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.

Examples:

1. Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers

References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of
publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page
numbers.

Journal article, one author, accessed online

Ku, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of

commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105 (2), 221-
232. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002

 Journal article, two authors, accessed online

Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and

outreach strategies for university settings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice
and Research, 59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286

 Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online

Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and
evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196.
doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182

 Article from an Internet-only journal

Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the

difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8).
doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtle
 Journal article from a subscription database (no DOI)

Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune, 158(2), 73-79.
Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com

 Magazine article, in print

Kluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.

 Newspaper article, no author, in print

As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall
Street Journal, p. A9.

 Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in print

Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit
of Yahoo, reassesses its online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.

2. Books

References to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s),
date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.

No Author or editor, in print

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam

Webster.

 One author, in print

Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown &
Company.

 Two authors, in print

Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd ed.).

Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
 
Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed online

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000 (No. 1301.6).
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved from
http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA2568710006989...
$File/13016_2000.pdf
 Edited book

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological

interventions with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

3. Dissertations

References for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of
publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university
collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end
of the citation.

 Dissertation, accessed online

Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable

cities (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
database. (UMI No. 327681)

4. Essays or chapters in edited books

References to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following

elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book
editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of
the publisher.

One author

Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T.

Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp.
67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

 Two editors

Hammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment. In
H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.), Judgement and decision making: An
interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University
Press.

5. Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopedia

References for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or

editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For
sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.

 Encyclopedia set or dictionary

Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and
musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.

Article from an online encyclopedia

Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from

http://search.eb.com

 Encyclopedia article

Kinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company.
In Encyclopedia of Leadership (Vol. 1, pp. 345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.

6. Research reports and papers

References to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of

publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization
assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the
report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online,
include the URL.

 Government report, accessed online

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Medicaid drug price
comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices (OIG
publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from
http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-05-00240.pdf

 Government reports, GPO publisher, accessed online

Congressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior

and vehicle markets: A CBO study (CBO Publication No. 2883). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from
http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-GasolinePrices.pdf

 Technical and/or research reports, accessed online

Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (NBER Working
Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved
July 21, 2008, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124

 Document available on university program or department site

Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford
University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site:
http://pesd.stanford.edu/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_strain/
7. Audio-visual media

References to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and
function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in
brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is
indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.

Videocassette/DVD

Achbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson,

B. (Producer) (2004). The corporation [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media
Corporation.

 Audio recording

Nhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love,

mindfulness, and meditation [Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.

Motion picture

Gilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director). (1980). Nine to five

[Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.

 Television broadcast

Anderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes [Television
broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.

 Television show from a series

Whedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series

episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K.
(Executive Producers), Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..

 Music recording

Jackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.

8. Undated Web site content, blogs, and data

For content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and
reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source
material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include
the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date
the resource was accessed.
 Blog entry

Arrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding.
Message posted to http://www.techcrunch.com

 Professional Web site

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved May 6, 2008,

from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html

 Data set from a database

Bloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08.
Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database.

Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008). Gross domestic

product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 [statistics]. Available from CEIC
Data database.

9. Entire Web site

When citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no
Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.

Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many
essential works in the literature of witchcraft and demonology
(http://www.witchcraft.psmedia.com/).

  3.2 Appendix. An appendix should be used for materials that supplement the text
but are not appropriate for inclusion in it. This includes but not limited to: the permit to
conduct a study; type of research instrument; tables containing lesser importance; pertinent
long documents not readily available for enclosing the text; long quotations and speeches;
supplementary illustrated materials such as forms; long list of pictures of lesser importance.
Placing lengthy tables and other matters in the appendix prevents the text from becoming
unduly bulky. The appendix are categorized into A, B. C, D, and the like.

3.3 Curriculum Vitae. This section provides an overview of the researcher’s

experiences and other qualifications.
 https://www.slideshare.net/RajasekarVr/computer-security-overview

https://www.slideshare.net/emanabedalwahhab/prototyping-34600987

https://www.slideshare.net/marinasantini1/automata-45326059

https://www.slideshare.net/DhavalKaneria/introduction-to-data-structures-and-algorithm-
35441665