i’ hh Xr Expressions and formulae Getting started Sara thinks of a number, x. She divides the number by 3, then adds 7. Write an expression for the number Sara gets. Copy and complete a Fx3'=3 b Sus e 3 Expand a x(x+2) b 34-70) 4 Factorise a 4x+12 b 4xt+ 14x 5 Work out a 342 b 4°53 a 6 a Usethe formula F= ma to work out F when m= 10 and a = 2.5. Rearrange the formula F = ma to make a the subject. Use your formula in part b to work out a when F = 72 and m= 12. pe Scanned with CamScanner2. Expressions and formulae > ‘You might not be surprised that computer programmers, scientists, engineers and statisticians all use algebra in their jobs. But you might be surprised at some other jobs that also need algebra. Cooks and chefs prepare food for other people. They work in all sorts of places, from cafés and restaurants to international business headquarters. They need to plan menus and adapt recipes for the number of people they are feeding, They must work out quantities of ingredients, their cost and the price their customers will pay for the food. They use algebra when they deal with ingredients and prices, Farm and ranch managers deal with the day- to-day activities of a ranch or farm, They use algebra when they manage the farm accounts and write yearly business plans. If they grow crops, they need to plan how much fertiliser to apply and when to put it on the crops. They might use quite complicated algebra, as they need to consider lots of different things such as soil type, crop to be grown, type of fertiliser, cost of fertiliser, etc. Whatever job you do, you never know when algebra will be there to help you! > 2.1 Substituting into expressions cree ee When you substitute numbers into expressions, remember the correct order of operations: * Work out brackets and indices before divisions and multiplications. | Examples of * Always work out additions and subtractions last. indices are 42, 73, (-2? and (-3)%. Scanned with CamScanner2.1. Substituting into expressions ked a Work out the value of the expression Sa ~ 6b when a= 4 and b= -3, b Work out the value of the expression 3x? = 2y when x = and y= 2. ¢ Work out the value of the expression fs x “4) when p = 2 and gq ‘Answer a Sa-6b=5x4-6x-3 Substitute a = 4 and b = -3 into the expression. F rt =20--18 Work out the multiplications first: ata ees 5x 4=20and 6x -3=-18. eres Subtracting ~18 is the same as so first deal with adding 18. any divisions and multiplications and then with any additions and b 3x°-2)"=3x(-5-2x2° Substitute x= —S and y=2 into the expression. =3x25-2x8 Workout the indices first: subtractions. (5 =-3x-5=25and tao = 15-16 ae ‘Then work out the multiplications. a) 3x 25=75 and 2x 8= 16. Finally work out the subtraction. Substitute p = 2 and q = 3 into the expression. =2(5--6) Work out the term in brackets first. Start with the fraction. 4x -3 = 712;-12+2=-6, x(5+6) Subtracting ~6 is the same as fd adding 6, Finally, multiply the value of the term in brackets by 2; 2 x 11 = 22. Fe nee pene s Scanned with CamScanner2 Expressions and formulae > Exercise 2.1 1 Copy and complete the wor expression when x= 3 and ‘Work out the value of each expression when a = gs to find the value of each x~2y=3-2x5 by «x 435 © ” tos gf 10x OO --2 : -O and d=6. b+d b at+2b 4b + 2a bd-10 f @+ab g f-a h 2045 ab + cd ja Diao ur eed ¢ Look at the “a The expression ab-§ has a value of 24. Write values for a, , cand d when i a,b, cand dare all positive numbers iia, b, cand dare all negative numbers iii_a, b, cand dare a mixture of positive and negative numbers. b Discuss the methods you used, and the values you found, with other learners in your class, inking and Working Mathematically characteristics. Which characteristics do you think you have used here? TY 4 Thisis par of Piere’s homework. Question ora Work out the value of each expression when x = -3 and y = ax? txy Answer a -3?4+-3x-2=-94+6 =-3 Scanned with CamScanner2.1 Subst ing into expressions Look at Pierre's answers. Do you think his working and answers are correct? Give a reason for your answer. Discuss your answers to part a with other learners in your class. Do you agree or disagree with the other learners? If you made a mistake, do you understand the mistake you made? If other learners made a mistake, explain to them the mistake they made. Dn a Ueeae Manes Secla) Work with a partner to answer this question. The expression x? + y has a value of 15. Write down three pairs of integer values for x and y when a _xand y are both positive numbers b x and y are both negative numbers ¢ xis negative and y is positive, or vice versa. Discuss the methods you used, and the values you found, with other learners in your class. Copy and complete the workings to find the value of each expression when m= 2 and p = ~4. A(m+2p)=4(2+2x—4) b p>-3mp=(-4) -3x2x-4 =4(2- =L} = 4x =O > Scanned with CamScanner2 Expressions and formulae > 7 Work out the value of each expression when w: and z= —1. a 30x) b © 3w- d ay % ey ‘ g ho 25-20? io weiQe-y ij ‘Work with @ partner for this activity. With your partner, choose different values for the letters m and p. Write three expressions that use m and p, similar to those in Question 6, and work out the values of your expressions. You can make your expressions as easy or as difficult as you like but they must have whole number answers. ‘Write your expressions on a piece of paper, then swap your piece of paper with another pair of learners in your class. ‘Work out the values of each other's expressions. Swap back and mark each other's work. Discuss any mistakes that have been made. 8 — Thisis part of Dai’s homework. Question Use a counter-example to show that the statement 2x? = (2x)? is not true (x # 0). A counter- example is just, one example Answer that shows a Let x = 3, so 2x? = 2x3? = 2x9 = 18 and statement is not true. (2x)? = (2 x 3)? = 6? = 36 18 # 36, so 2x? # (2x)?, Use a counter-example to show that these statements are not true (x=0,»20). a 3x= (xy b ey 9 — Work out the value of each expression. a 402-1) 42 +12 when x =2 y © Axty=2+y b 842y'-2 when y Y Scanned with CamScanner2.2 Constructing expressions 10 Show that Sa? —9(b— a) + 3+ Tab = =8! — 6a —(ab)' + 7 when a= ~2 and b= ~1 In algebraic expressions, letters represent unknown numbers. You ofien need to construct algebraic expressions to help you NY solve problems. Suppose you want to work out the price of sy tickets for a day out. You might choose to let a represent the / \ price of an adult’s ticket and c represent the price of a child's ticket, * You can write the total price for an adult's ticket and a child’s ticket as a + ¢. + You can write the difference between the price of an adult's ticket and a child's ticket as a ~ c. * You can write the total price of tickets for 2 adults and 2 children as 2(a + ¢) or 2a + 2c. ‘These expressions are written in terms of a and c. a» Scanned with CamScanner2 Expressions and formulas > ke Are a Ahmad thinks of a number, n. Write an expression, in terms of 1, for the number Ahmad gets when he i divides the number by 3, then subtracts 6 ii _adds 3 to the number, then multiplies the result by 4 multiplies the number by itself, then halves the result iv square roots the number then adds 5. b The diagram shows a rectangle. Write an expression in terms of x for the area. Write each expression in its simplest form. ‘Answer Divide n by 3, then subtract 6. Writen + 3.as 4. An +3) Add 3 to n, then multiply the result by 4. Write n + 3 inside brackets to show this must be done before multiplying by 4. Multiply n by itself to give m x m; write this as 7. Then divide the result by 2. Write @+2as. iv Ves Square root n. Then add 5. < b i 3x+443v+4+.2+x? Add together the lengths of the four sides to work out the perimeter. CF Or 48 ‘Simplify the expression by collecting like terms. Bx +4) Multiply the length by the width to work out the area. S30 + 4x ‘Simplify the expression by multiplying out the bracket. Exercise 2.2 1 Kara thinks of a number, 1 Write the correct expression from the cloud for the number Kara gets when she: ‘adds five to the number ‘multiplies the number by five, then subtracts five divides the number by five, then adds five adds five to the number, then multiplies by five subtracts five from the number, then divides by five subtracts the number from five. seaoce Scanned with CamScanner2.2 Constructing expressions 2 Luis thinks of a number, x. ‘Write an expression, in terms of x, for the number Luis gets when he: ‘multiplies the number by 7 subtracts the number from 20 ‘multiplies the number by 2, then adds 9 divides the number by 6, then subtracts 4 ‘multiplies the number by itself divides 100 by the number subtracts 7 om the number then lpi he revolt by $m square roots the number cubes the number Remember that cube roots the number Yo multiplies the number by 3, squares the result, then adds 7 the fe multiplies the number by 2, cubes the result, then subtracts 100. 2 3° Write an expression for i the perimeter and ii the area of each rectangle Write each expression in its simplest form. a y c 3 ‘ a) Le d x e 2x f 4 This is part of Mia’s homework. Question Write an expression for the perimeter and x45 area of this rectangle. ey: Write each answer in its simplest form. ‘Answer Perimeter =x +5 + 24x45 42r = 6x +10 Area = v(x + 5) = 2x? + 10x Scanned with CamScanner2. Expre: ind formu > a Read what Sofia says ‘use a different method to write the expression for the perimeter. I work out perimeter = 2¢x + 5) + 212s), ‘then | expand the brackets and simplify. ‘Show that Sofia’s method will give the correct expression for the perimeter. b Critique each method. Whose method do you prefer to use to write the expression for the perimeter? Explain why. ¢ When x =3, copy and complete these workings: length of rectangle = x + 5=3+5= width of rectangle = 2x = 2x3 = perimeter = 2 x length +2 width = 2x[_]+2*{_]=[[] area = length x width =[__]* d= When x = 3, copy and complete these workin; perimeter = 6x + 10=6%3+10= area = 2x? + 10x=2x3?+10x3=[ ]+[]= e What do you notice about your answers for the perimeter and area in parts e and d? Do you think this is a good method to use to check your expressions are correct? Explain your answer. 5 Write an expression for i the perimeter and ii the area of each rectangle. Write each expression in its simplest form. Then use the values given, and the method from Question 4, to check your expressions are correct. a x42 b 6 Scanned with CamScanner2.2 Constructing expressions ius 6 Work with a partner to answer these questions. Alicia and Razi have rods of four different colours. The blue rods have a length of x + 1 ‘The red rods have a length of x + 2. The green rods have a length of 2x +1 ‘The yellow rods have a length of 3x. Era xt x+2 241 ay Alicia shows Razi that the total length of 3 red rods and 5 yellow rods is the same as 6 green rods and 2 yellow rods, like this. 3 red + 5 yellow = 3(x + 2) 6 green + 2 yellow = 6(2x + 1) + 5x) + 2x) = Bx 46+ 15x = 12x +64 6x = 18x +6 = 18x +6 2 Show that i. the total length of 2 red rods and 2 yellow rods is the same as 4 green rods ii the total length of 3 red rods and 3 yellow rods is the same as 6 green rods iii the total length of 4 red rods and 4 yellow rods is the same as 8 green rods, b What do your answers to part a tell you about the connection between the number of red and yellow rods and the number of green rods? < Show that i the total length of 6 red rods and 2 yellow rods is the same as 12 blue rods ji the total length of 9 red rods and 3 yellow rods is the same as 18 blue rods the total length of 12 red rods and 4 yellow rods is the same as 24 blue rods. d_ What do your answers to part c tell you about the connection between the number of red and yellow rods and the number of blue rods? e _ Discuss your answers to parts b and d with other learners in your class. Scanned with CamScanner2. Expressions and formulae > TY 7 Thediagram shows tangle a bee Of the sides of the triangle are written as expressions. On, aie, ‘Mork out the lengths of the sides ofthe range when ‘Use your answers to part a to work out the perimeter of the a tviangle when w= 2and v= 3, Write an expression forthe perimeter ofthe tial. Show that the expression can be simplified to I4u- + nw 6° 4 Substitute w= 2 and v= 3 into the expression for the perimeter from part. ‘Check that your answers to parts b and d are the same Work with a partner to answer this question. The diagram shows a quadrilateral The lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral are written as expressions. Wer) Work out the lengths of the sides of the quadlateral when a= Sand b = 2. Use your answers to part a to work out the perimeter of the quadrilatoral when a= 5 and b= 2. Write an expression for the perimeter of the quacilatera ‘Show that the expression can be simplified to a + 4a" + 196, Use the expression in part ¢ to work out the perimeter ofthe quadrilateral when a= -S and b= 2. ‘Are your answers to parts b and d the same? If not, check your working, Work out the perimeter of the quadrilateral when a = 4 and b = ~3, Is your answer to part e a valid measurement forthe perimeter? Explain your answer. Discuss your answer with other learners in your class, Scanned with CamScanner2.3. Expressions and indices vi apni tn paler 6 a gh i Show et theeeson cin betipiido2ar'+3). © Readat Ams a Tea ‘You might need to remind yourself how to factorise _the same perimeter. expressions, Is Arun correct? Explain your answer. Show your working. ‘A square has an area of 2Sem*. Show that the perimeter of the square is 20cm. ‘A square has an area of 49¢m?, Work out the perimeter of the square ¢ Asquare has an area of xem?, Write an expression for the perimeter of the square. ‘Use your working for parts a and b to help you. ‘A cube has side length xem, Write an expression for the volume of the cube. ‘Accube has a volume of ycm?. Write an expression for the side length of the cube. oe > 2.3 Expressions and indices You already know how to use the laws of indices for multiplication and ivision of numbers. You can also use these rules with algebraic expressions, + When you multiply powers of the same variable, you add the indices, xt + When you divide powers of the same variable, you subtract the indices, 3° = x° = x~* ‘+ When you simplify the power of a power, you multiply the indices. (yer ay Scanned with CamScanner‘Simplify each expression. c (2d bwts20! aoexg sx ‘To multiply, add the indices. ax 2+3=5,so theanswerisx*, byty ay To divide, subtract the indices. : 1-4=3,so theansweris)’. To simpy the pover ofa powes mull the in 345 12, sothe answers 2. Gt and 2 aretike ems 50246 ad 2 tops ‘The index stays the same. Exercise 2.3 1 Copy and complete. ye 0 do Wawa 4 (Wy) 9 Sm'+3n? Jw? ho ort=n =p 2 Simplify each expression. 2m xnt bower © xp a gee e pee f fee 9 (vy h (vy i (ey jo w42? k Shag? eee Scanned with CamScanner2.3 Expressions and indices "Arun, Sofia and Zara simplify the expression x? +2, Read what they say. ‘What do you think? You could try different values | for.x and work out numerical answers first. 4 Thisis part of Kai's homework. Use Kai's method to simplify these ‘Quation ae. Simplify the expression 6x? x 3x* 3x? x 2x? lie 6x2 x 3x" = 6 xx? x 3 xx* mt x Im? 4nf xn? Px 8p +eance Scanned with CamScanner2. Expressions and formulae > fier n ene Sasha's method Abn ata 2? So the answer is 2x? 6 Simplify each expression. 2 6g gt bor +3e © 185 qe 2 # 7 Which answer is correct, A, B, Cor D? a ne A mw B 2x € Die b simmplity 2 A iy B Ry c aby D aby 3 5 5 3 Is 3, Sys Simplify 28 A 3k BRK co kk D 3x > o ° & ° | io Scanned with CamScanner2.3 Expressions and indices 8 — Marcus and Arun simplify the expression (312), Read what they say. a Whois correct, Marcus or Arun? Explain why. b Simplify these expressions. i ay i oy ii Qe b Ineach empty circle, write an expression that simplifies to the expression in the centre circle. Use expressions similar to those in questions 4, 6 and 8. ¢ Swap your spider diagram with a partner's diagram and mark each others work Discuss any mistakes that have been made. ‘a Make a copy of this spider diagram. g 9 Simplify these expressions. ‘Write your answers using a negative power and a fraction. Remember the rules Part a has been done for you. ares for negative indices: hs a b Pes zat, 22 2 2 a @ a+ dey etc. 10 Here are six rectangular cards and seven oval cards. ‘The expressions on the rectangular cards have been simplified to give the expressions on the oval cards. Scanned with CamScannerv @@ a Match each rectangular card with the correct oval card. b There is one oval card left. Write an expression that simplifies to give the expression on this card. Meme ins > 2.4 Expanding the product of two linear expressions ea eee ‘When you multiply together two expressions in brackets, you must multiply each term in the first pair of brackets by each term in the second pair of brackets. Scanned with CamScanner2.4 Expanding the product of two linear expressions, Expand and simplify these expressions, a (+2043) b (8-4) Answer, a (45 +3) First, multiply the brackets to give x% ‘Then, multiply the x in the first brackets by the 3 in the second brackets to give 3x. ‘Then, multiply the 2 in the first brackets by the x in the second brackets to give 2x. Finally, multiply the 2 in the first brackets by the 3 in the second brackets to give 6. in the first brackets by the «in the second C4 3x+ 206 Write each term as you work it out — Collect like terms, 3x + 2x= 5x, to simplify your answer. b May—4 First, multiply they in the first brackets by the inthe second 7 brackets to give ° Then, multiply the y in the first brackets by the ~4 in the second brackets to give ~4y. ‘Then, multiply the 8 in the first brackets by the y in the second { brackets to give Sy. Finally, multiply the 8 in the first brackets by the ~4 in the second brackets to give dy +8y—32 Write each termas you work it out. P+ dy 32 Collect like terms, ~4y + 8y = 4y, to simplify your answer. Scanned with CamScanner2 Expressions and formul > Exercise 2.4 4 Copy and complete these multiplications. ) a aye neetixvel +L] b (rns 6e- - =eOeO =s+Ok-O -OeO-O « Cattp-e-De-De+ -O-O SY eeOe g 2 Expand and simplify a (xt3e+7) b (xt 1er+19) © + 5)0-3) d(x 4yer48) e (= Te-2) # (x= 1x2) Gdn en TY | 3. Sofia and Zara discuss the different methods they use to expand two brackets. Read what they say. Tis the method loses Tuse the same ae method as in ad abesaon ts avextared 4 Expand and simplify these expressions. Use your favourite method 2 (+20 +4) b G+6E+8) © (m+4ym~3) d (@-9a+2) © @-OK-5) £ (n= 10)n~20) Scanned with CamScanner2.4 Expanding the product of two linear expressions Work with a partner to answer this question, a Lookatthis expansion. (x + 5)(xr + d) = x7 + Sx + dx + 2007+ 9x + 20 How would the expansion change if the red + sign changed to ~ 7 b Here is the expansion again. (x + S)ix + 4) =x? + 5x + 4x +20= x + 9x +20 How would the expansion change ifthe red + sign changed to ~ ? € Here is the expansion again. (x + Six + 4) = x? + Sx 44x +20 =17 + 9x + 20 How would the expansion change ifboth of the + signs changed to sions? | Write down the missing signs (+ or -) in these expansions. In each expression, the number represented by Ais greater than ‘ie number | represented by 8. C is the sum of A and B in each equation, ar © s the product of A and B in each equation. i (+ Ale +B)= 2] Jex(_]D i (+ Ale-B)=22[ Jex[_ JD i (e-Alie+B)=x4(_]ex[_]D Ww (@&-Ale-8)=(_Jcx[ Jo Discuss your answers to these questions with other learners in you “lass. - 6 Which is the correct expansion of the expression, A, Bor C? Use what you have learned from Question 5 to help you. a (WH QWH3= A w+ 12W-27 Bo ow 12w+27 © w+ 12W 427 b @#De-= A S+2r-35 BH 2vHIS CP 2-35 © U-SYtO= A y-2yt4B B yet 2y—48 d G-4e-5)= A F-92420 B +9:420 7 Copy and complete each expansion. a (et 2P=(x+2)(v+2) b xe+2x+L]x+ ria 8 a _ Expand and simplify each expression, i ots if @+IP iii m+ 8p wv @-2? vv @-aP vi (a9) | Use the same method as b Look carefully at your answers to part a [ in Question 7. ‘Use these answers to complete the general es expansion: (x +a)? This type of expansion is called a perfect 53 Scanned with CamScanner2. Expressions and formulae > Yq ‘a Show that when you expand and simplify (x + 3)(x~ 3) you will have an expression with only two terms b Expand and simplify these expressions. 1 (FMx-2) HO] He) HH OH NO—T) What do you notice about your answers in part b? d__ Use your answer to parte to write the simplified expansion of (x= 10)(x + 10). @ Look carefully at your answers to this question so fa. Use these answers to complete the general expansion: (x + a) wa This type of expansion is called the difference of two squares. Work with a partner on this activity Te Ts Here is part of a number grid. 6 oak at ter Block of for equa, an fll eer acne © Mukiply the number in the bottom . oe ee left square by the number in the top right Ee 2 square: 9 x 5 ~ 45 26 | 27 30 ® Muttiply the number in the top leftsquare [_3t1_| 32 35 by the number in the bottom right 36 | 37 | 28 | 39 | 40 square: 4 x 10 = 40 Subtract the second answer from the first: 45 - 40 = 5 Repeat these three steps with the blue block of four squares. Repeat these three steps with the green block of four squares. What do you notice about your answers to parts a and b? Here is a general block of four squares from the same number grid. [“n Copy the block of four squares and write an expression, in terms of n, in each of the other squares to represent the missing numbers. Repeat the three steps with the block of four squares in part d. What do you notice about your answer? Now you have completed this activity, compare your answers with other learners in your class. Discuss any differences in your answers and explain any mistakes that have been made. Gaede Scanned with CamScanner2.5 Simplifying algebraic fractions > 2.5 Simplifying algebraic fractions ose An algebraie fraction is a fraction that contains an unknown variable, or letter. For example, 2, §, 24 and are all algebraie fractions. ‘You can write the fration = (say “x over 4) as x (Say “one-quarter of x) ‘You can write the fraction 22 (say 2a over 3) as 2a (say ‘two-thirds ofa’. ‘To add and subtract algebraic fractions, use the same method as for normal fractions. + If the denominators are the same, simply add or subtract the ‘numerators. ‘+ If the denominators are different, write the fractions as equivalent fractions with the same denominator, then add or subtract the nmumerators. + Cancel your answer to its simplest form. ‘Simplify these expressions. x4x 4 a +e b 4 s)> Scanned with CamScannerFind equivalent fractions which have a common denominator. ‘The denominators are now the same, so add the ‘numerator. 27251 cannot be simplified, so leave it as it is. Exercise 2.5 )Throughout this exercise, give each answer as a fraction in its simplest form. 1 Simplify these expressions. 3 Scanned with CamScanner2.5. Simplifying algebr Here are some algebraic fraction eards cards, The blue cards are answer a ia | G | gtk is @ Which question cards match answer card i? Show your working. b Which question cards match answer card if? Show your working, ¢ Which question card does not match either of the answer cards? Work out the answer to this card. Work with 2 partner to answer this question. This is part of Su-Lin’s homework. Question a Substitute x = 1 and y = Zinto $+ and Simplify 5 +4 work out the answer, b Substitute x= 1 andy = work out the answer. € Use your answers to parts a and b to show that Surin’ anewer is inconect ae Look back at Su-Lin’s solution and explain the mistake she has made. Write the correct answer. ‘e _ Discuss your answers to parts ato d with other learners in your class ¥ Use what you have learned to decide if these simplified fractions are correct or incorrect. If they are incorrect, work out the correct answer, 1 Begagegatey xty Answer +2 and into aaa Scanned with CamScanner2. Expressions and formulae > 6 a Simplify these expressions. ioaae ii sts Wiad yd we a*s meet ac) b _ Foreach expression in part a, choose values for a and b. ‘Substitute your values into the questions and work out the ‘numerical answers. ‘Substitute your values into your algebraic answer and work out the numerical answers, Check your numerical answers match, to show your algebraic expressions are correct. Work with a partner for this activity Here are eight fractions cards labelled A to H. EF 8 |e é D 3 3 y Take it in turns to ask your partner to add or subtract two of the cards. For example, you could say ‘C + F’ or 'H ~B’. You can choose. Work out the answer yourself and mark your partners work Discuss any mistakes that have been made. Do this twice each. % i : F fee eo] H Y Pin a eee earsac cc ork with a partner to answer this question. is is part of lain’s homework. 2x40 _ ai eo ey Scanned with CamScanner19 algebraic fractions Substitute x = 3 into $82 and work out the answer. Substitute x = 3 into 3x + 1 and work out the answer. Use your answers to parts a and b to show that lain’s answer is correct. Look back at lain’s solution and explain why his method works. Read what Arun says: lLuse a much easier method, | just cancel the ‘numbers that are the same Be ait sf mtx ‘Show that when x = 3, Arun’s answer is incorrect. a Explain why his method is incorrect. Discuss your answers to parts a to e with other learners in your class. How will you convince them about your findings if your answers are different? 8 Simplify these expressions, Make sure you factorise the numerator before you cancel with the denominator. 6r43 b Ss10 g | Gxn9 a a0 7 3 9 Show that S*=4 4 20x tn Question 9, simplify each fraction separately, then add the answers together. 25 simplifies to 7x + 3, z 3 10. This is how Shania and Taylor simplify the fraction S18 Gres a Shania att gener Taylor | Fully factorise 6x + 18 = 6(x + 3) The denominator is 3, so take out a 6x +18 _ 6(x + 3) factor of 3: 6x + 18 = 3(2x + 6) 3 3 bx +18 (2x + 6) = 604+9) Bo cee iB 13x +6) =2r+3) Sagas =2x+6 a Show that Shania’s answer is equivalent to Taylor's answer. b Critique both methods. Whose method do you prefer, Shania’s or Taylor's? Explain why. = a) Scanned with CamScanner2. Expressions and formulae » ¢ Simplify these fractions. Use your favourite method, 10x +30 j xe24 i os —48 Sie can simplify algebraic fractions, AA formula is a mathematical rule that shows the relationship between two or more variables. For example, a formula that is often used in physics is: v= u + ar In this formula, vis the subject of the formula. Iti writen on its own, on one side of the equation. Depending on the information you are given and the variable you want to find, you might need to rearrange the formula. This is called changing the subject of the formula, For example, if you know the | values of v, a and ¢ in the formula v= w+ at and you veutat want to work out the value of w, you would rearrange the | 4 + qi =y | equation as shown. This makes w the subject of the formula. You usually write the subject of the formula (in this example, v) on the left-hand side of the equation. at Scanned with CamScanner2.6 Deriving and using formulae If you know the values of », wand a in the formula y =u + at and you want to work out the value of 1, you would rearrange the equation as shown, This makes ¢ the subject of the formula. ‘Write a formula for the total pay, P dollars, b Use the formula in part a to work out P when W= 60, R=480. ¢ Rearrange the formula in part a to make H the subject. d__ Use your answer to part ¢ to work out H when P = 91, Now divide by R. left-hand side. Substitute formula. ‘Work out the answer and remember th: units (S) © P-W=HR ‘To make H the subject, use inverse operations. Start by subtracting W from P. be a Each day, Li is paid a fixed wage JV dollars, and an extra R dollars per hour he works. i earns when he works H hours one day. =el H= 8} and W= 65 and R= 5.20, ‘Answer a W+HR pay (P)= fixed wage(W) + number of hours (H) * rate of pay (2) Remember to write Hx Ras HR. x b P=60+8.25% 4.80 Substitute W’= 60, H = 8.25 and R= 4.80 to the $99.60 formula. ‘Now rewrite the formula with H as the subject on the = 91, W=65 and R= 5.20 into the ‘Work out the answer and remember the units (hours). “> Scanned with CamScanner2 Expressions and formulae > Exercise 2.6 1a Write formula for the number of seconds, 5, in any number ‘of minutes, M. b Use your formula in part a to work out $ when Mf = 18. ¢ Rearrange your formula in part a to make M the subject. Use your formula in part ¢ to work out M when S= 1350. 2 a Use the formula F= ma to work out the value of ii Fwhenm= 26nd a=~3, b Rearrange the formula F= ma to make m the subject. Work out the value of m when F= 30 and a = 2.5. ¢ Rearrange the formula F = ma to make a the subject. Work out the value of a when F=—14 and m=8. qY Work with a partner to answer these questions. a Copy and complete this table showing the number of ~ faces, edges and vertices of 3D shapes. pe Make a sketch mejcube of each shape to | help you. | cuboid oe |. friangular prism friangularbased | pyramid I square-based i pyramid b Write a formula that connects the number of faces (F), vertices (V) and edges (E). | Check your formula works for the shapes in the table. You studied Euler's formula in Stage 8 ¢ Make Vthe subject of your formula. ‘Work out Vwhen i E=WandF=6 ii E=12andF=7. Scanned with CamScanner2.6 Deriving and using formulae emer) Compare your answers to parts ci and ci with the shapes in the last two rows of the table in part a. subject of your formula. Work out F when E= 5 and V= 7. What does your value of F tell you? Compare and discuss your answers to a to e with other pairs in your class 4 Amys xyears old. Ben is 2 years older than Amy. Alice is six years younger than Amy. 2 Write an expression for Ben's age and Alice’ age in terms of x. b Write a formula for the total age, 7, of Amy, Ben and Alice. ¢ Use your formula in part b to work out T when x= 19. Rearrange your formula in part b to make x the subject. @ Use your formula in part d to work out x when T= 62. 5 Use the formula v= 1+ at to work out the value of b vwhenw . © wwhen v= 75, | Inparsctof ds wwhen y start by changing the subject of the fe twhen y= 80, u nea ‘ when » 6 Ad He uses the formula shown to work out the percentage profit he makes. Work out Adrian's percentage profit on each of these pai 2 Cost price $250, selling price $300 b Cost price $120, selling price $192 ¢ — Cost price $480, selling price $1080 1 1) Scanned with CamScannerL. 2. Expressions and form > i qY 8 Work with a partner to answer this question. 7 Insome countries, the mass of ‘person is measured in stones (S) and pounds (P). “The formula to convert a mass from stones and pounds to ilograms is shown. Work out the mass, in kilograms, of a person with a mass of a 10 stones and 3 pounds b — 7stones and 10 pounds 9 stones exactly ¢ — 1Sstones and | pound d- 9stones. means 9 stones and 0 pounds. Doane a Make x the subject of each of these formulae. Write down if A, B or C is the correct answer. io ye2eez A xattt ee Dt3h 3 x=7ky-) x=3ny-m ee B Discuss with your partner and with other learners in the class. Explain what mistakes have been made to get the incorrect answers. a a m=m+9 b 10 The diagram shows a shape made from a square and a rectangle, ee ‘Write a formula for the area (A) of the shape. Work out 4 when a = 6, 6 = 3and c= 4.5. Show that you can rearrange your formula to give a= JA-be. Work out a when A = 80, b= 8 and c= 2. aeoe Scanned with CamScanner2.6 Deriving and using formulae " 12 ‘The formula for the area of a circle is A= mr a Work out the area of a circle with radius Sem. Use the x button on your calculator. ‘Write your answer correct to 3 significant figures (3 s.). b Make rthe subject of the formula. ¢ Work out the radius of a circle with an area of 122.7em?, ‘Write your answer correct to 3 significant figures (3 sf). ‘Simon uses the formula V =P to work out the volume of a cube. a Make /the subject of the formula. b Simon works out that the volumes of two different cubes are ‘64em! and 216m’. ‘Work out the difference in the side length of the cubes. ‘Sasha uses the relationship shown to change between temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and temperatures in degrees Celsius (°C). Sasha thinks that 30°C is higher than 2 Is she correct? Show how you worked out your answer. A doctor uses the formula in the box to calculate a patient’s body mass index (BMI). A patient is described as underweight if their BMI is below 18.5. a Tina's mass is 48.8kg and her height is 1.56m. Is she underweight? Explain your answer. Show your working. b Stephen's height is 1.80m and his mass is 68.5kg. He wants to have a BMI of 20. ‘How many kilograms must he lose to reach a BMI of 20? Show your working. Scanned with CamScanner2. Expressions and formulae Check your progress Work out the value of cach expression when x a xGyt b Qxyf+y" Write an expression forthe perimeter and area of this rectangle. Write each answer in its simplest form. ‘Simplify each expression. a xs b gag ys Bn x Sur e be pep Expand and simplify each expression. a (e+ 2YQxt5) b (x 3x44) (x + Ox = 9) J (= 106-4) © (x 8x +8) - @F Simplify each expression. wy aj iiss a*3 Be sti es 7 Use the formula x= y? + 5: to work out the value of x when y= 4 and 2 = 3. Make = the subject of the formula, Work out the value of = when x= 55 and yas. Make y the subject of the formula. Work out the value of y when x = 46 and ‘Scanned with CamScanner