B Grammar

1 De ning and non-de ning relative clauses

START POINT
The old photograph that you can see ahead of you shows Murconi at Signal Hill. (de ning relative clause)
The story of radio probably begins with Heinrich Hertz, who was the rst to produce radio waves in a laboratory.
(non-de ning relative clause)
Relative clauses give more information about someone or something referred to in the main clause.
De ning relative clauses specify which or which type of person or thing we mean.
Non-de ning relative clauses simply add extra information about a noun.

We put a relative clause as close as possible to the noun it refers to:

There are just a few of the wireless telegraphs' the fuctory produced left in the world. rather than
There are just a few of the 'wireless telegraphs' left in the world that the factory produced.
Some relative clauses refer back to the whole idea in the previous clause, not just the previous
noun. Most of these begin with which:

The owner of the old radio claims that it is in excellent condition- which is obviously not thecase.

2 Relative pronouns
Adding information about people
• de ning relative clause(subject pronoun):
subject
pronoun

There were many people who doubted that Marconi would eversucceed.
(Or informally: There were many people that doubted ..)
• de ning relative clause (object pronoun):
object
pronoun subject

Augusto Righi was an Italian physicist who Marconi studied with in the 1890s.
(Or informally: an Italian physicist (that) Marconi studied with.)
(Very formally: Augusto Righi was an Italian physicist whom Marconi studied with.)
• non-de ningrelativeclause(subjectpronoun):
The story of radio probably begins with Heinrich Hertz, who was the rst to produce radiowaves
in a laboratory.
• non-de ning relative clause (object pronoun):
Augusto Righi, who Marconi respected greatly, guided his reseurch.
(Very formally: Augusto Righi, uwhom Marconi respected greatly, guided hisresearch.)
A Whom is now used only in very formal styles, mostly in writing.

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 Adding information about things or animals
• de ning relative clause (subject pronoun):
The invention that made this possible was the vacuum tube.
More formally: The invention which made this possible ..
• de ning relative clause (object pronoun):
The model (that) you can see in Case 1 shows how this works.
More formally: The model which you can see.

• non-de ning relative clause (subject and object pronoun):

Marconi opened a wireless telegraph' factory in England, which employed around 50 people.
Marconi's wireless telegraph' factory, which he set up in England, employed around 50 people.
A Although some people use that here, it is grammatically incorrect and should be avoided
in written exams.
In both de ning and non-de ning relative clauses we can often use who, that or which with
collective nouns referring to groups of people (e.g. company, government, orchestra):
The company who/which/that made the rst radios was set up by Marconi.

3 Other words beginning relative clauses

We often use when after a noun referring to a time, or words such as day, period, time:
The rst public demonstration of the power of radio came in 1901, when Marconi announced that
he had received a transmission from across the Atlantic.
More formally, we can often use a preposition + which:
It was a period during which they met very infrequently. or ... a period when ..
Less formally, we can use that or no relative pronoun in de ning relative clauses:
.
I can still remember the time (that) I rst watched television. or ... the time when ..
We often use why after reason:
You can probably guess the reason why radio began to losesome of its popularity. or informally
.. the reason (that) radio began to lose ...
We often use where after a noun referring to a location, or words such as case, condition,
example, experiment, instance, point, process, situation, system:
Move now to room 36, where you can nd information and displays.
Marconi's goal was to nd a system where telegraphic messages could be transmitted.
More formally, we can use preposition + which:
He devised an experiment in which a spark jumped across a gap in a metal ring.

c We usewhereby (or a preposition + which) in formal contexts to mean by which way or

method':
Technology is the process whereby / by which humans modify nature to meet their needs and
wants. or less formally ... the process where ...
We use whose + noun to talk about something belonging to or associated with a person, town,
country, or organisation:
For most people, however, it is the Italian Guglielmo Marconi whose name is mainly associated
with thedevelopment of radio.

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 In formal uses, noun + of which can sometimes replace whose + noun:
Project Geneva is a computing project, the purpose of which is to analyse very large amounts of
data on environmental change. or
Project Geneva is a computing project whose purpose is to analyse large amounts of data on
environmental change.

4 Prepositions in relative clauses

STARTPOINT
These early radio systems could only beused for Morse code, in which each letter of the alphabet isrepresented bya
combination of dots and dashes. (- These early radio systems could only be used for Morse code. In Morse code,
each letter of the alphabet is represented by a combination of dots and dashes.)

A preposition usually comes before the relative pronoun in formal styles:

In 1901 Marconi made the announcement for which he will aluwaysbe remembered.
A After a preposition we usually use whom rather than who in formal styles:
Augusto Righi, with whom Marconi studied in the 1890s, was a physicist.
Augusto Righi, whom Marconi studied with in the 1890s, was a physicist.
A preposition usually comes later in the clause in less formal styles:
In 1901, Marconi made the announcement which he will always be remembered for.
Augusto Righi, who Marconi studied with in the 1890s, was a physicist.

We can use of which and of whom (or very informally of who) after all, both, each, many,
most, neither, part, several, some, a number (e.g. one, two, the rst, the second, half, a third) and
superlatives:
Radio entertainers, many of whom becamehouseholdnames, were highly paid.
We can use a preposition, usually from, with where and when:
Marconi set up a transmission station in Cornwall, from where the rst transatlantic radio
message was sent.

CA number of common prepsitional phrasesare used in non-de ning relativeclauseswith

which. These include: in which case, at / by which time, as a result of which:
In Britain, the popularity of radioincreased until 1952, by which timnefour out of ve
households owned one.
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 C Grammar exercises

1 Match thesentencehalvesand join them with one of the words in the box.
when where whereby which whose why

1 The new factory will be located in a job it is to maintain standards in

an area television programmes.
2 The photograph reminded him of b he used to live in New York.
the time c talented students can complete their
3 Any complaints should be sent to degree in only two years.
the Broadcasting Regulator, d Maude should be offended by my
4 The journalists have reached an letter.
agreement e there are high levels of
5 I couldn't see any reason unemployment.
6 The university has introduced an f they will be paid for a minimum 35-
initiative in hour working week.
1 The naw factory wsll be located in an area whare there are high levels of unemploymant.

2 Underlineall thepossiblerelativepronouns that cancompleteeachsentence.(

meansthat the sentence is correct with no relative pronoun.) If there is more than one
possible answer, decide which one(s) are less formal.
1 The new drug should be of bene t for anyone . suffers from severe
hay fever.
A who B - C which D that
'that' is less frmal than 'uho' here

2 Did the committee ....*****. ... took thedecisionon the new housingestate
meet local protestors?
A - B which C who D whom
3 The wallpaper, ... . is available in a number of colours, is based on an
eighteenth-century design.
A which B that C- D who
4 Howard Stevens was one of the artists Carlson worked with in his
youth.
A whom B - C which D who
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 5 Conservationists have called for a programme to eliminate the rats .........
are killing seabirds on the island.
A that B C which D whom
6 A government spokesperson, .... did not wish to be named,said that
there had been a major disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Finance
Minister.
A which B that C who D
7 Were the coins ..**** ...he dug up worth a lot of money?
A who B C that D which
8 He was survived by his wife Mary Trotter,.... .... he married in 1936.
A whom B that C- D who

3 Completethesesentenceswith anappropriatepreposition.
1 There were many excellent matches in the World Cup, the best..
which, in my view, was France against Brazil in the semi- nal.
2 There were criticisms of the way... which the election was conducted.
3 Celebrations begin at nine o'clock, .... which time a huge bon re will be
lit.
4 We climbed to the top of the mountain, ......e. where it is possible to see
three countries.
5 She has recently published a collection of short stories, most. which
rst appeared in the London Literary Magazine.
6 They showed enormous kindness to me,... which I will alwaysbe
grateful.
7 We will soon notify you of the date... ... when thegoodswill be
despatched.
8 He was married in 1253 to a woman named Purcelle,..... whom nothing
more is known.
9 The train drivers arethreatening to strike nextweek, ... whichcase I'l
have to work from home.
10 We're trying to speed up the process.. .... whichdecisionsaremadein
the company.
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 4 Matchinformation from A and B to write de nitions of the words andphrasesbelow.
Use a relative clause in your de nition.
A B

A political system. They end just below the knee.

A Muslim doctor. People can move food in it between the oors
A narrow piece of wood at the end of a building.
of a swimming pool. People made tools and weapons only out of
A piece of equipment like a lift. stone then.

Housing for old and ill people. Their job is to organise the sending of goods
from one place to another.
Women's narrow trousers.
Help can be given there if it is needed.
An early period in human history.
Parties are represented in parliament
A person or company. according to the number of people who vote
for them.
They use traditional methods to treat people.
People can dive from it.
1 Sheltered accommodation is ousing. far.old.and..pOpe. in.which.A.swhee.hep. can. be.
gNen. iit..5.rccded,..
2 A diving board is
3 Capri pants are e.se**eesss.a4 .*..**...
4 A shipper is
5 A hakim is
.
6 A dumb waiter is ..
7 TheStoneAgeis ..
8 Proportional representation is. •..*..... ....
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Use of English
Complete the following article by writing one word only in each space.

Origami
Origami is the art (0)...t..paper folding, the aim of (1) ••***.•.*** * is to make
objects using folds and creases. In general, these objects begin with a square
sheet of paper, (2)..... .sides may be different colours, and this is usually
folded without cutting. The origins of origami are disputed, (3) .. believing
that it began in Japan, others that it originated in China, from (4) ... it was
taken to Japan in the seventh century. It may also have developed independently in
theWest.(5) .... is undisputed is that it reached its greatest development in
Japan. Origami was mostly a traditional art carried (6) ....... foramusement,but
it has also been put (7).... ... practical use, such as producing boxes, mats and
umbrellas. It is also used in studying the principles (8) ....design. Probably
the most famous modern origami artist was Akira Yoshizawa, (9) died
in 2005. He pioneered origami as (10) creative art, as well as devising a
symbolic method of representing paper folding. This allows enthusiasts worldwide
to copy his models from books, (11) ... if they do not speak Japanese.
(12) ......... a.l, he created more than 50,000 models, only a few hundred
designs (13)... ... which were shown in his books. In 1998, he was one of
theexhibitorsat the Louvre in Paris for (14).....as probably the greatest
exhibition of origami (15) *............ Seen.

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 Grammar focus task

Without looking back at the text, write the two sentences as one, including a relative
clause.

1 Origami is the art of paper folding.

The aim of origami is to make objects using folds and creases.
Crgai. is.ths.at.si.DARAT..FOdig..the.aim.of.which.is.to.make.sbiects.4Sing.f9ds...
and arCases.

2 In general, these objects begin witha square sheet of paper.

The sides of these sheets of paper may be different colours.

3 Some believe that origami originated in China.

It was taken to Japan in the seventh century.

....s.
4 Probably the most famous modern origami artist was Akira Yoshizawa.
Akira Yoshizawa died in 2005.

5 Akira Yoshizawa created more than 50,000 models. .....

Only a few hundred designs were shown in his books.

Writing
At a recent meeting of your college student committee, there was a discussion of fundraising for
g0od causes. Here is an extract from the minutes of the meeting.

Any other business

5.1
Daphne Jones noted that college students raised over £4,500 for a
number of good causes last year (including Oxfam, UNICEF, people
with visual impairment, homeless people), but that the maximum raised
1or any one good cause was only £520. She suggested that next year one
particular good cause should be identi ed, and all funds raised should
go to this.
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 5.2 After discussion it was decided to ask students to write proposals.
Students should:
• identify a good cause and say why they would like the college to
support it
suggest what fundraising activities might be done
• say what part they will play in the fundraising process.
The college student committee will select the best proposal and choose
the student to be in charge of fundraising.

You decide to write a proposal for them. Write your proposal in 300-350 words.

Writing hints

The task gives you the chance to practise using nouns followed by relative clauses:
a company which might agree to sponsor us ...
.
The reason why I am suggesting this charity is ..
a charity, the aim of which is ..; a fundraising activity in which ...
Useful language
a contribution, a sponsoredevent / walk / swim, sponsorship,proceedsfrom thesale,
a charity event / concert / appeal