Medieval age Modern age 1492-1945

After Roman Empire fall(476C.E.)

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-No central gov. = chaos Discovery and sea expansion 1482-1620

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-To find new route to Asia cuz muslim (close trade route) make current trade

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Charlemagne as king of Frank(768-814C.E.) route expensive W/ Italian(middle man)

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*Established Holy Roman Empire -European monarch want to end this

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-to spread christianity(catholic and protestant)

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-Try to unify Europe
-After he died, his 3 grandson divided land Advance in knowledge & tech
*Ctz. need protect but no strong gov. nor king 1.Cartography.
*Nb owned knight, give service to k for land = feudalism -Use ptolemy guide to geography to make i proved map
-Show that earth is globe and n and s America is sep. by german
Feudalism -Longitude and latitude by Geradus Mercator
-Lord live in manor & owned land 2.Sailing
-Vassal respect and serve the lord with loyalty -Caravel(small and fast ship) by 1400s Portuguese and Spanish.
-Serf work in lord land as labour(slave) in poor condition -compass improved by the end of 15th c
3.Weapon
Rlg and culture -cannon
*Church dictate when peasants and surf start stop doing work -Gun
Decline Portugal exploration
-The crusade (1096-1291) 1488 Bartholomew Diaz = reach good hope, africa
Conflict between Christian and Muslim 1498 Vasco da Gama = same route but go further and reached calicut, india.
-political and economic change in Europe Portuguese colonized nearby area
-Christian feared Islamic empire expansion since Jerusalem 1500 Pedro Cabral = sail for india but go sw, reached brazil instead then claim
occupied in 1075 for ptg. Established trade center at india
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-Emperor ask pope for help, pope agree to unify 2 sects 1511 Alfonzo de Albuquerque = go se asia, occupied malaca, indo
-pope said that go to war to go to heaven *supported by prince henry
*total of 9 crusade. Only first was real rlg fight
Impact Spain exploration
-exchange of w and e product 1492 Christofer Columbus = want to go to asia, reach america instead but
-growth of middle class,deterioration of nb and knight-feudalism misunderstood for india
-k collect tax. loyalty relationship is destroyed 1519 Ferdinand Magellan = prove world is round by sailing round the world (only
-use of money to exchange for service crew survive)
-K have more power - feudalism end *supported by King Ferdinand and Queen Isbella of Spain
*Magna Carta (1199) Spa&ptg conflict after Columbus discovery
Agreement to limit king John power = strt liberty&individuals right -1494 Pope alexander iv set a line to separate. Signed treaty of tordesillas
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-Hundred years war (1337-1453) Impact

War between England and France Ptg. exploration
-power shifted to k- k collect tax and could raise large army -change european world understanding
-war technology development (mounted knight to new weapon) -Seized seaport at goa of india. Established colony in brazil and enslave for
-loyalty from lord to k and patriotism labour
-Price of spice and fabric dropped
-The Black Death (1347-1353) Spa. Exploration
Kill around one third of Europe (75,000,000-200,000,000) -world know earth is round
Spread from China from trade route -introduce sheep, cattle, pigs, horse
-Workforce become more valuable = could negotiate = better life -conquer mexico, destroy Aztec(1520)
-Feudal system authority was broken
The Renaissance (1350-1650) Overall impact
-the rebirth of Greek-Roman culture -capitalism was contributed
-transition of middle to modern age -labour was now hired
Start from the economic growth in 11th century -The voyagers had a dramatic impact on commerce. By the 1700s European
-contact of e and w = w amazed with e(china, Arab, Indian) ships traveled trade route around the globe. Holland and England set many
-trade route Silk Road trading posts and colonies in faraway lands.
*Started in Italy (Florence, Milan, and Rome) -The exploration and trade contributed to capitalism that was based on
-wealthy merchant can afford Greco-Roman art investing money for profit. Merchants gained wealth by trading goods. Many
-Invention of printing press (1450) by Johan Gutenberg = easier book used profits to finance more voyages and started trading companies. Other
spread began investing money in these companies and shared the profits. Soon this
*Conflict between political leader and pope who should be leader = pope model of shared ownership was applied to other kinds of business.
move to France -Money was more important as precious metals flowed in Europe. They were
Humanism sold for prices that were set by the open market, depending on the demand and
-w realize human has potential the availability, instead of a fixed price. This system is called a market
economy
-individualism,scholasticism -Labor was given a money value. People began working for hire instead of
-commoner has chance to learn directly providing for their own needs. Merchant hired people to work in their
-Church lost control over ctz education own cottage, turning raw materials from overseas into finished products.
Characteristic This is called Cottage Industry and was important in the making of textiles.
-interested in beauty of Earth and human behavior = humanism This industry was a step toward the factories operated by capitalists in
-now layman can be teacher later centuries.
-teach liberal art, ltrt, philosophy, Greek&Latin languages The Reformation = the reform of the Christians.
-people start questioning things • Early calls for reform started since 1300s when the Renaissance culture
-reformations flourished.
-no more luxurious ritual • The worldliness and corruption within the church e.g.
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-bible more publicly available (translation) • Many monks and nuns broke vows to marry.
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-strictly follow bible • They ignored Christian values and morals.

Culture • Pope cardinals, bishops lived in elegant palaces, and some wore jeweled
robes.
Art- follow G&R art (classical work) • The church sold offices or leadership positions called simony.
-pope = great art supporter • People paid tax to the church as well as did that to the government.
-mix between humanism, naturalism, and Christianity • The Christians were not satisfied with the selling of Indulgence of the Pope to
-human more expressive build the Cathedral
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• Petrarch 1305-1374 – Canzoniere, a collection of love poems • Pope had political conflicts with the European Rulers, mostly about the
Architecture-dome and pillars •• Giovanni Boccaccio 1313-1375 – Decameron
Nicola Machiavelli 1465-1527 – The Prince wealth and the leadership of the secular matter.
• Sir Thomas More 1477-1535 – Utopia • The Great Schism - France and Italy had selected their own Pope and the
Ltrt - focus on secular(non rlg) • William Shakespeare – 1564-1616 – Romeo & Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, King Lear, Macbeth cardinals. This lessened the people respect for the papacy and sparked calls
-utopia by Sir Thomas Moore cuz bad soc. for reform.
-Power by Nicola Machiavelli = political philosophy that politic, • Martin Luther posted a list of arguments called 95 Theses at the church
power is morality door in Wittenberg and sent to church leaders.
• The new denominations split from the Catholic were called The Protestant,
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - many things&creative which consisted of many different groups.
Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564) - sculpture&painter Lutheranism 1517 Martin Luther broke away from the church
Petrach (1304-1374) - father of humanity -to correct practice hence 95 theses and people are excited
Development -he was condemned and excommunicated by catholic
17th c = baroque (more luxurious) (opposed to protestant) Different
-Patron by k 1.faith not the action
18th c = neo classic period of reasoning 2.bible = ultimate authority not pope
3.bible is publicly available
Architecture = balance symmetric composition -supported by german prince. When there was riot, luther didnt join the people
side so he was boycotted by peasant.
-2 sect were at war for next 30years in Germany until they ended in the peace
of Augsburg in 1555
Calvinism 1541 by john calvin, french humanist of geneva
-influenced by lutheranism
Different from luther
1.salvation come from god grace, hardwork, and being thrifty
2.refused management of minister
3.encourage morality
4.ultimate soutrce = god + bible

The Impact of Reformation Anglicanism (church of england) by king henry vii in 1535
-to marry a girl he wanted, that is all
• Series of religious wars and persecution -he shutdown catholic church then take their riches
occurred during 16-17th centuries among the -queen elizabeth 1 allowed freedom of rlg in england
Catholics and the Protestants. Catholic respond
• Civil wars in France caused death around 1
million people between 1562-1598. The Council of Trent in Italy (1545-1563): by Pope Paul III
• identified the practices of Catholic
• The Thirty Years War 1618-1648 between • Improved priests by requiring better education and training of clergy.
France and England – the conflicts in both • Rejected predestination: rejected the justification by faith alone but by the
politics and religions. good works and sacraments.
• Reaffirmed 7 sacraments and the Latin Bible was the only official Bible.
• The end of the war led to the treaty of • Corrected all mistakes especially the ones involving money and church
Westphalia to call for peace between the office
• Increased the accountability and higher standard of morality of Catholicism
Catholics and the protestants
• It set the boundaries of between Catholic the Jesuits led by Ignatius Loyola.
and Protestant lands. • He was a noble but was disabled by a war. Later he studied the Bible and
vowed to become a soldier of Jesus.
• It caused the growth of nationalism that • The Jesuits spread missionaries by founding schools and colleges
throughout the world
people identified their unity of nations based on
the official state religions. Fighting the Spread of Protestantism
• The monarchy was also growing strong, the • They condemned the Protestant beliefs as heretics and asked support from
rules to win back lands lost to Protestants.
Protestant rulers claimed authority over • In the Middle Ages, the church established the Inquisition and the churchmen
religious and secular matters. The Catholic called Inquisitors to seek and try the heretics.. The
punishments were various from fines, imprisonment to burn at stake. This
rulers were increasingly independent of the type of court was very powerful in Spain, especially the period of King
pope. Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
• Monarchs revived the old idea of “the divine
right of kings” called Absolute Monarchy
• The 1000-year-unity of Christian church
broken
• The rights and liberty of people to choose
and move to the region of their own preferrable
sects.
• The spread of Christianity through the age of
exploration to many parts of the world.