Comparative Summary of Architectural Styles

West Asian (Near East) Architecture

Prehistoric Egyptian Architecture Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Early Christian Architecture Byzantine Architecture
Babylonia(Chaldea) Assyria Persia(Achaemenid)
Paleolithic-M esolithic-Neolithic 2575 B.C.-1075 B.C. 1290B.C.-538B.C. 4000?B.C.-1290B.C. 538B.C.-338B.C. 800B.C.-30B.C. 750B.C.- 395 395-476 395-1453
-Rest s on t he Nile Riv er - I t alian Peninsula
- Surrounded by t he Mediterranean Sea
-Sandy Dessert Locat ed bet w een Tigris and Euphrat es - Gradual absorpt ion of small st at es - W est ern Roman Empire - By zant ium (Renamed as Const ant inople by Const ant ine)
- The possession of nat ural harbors giv es t he pot ent ial for t rade
Geographical -Had access t o t he Mediterranean Sea & Arabian Sea Most ly populat es at Ninev eh and Baby lon - The posit ion of I t aly enabled her t o act as t he int ermediary in - "All roads lead t o Rome" (Present Day I st anbul)
- Mount ainous charact er of t he count ry isolat ed t he
Buildings w ere most ly locat ed near t he riv ers spreading ov er t he cont inent of Europe t he art s of civ ilizat ion - Christ ianit y 's grow t h at t he capit al - “NEW ROME”
inhabit ant s int o small groups.
- Mount ainous

- Alluv ial - Marble, Terra-cotta, stone and brick

- Thick mud or clay - Marble - Principle mineral product for building Largely used for t he more import ant buildings
- Limestone - Nort hern Egy pt - Stone w as rare - Fav ors purit y of line and refinement of det ail Travertine- a hard limest one from Tiv oli - Const ant inople possessed no good building st one
- Sandstone - Cent ral Egy pt , also called syenite St one is more av ailable Tufa- v olcanic subst ance from t he hills of Rome - No good mat erial for making good bricks
- Bearing no trees - Mat erials and archit ect ural element s came frome t he ruins of
- Granite - Sout hern Egy pt U sed int ernally and ex t ernally Peperino- St one of v olcanic origin from Mount Albano
Geological - Bricks w as t he main mat erial
Alabast er Roman buildings
- Bricks - Sun dried or kiln burned Sun-dried bricks – for general body - Crude bricks coat ed w it h marble cement Pozzolana and Lava
- Wood - Present but not suit able as a building mat erial Limest one slabs - Mat erials w ere I MPORTED
of t he w all
Kiln-burnt – for facing Ot her minerals: silv er, copper and iron CONCRETE
Paleolithic - Bitumen – cement ing mat erial Pozzolana + Lime
U sed st one and bone as inst rument s
- High tableland
INFLUENCES in ARCHITECTURE

Liv elihood from hunt ing and gat hering

Swampland - Hot sun and heav y rains
Learned t o make fire Nort h I t aly – Temperat e
- Equable and W arm Venomous and infect ed insect s during summer “count ry of sunshine, gardens, and - Led t o t he dev elopment of port icos - Hot t er t han Rome
Climate Liv ed in cav es & rock shelt ers Cent ral I t aly - Genial and Sunny
- Tw o seasons: Spring & Summer Flooding during rainy season desert s” - Rigorous nort hern surroundings - East ern Climat e
Sout h I t aly - Tropical
Essent ial elev at ion of plat forms in buildings - Relax ing East ern climat e
Mesolithic - Ex t remes of heat or cold
Principal Greek Diet ies: Part of t he const it ut ion
Fashioned st one t ools Some Egyptian Deities: Zeus Adapt ed Greek gods
- W orship of nat ural Minerv a - At hena
Made body cov erings from animal hides - Close connect ion of Theban Triad: Amun, Mut , Zoroastrianism Hera
Emperor receiv e div ine honors - Rise of Christ ianit y
Polytheistic phenomena Apollo Nept une - Poseidon - Const ant ine made Christ ianit y a st at e religion.
Made t he canoe for fishing Archit ect ure and Religion Khonsu - Earliest monot heist ic religions - Led by t he Pope
- Heav enly Bodies - Priest only serv ed for a Hestia Bacchus - Diony sus - Div ision of Rome and Christ ianit y
Build hut s from bones, animal hides, reeds and grass - Priest - All pow erful, almost Aby dos Triad: Osiris, I sis, Horus - Good and Ev il Heracles Borrow ed Roman Deit ies from - Legal right of Christ ianit y grant ed by Const ant ine on 313
- Nat ure period of t ime. Athena Ceres - Demet er W est Roman Empire = Lat in Church
Religion unlimit ed aut horit y , equipped Memphis Triad: Pt ah, Sekhmet , Ahura Mazda Grece: - Nicean Council
- No life aft er deat h - Bot h men and w omen Poseidon Diana - Art emis East Roman Empire = Greek Ort hodox Church
w it h t he learning of t he age Nefert em - Supreme god Jupit er - Zeus - Great Schism div idng Christ ian Cat holics and Ort hodox
Ziggurat officiat ed. Dionysus Mercury - Hermes
Neolithic - King(Pharaohs) - Serv ed as Menkaure Triad: King Zoroaster Demeter Juno - Hera Christ ians
- Observ at ories for priest s - Rit es w ere performed at t he Venus - Aphrodit e - I conoclasm – no paint ed figures (ex cept sculpt ures)
Polished st one t ools Gods and Priest s as w ell Menkaure, Hat hor, Nome - Prophet Artemis
Apollo
cella Hermes Vict oria - Nike
Pot t ery Deit y Aphrodite Vest a - Hest ia
Agricult ure Nike Hercules - Heracles
Sew clot hing from animal hides using fish bones as needles - St art ed as a cit y st at e bet w een t he crossroads of t he
Hut s of st one and mud Et ruscans of t he Nort h and t he Greek colonies at t he Sout h
Chaldean wisdom
Burial rit uals - Regal/Kingdom - Ruled by Kings
- Priest Astronomy - Early inhabit ant s w ere know n as Pelasgi - Capit al w as mov ed from Rome t o By zant ine - The capit al w as placed from Rome t o By zant ium
- Cent ralized and despotic gov ernment - Republican
Rich Civilization - St urdy , w arlike and cruel - Dorian Spart a - Roman Empire w as t o v ast and had t o be div ided int o East - East ern emperors lost all pow ers in I t aly .
- Slav ery -SENATU S POPU LU S QU E ROMANU S
Socio-Political - Legal Sy st em - Took prisoners from conquered cit ies Nat ional lov e of beaut y - I onian At hens and W est - Elect ion of Charlemagne, w est ern emperor, div ided t he
- Lit erat ure - Papy rus scrolls -Elect ed - 2 Consuls
- Right s and Chart er - Lit t le reference t o religion - Nat ional games and religious fest iv als - Roman Latin led t o t he dev elopment of t he Romance Roman Empire
- Hierogly phics -Pat ricii (Pat res)
- Sy st em of Police I nfluence of env ironment and climat e - Lov e for music, drama, fine art s Languages - Greek Language
-Plebs
Cuneiform writing system
-Empire - Ruled by Emperors

Conquered Baby lon Greek Colony -4t h Cent ury

Sargon - St art ed from Const ant ine By zant ium w as founded – 7t h C.
- Ancient Empire (1st t o 10t h Dy nast y ) 4777 B.C. – 2821 B.C. Helladic Period: Cret o-My cenean Period - ROMAN KINGDOM - 753BC-509BC
King Hammurabi - Palace at Khorsabad King Cy rus of Persia conquers t he Assy rian Hellenic Period: Archaic Period - 395 - Split of t he Roman Empire By zant ine Archit ect ure began on t he t ransfer of t he capit al
Historical - Middle Empire (11t h t o 16t h Dy nast y ) 2821 BC – 1738 - ROMAN REPUBLIC - 509BC-27BC
At t acked by t he Kassist es - Median empire conquers Niniv eh Empire - Ended w it h Gregory t he Great as Pope By zant ine st y le w as carried on unt il t he Const ant inople fell
- New Empire (17t h t o 20t h Dy nast y ) 1738 BC – 950 BC Hellenist ic Period: Alex andrian Period - ROMAN EMPIRE - 27BC-395
King Nebuchadnezzar II - 476 - Fall of t he W est ern Roman Empire int o t he hands of t he Turks in AD 1453
- Hanging Gardens of Baby lon Became t he Capit al of t he Ot t oman Empire (I slam)

VASTNESS|MAGNIFICENCE
Character SIMPLE | MASSIVE | MONUMENTAL GRANDEUR | MASSIVE | MONUMENTAL LIGHT | AIRY MAGNIFICENCE REFINEMENT|BEAUTY|SIMPLICITY|PURITY IMPRESSIVE | DIGNIFIED SIMPLE EXTERIOR | RICH INTERIOR
OSTENTATION|ORNATENESS
Structural System Columnar and Trabeat ed Arch and Vault Columnar Columnar and Trabeat ed Arch, Vault and Dome Arcuat ed and Trabeat ed Fusion of Dome and Column
- Adopt ed Basilicas for
- Plans conv ey v ast ness and
- Disregard for sy mmet ry Churches
- Raised in plat forms or t erraces magnificence - Greek Cross
- Planned for int ernal effect - Simple, w ell judged, nicely - I n addit ion, halls, bat hs,
- Angles of ziggurat s are at cardinal - Arch, v ault and t he dome - Nart hex and side galleries
- Py lons serv ed as façade - Vast halls of Persian Palaces had w idely balanced, and sy mmet rical dw elling-houses and t emples
Plan point s
spaced columns - Temples are usually orient ed
made possible t he use of w ide
w ere used as place of
form a nearly square plan
- Obelisk - Designed for bot h ex t ernal and int ernal openings and large spaces - Cent ral square space
- Av enue of Sphinx es facing t he east w orship.
effect - Temples w ere const ruct ed cov ered w it h a dome
- Baptistery – at t ached t o t he
w it hout regard t o orient at ion
chief Basilica/Cat hedral
- I mmensely t hick
- I mport ant buildings w ere - Solid blocks of marble Kinds of Wall Facings - Const ruct ed w it h Roman met hods
- Thin w alls hav e disappeared t hrough - W it hout mort ar, used met al clamps - U se of st one or concret e - Rubble or concret e - Oft en of brick const ruct ion
made of granit e - Opus Ret iculat um
- Brick W alls t ime - Coat ed w it h marble st ucco - Ex t ernally faced w it h st one, - Faced w it h plast er, brick or st one - Plain t reat ment ex t ernally
- Less import ant buildings - Opus Test aceum
Walls w ere brick face w it h granit e
- Slabs of Alabast er rev eal social hist ory - Massiv e st one blocks forming t he door - Cornices are used for ent ablat ures brick or st ucco
- Opus Quadrat um - Magnificent ly t reat ed int ernally
of t he people and w indow s, immense columns and - U se of console - I nt ernally w it h marble, - Mosaics used int ernally - Absence of mouldings
- W alls slope inw ards/bat t er - Opus I ncert um
broad st aircases surv iv ed - U se of Ant a alabast er or porphy ry . - Somet imes ex t ernally especially at t he w est ern façade
t ow ards t he t op -Opus Mix t um
- Crow ned w it h gorge and

- Square headed
- Square-headed - Doorw ay s w it h cornices - I mport ant feat ure of a - Semicircular headed
- Massiv e lint els - U se of t he clerest ory - Temples - Spanned by semi-circular arch or lint els
st ruct ure - Segment ed and Horse-shoe arched somet imes seen
Opennings - W indow openings are - Count ed on doors for light and air - W indow less - Could be square-headed or - Small w indow openings
seldom found - U sed semi-circular arches - W indow s are small and grouped t oget her
- Light passes t hrough doorw ay and clerest ory a semi-circular arch
- Clerest ories - Hy phaet ral Opennings

- Domes formed in brick,

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

st one, or concret e, w it h
frequent ly no furt her ex t ernal
- Ex t ernally flat - U ses t he Dome and/or Vault cov ering
- Flat roofs - Support ed by t imber beams W ooden Roofs cov ered t he - Domes rest s on Pendent iv es
- Massiv e blocks of st ones support ed by enclosing w alls and - Support ed by v ault s - Acrot eria and st at uaries Kinds of Vaults cent ral nav e w it h t russes.
Roofs closely spaced columns - W at erproofed w it h bit umen
- Flat , t imber roofs - Coffered Ceilings -Barrel Vault Side Aisles – Vault ed Types of Domes
- U sed as a pleasant rendezv ous in dw elling-houses - Domes w here used for small -Groin Vault Apse – Dome - Simple Dome
compart ment s -Cupola - Compound Dome
-Separat e Dome and
Pendent iv e
-Dome w it h drum
- Doric

- Papyrus-Tall, smoot h reed The Five Classical Orders - Different size and design - Taken supply from ancient
- Long, slender - I onic
- Lotus - Large w hit e w at er- -Tuscan obt ained from roman buildings st ruct ures but supply w as
- 15 diamet er height -Doric
lily of ex quisit e beaut y - Seldom used, lack of st one - Richness and grandiose sooner ex haust ed
Columns - Made t o represent st alks - Timber in a few st ruct ures
- Richly moulded base - Corint hian
-I onic effect w as oft en obt ained at - Designed from I onic and
- Flut ed shaft s -Corint hian
- Capit als w ere most ly t he ex pense of fit ness in t he Corint hian
- Dist inct iv e capit al - Cary at ids and Cenaphora
deriv ed from t he lot us -Composit e det ails. - Dosseret -Block
- At lant es
- Cy ma Rect a - Cav et t o

- Cy ma Rev ersa - Scot ia

Copied from t he Greeks
- Few mouldings w ere dev eloped - Not used -Course in Charact er
- Ov olo - Torus - Coarse v ariat ion of Roman t y pes These w ere unimport ant , t heir place being t aken by broad flat
Mouldings - Hollow (gorge) - Sculpt ures and colored w alls t ook t heir -Ost ent at ion replaced Refinement
- Technique of t he craft sman gradually declined ex panses of w all surfaces
- Bead (roll/t orus) place -W ealt h in surface decorat ion
-Circle Profile
- Fillet - Bird's Beak

- Bead - Corona

Pschent –Kingship of 2 lands - Acant hus Leaf & Scroll Kinds of Mosaics
Nemes Crown – represent s t he sphinx , falcon -Opus Spicat um W alls lined w it h cost ly
Ankh-life, healt h, st rengt h - Ant hemion, palmet t e or honey suckle -Opus Tessalat um marble.
Romans did not ex cel in
Feather of Ma’at – just ice, t rut h, moralit y , baance -Opus Sect ile Glass Marbles
paint ing and sculpt ure but - I nt roduct ion of much color is a feat ure
Eye of Horus – prot ect ion and roy al pow er - Chiseled alabast er slab - Sculpt ures
Ornaments Greek art ist s w ere employ ed. - Domed apse – mosaic of Christ surrounded by angels
Sun Disk – Light , w armt h & grow t h - Repoussé pat t ern w ork Kinds of Murals SYMBOLIC FIGURES
Mosaics and Fresco Paint ings - Glass mosaic illust rat ed Christ ian hist ory
Scarab – Resurrect ion and rebirt h -Fresco Chi Rho
for W alls
Boat of Ra – v essel for t he light heart h -Varnish Peacock – immort al life
Crook and Flail – kingship -Tempera Endless Knot
Uraeus – roy al prot ect ion -Caust ic
RELIGIOUS DWELLINGS TOMBS CITY OF BABYLON PALACE OF SARGON PERSEPOLIS TEMPLES TEMPLES BASILICAN CHURCHES CHURHES
Most import ant class of DORIC - Combinat ion of Greek and PARTS of a BASILICAN NARTHEX – cov ered space for
Dolmen Rock Shelters/Caves MASTABAS Mastaba of Thy, Sakkara
buildings erect ed during t his Heraion, Oly mpia Et ruscan I nfluences CHURCH penit ent s
Daul – Table A shallow cav e-like opening PARTS of a Greek Cross
- Rude heaps of st one piled up t oget her ov er mummy holes period, and a general Temple of At hena, Corint h - Placed on a PODI U M PORCH – Ent rance Gat e NAVE – cent ral aisle light ed
Maen - St one at t he base of a bluff or cliff. Church
Tombs at Beni-Hasan descript ion applicable t o all is Temple of Poseidon, Paros - Pseudo-peript eral cella w it h ATRI U M – Forecourt , open by clerest ories
2 or more upright st ones Rock shelt ers form because a ROCK HEWN TOMBS NARTHEX
Tombs at Luxor (Thebes) t herefore giv en Temple of Zeus, Oly mpia engaged columns space w it h a fount ain at t he AI SLES – 2 or 4
support ing a st one or st one rock st rat um such as NAVE
- Rock-cut t ombs Placed in a TEMENOS-Sacred Thesion (Temple of - Prost y le Porch w it h free- cent er for ablut ions TRANCEPT – bema, presby t ery
slab sandst one t hat is resist ant t o AI SLES
Enclosure Hephaest us), At hens st anding columns CLOI STER – Arcaded cov ered APSE – Bishop’s chair
erosion and w eat hering has IONIC TRANCEPT
PYRAMIDS Temple of Aphaia, Aegina - Ent rance St eps bet w een area CHOI R – front s t he high alt ar
formed a cliff or bluff. Many Archaic Temple of Art emis, APSE
- These w ere built by t he kings as t heir fut ure t ombs, t he Part henon, At hens Project ing W ing W alls enclose w it h cancelii (low
rock shelt ers are found under Ephesus - Made t o face t he FORU M
gov erning idea being t o secure immort alit y by t he Temple of Poseidon, Sunium screen w all), w it h ambo
w at erfalls. Bot h t he plat form and t he palace built of Built by Darius and Xerx es Temple of I lissus, At hens RECTANGU LAR CONSTANTI NOPLE
preserv at ion of t he mummy , t ill t hat t ime should hav e passed, Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar Propy lea, At hens At At hens, Greece (gospel and epist le reading
sun-dried brick and faced w it h kiln-baked Built on a plat form, part solid rock, part Temple of Nike-Apt eros, - SS. Sergius & Bacchus
w hen, according t o t heir belief, t he soul w ould once more Temple of Apollo Epicurius Temple of Jupit er Oly mpius RAVENNA, I TALY
I mport ant St ruct ures large blocks of st one, w it hout mort ar, At hens At Rome, I t aly - S. Sophia
Cromlech ret urn t o t he body . brick Temple of Demet er - S. Vit ale
I sht ar Gat e held by met al cramps. Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Temple of Fort una Virilis - S. I rene
St one Circles Step Pyramid (Djoser) Part s Tholos, Epidauros At Nimes, France VENI CE, I TALY
Cliff Dwellings Palace of t he "Hanging Gardens" Buildings const ruct ed w it h glazed bricks. Basse (Church of St a. Maria - Theot okos Church
I mhot ep-earliest recorded archit ect in hist ory Seraglio – palace proper, men’s Temple of Themis and Nemesis, Maison Carree - S. Mark
Temple of Marduk Columns of st one and flat roofs of cedar Temple of Diony sus, Teos Egiziaca) - Church of t he Chora
Hut Slope Pyramid (Sneferu) apart ment , recept ion rooms Rhamnus Temple of Diana
Ziggurat of Et emenanki w ood Temple of Hera, Samos Temple of Mars U lt or - Church of t he Holy Apost les
Red Pyramid (Sneferu) Harem – priv at e apart ment s of t he prince Part s Temple of Apollo, Delos RU SSI A
branches Temple of Art emis, Ephesus Temple of Concord
First perfect and his family The Great St aircase Great Temple, Selinus At Spalat o, Croat ia - Moscow Cat hedral
cov ered Temple of Apollo-Didy meaus, Temple of Cast or and ATHENS, GREECE
Pyramids of Giza Khan – serv ice chambers Propy lae Temple Basilica, Paest um Temple of Aesulapius - S. Clement e, Rome - S. Apollinaire Nuov o - Kieff Cat hedral
w it h t urf Milet us Pollux (Also know n as Temple - Met ropole Cat hedral
My cerinos (Menkaure) Ziggurat Hall of 100 Columns Temple of Ceres, Paest um - Basilican Church of St . Pet er, - S. Apollinaire, Classe - Nov gorod Cat hedral
Stone Rows Temple of Minerv a Polias,
CORINTHIAN of Jupit er St at or) - Church of Kaprikanea
Chephren (Khafre) Apadana Temple of Concord, Argent um At Baelbec,Lebanon Rome - Torcello Basilica
Choragic Monument of Temple of Vespasian - Church of Daphni
Cheops (Khufu) Palace of Xerx es Temple of Poseidon, Paest um Great Temple - S. John Let ran ARMENI A
Tepee Ly sicrat es, At hens Temple of Ant oninus and - Monast ery of S. Luke of St iris
Palace of Darius Temple of At hena, Sy racuse Temple of Jupit er - S. Paolo fuori le mura - S. Sophia Trebizond
Oly mpieion, At hens Faust ina (Church of San
Conical Tent THE SPHINX PALACES Temple of Egest a, Sicily - S. Maria Maggiore
Tow er of t he W inds, At hens Lorenzo) THESSALONI CA, GREECE
w it h poles as Temple of Zeus Oly mpus, At Palmy ra, Sy ria
Nat urally cut Palace of Persepolis Temple of Venus and Rome
framew ork and Vest ibule, Eleusis Arigent um Great Temple of t he Sun OUTSIDE ROME
Palace of Sargon Palace of Feruz-Abad Temple of Sat urn,
W it h rough masonry added CI RCU LAR AND POLYGONAL At Tiv oli, I t aly - Church of t he Nat iv it y ,
bark or animal Palace of Sannacherib Palace of Serv ist an TEMPLES according t o number TEMPLES accoding t o column - Church ot Bozrah
Menhir Egy pt ian sphinx : Temple of Vest a Bet lehem
skin Palace of Ct esiphon of columns. arrangement - Church at Ezra
Head: King, haw k, ram (rarely a w oman) At Rome, I t aly - Church of t he Ascension,
Great upright st one Hogan TEMPLES - Dist y le - I n Ant is -Church of St . George,
Temple is locat ed bet w een it s paw s Temple of Hercules Jerusalem
- Trist y le - Amphi Ant is
primit iv e st ruct ure of joined TEMPLES
Temple of Ov al: Khafaje
Vict or (Temple of Vest a) at Spalat o, Croat ia - Church of t he Holy Sepulchre Salonica
logs Temple Complex ; I shchali - Tet rast y le - Prost y le
- Pent ast y le - Amphi Prost y le Pant heon Temple of Jupit er
Barrow (Tumuli) Igloo Only king and priest may ent er. ZIGURRAT BAPTISTERIES
- Hex ast y le - Peript eral Temple of Vest a
Ent rance bet w een t he py lons 3 types
an Eskimo house const ruct ed At Baelbec,Lebanon U sed for Bapt ism
Eart hen mound for burials Obelisk are placed in front of t he ent rance Holy mount ain Archaic Ziggurat - Hept ast y le - Dipt eral
on snow blocks w it h an Circular Temple Form w as deriv ed from t he
4 corners faces t he cardinal direct ions Mult i-st aged Ziggurat - Oct ast y le - Pseudo-Peript eral
ent rance t unnel FORUMS Roman circular t emples and
Parts of a Egyptian Temple Sev en-st age square based ziggurat - Enneast y le - Pseudo-Dipt eral
t ombs
Trullo Av enue of sphinx es TOMBS THEATRES An open space used as a meet ing place and market , or a One bapt ist ery per cit y
Hy phaet ral Hall
a dry w alled rough st one rendezv ous for polit ical demonst rat ors Det ached building adjoining
Hy post y le Hall Tomb of darius: naksh-i-rust am For performing art s
shelt er, circular w it h a t he at rium
Sanct uary - Orchestra – Elevated complete circle for VIP’s
corbelled roof BASILICA Bapt ist ery of Const ant ine, Rome (Lat eran)
- Cavea – seats for audience
Temple of Khons Diazoma - gangway - Halls of Just ice - 2 or 4 row s of columns ran Bapt ist ery at Nocera
Sheilings - Skene – Scene building S. St efano Rot ondo, Rome
Great Temple of Amun, Karnak - Ex changes and Trading for t hrough t he ent ire lengt h.
Tw igs Cov ered Parascenia – wings on both sides Bapt ist ey at Rav enna
Temple of Seti Episcenium – raised background Merchant s - Ent rance at t he side or at
w it h mud Great Temple of Abu Simel - A link t o Classical t o Christ ian one end
Proscenium – stage
TOMBS
Temple of Isis, Philae Archit ect ure - Tribunal placed at a
Temple of Hathor, Dendera ODEION PROPYLÆA - Rect angle plan w it h t he Semicircular Apse
Temple of Edfu lengt h 2-3 t imes t he w idt h. - Alt ar in front of t he apse
OBLEISKS Theat er but for musical Ent rance gat ew ay s t o many
performances only principle cit ies
Monument al pillars Py ramidal summit PALAESTRA PRYTANEION
Employ ed in pairs Many obelisk w ere remov ed - S. Const anza, Rome
Monolit hs, square in plan from Egy pt by t he Roman W rest ling school or gy mnasia Seat of Gov ernment - Tomb of Galla Placida,
Tapering sides emperors. Rav enna
AGORA - Tomb of Theodoric, Rav enna

DWELLINGS The agora, or open meet ing-places for t he t ransact ion of

public business giv ing access t o t he public buildings.
All t hese hav e disappeared, being only built of w ood or of sun- THERMAE
dried bricks. Houses are show n on paint ings and sculpt ures
w hich hav e come dow n t o us, from w hich t hey appear t o
"history is the blueprints of our mistakes, the future An open public space used as a market place or a rendezv ous
for polit ical demonst rat ions
Great Public Bat hs are quit e as charact erist ic of Roman

is the correction of those mistakes"

hav e had one, t w o, or t hree st ories. civ ilizat ion as t he amphit heat res, being probably deriv ed from
STOA t he Greek gy mnasia
w ere formed for t he prot ect ion of pilgrims t o t he v arious
-Josh Darosa
shrines, as connect ions bet w een public monument s, or as
EXAMPLES

shelt ers adjoining open spaces, and w ere an import ant class
of st ruct ure.
BOULEUTERION HIPPODROME

Senat e House Horse and Chariot Racing

STADION

Foot racecourse found in cit ies w here games w ere

celebrat ed, and it came ev ent ually t o be used for ot her THEATRES
at hlet ic performances.
I t w as usually st raight at one end, t he st art ing-place, and - Adapt ed t he design of
semicircular at t he ot her Greek Theat res
- Rest rict ed t o a semicircle
shape
TOMBS
- I nner semicircular area
reserv ed for Senat ors
Nereid Monument , Xant hos - St age w as raised and
Mousoleum, Halicarnassus t reat ed ornat ely
Lion Tomb, Cnidus - Theat res can now be
Tomb of W eepers const ruct ed on a plain sit e by
St ele
AMPITHEATRE

- used for gladiat orial cont est s and nav al ex pedit ions

CIRCUS

Authorship + Disclaimer
- Adapt at ion of t he Greek St adium (St adion)
- U sed for chariot or horse races
- Long open circular arena
- Spina along it s ax is
This work is the property of Arch. Paolo Andrew C. Hasegawa - Carceres st alls for horses and chariot s
Always check the data given in this document PILLAR OF VICTORY TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
against the original references. For questions or Columns erect ed t o record Gat ew ay s erect ed t o
corrections, contact the author at t riumphs of v ict orious generals emperors and generals in
honor of t heir v ict ory
pachasegawa@tsu.edu.ph

REFERENCES
Dreams: Dan Cruickshanks Adventures in Architecture. BBC, 2008.
TOMBS
Fletcher, Banister, et al. Sir Banister Fletchers a History of Architecture. Architectural Press/Elsevier, 2011. 1. Cat acombs
- Loculi 4. Smaller Tombs
- Columbaria 5. East ern Tombs
Mansbridge, John. Graphic History of Architecture. Hennessey & Ingalls, 1999. -Cenot aph
2. Monument al Tombs
3. Py ramidal Tombs
Salvan, George S. Architectural Character & The History of Architecture. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc., 2005. AQUEDUCTS

Engineering Feat ure

Supplies w at er t o t he cit y
6 inches fall for ev ery 100 feet
A smoot h channel –specus- is carried on arches

PONS PALACES

Roman Bridges Roy al Court s

DWELLINGS FOUNTAINS
1. Domus - Priv at e House
1. Locus - Large basin of w at er
2. I nsulae - Tenement
2. Salient es - Sprout ing jet s
3. Villa - Count ry House