Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Map of Europe xv
About the Authors xvii
About the Book xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Guided Tour of Textbook Features xxiv
Guided Tour of Online Resource Centre xxvi
2 Theories of EU Governance 21
New Institutionalism 22
Governance and Networks 27
Multi-Level Governance (MLG) 33
Conclusion 36
Key Points 37
Further Reading 38
3 Critical Perspectives 40
Social Constructivism 40
Critical Political Economy 45
Developments in Neo-Marxism 49
Gender Perspectives 51
Conclusion 55
Key Points 55
Further Reading 57
4 Theorizing Consequences 58
Europeanization 58
Democracy 66
Conclusion 76
Key Points 76
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Further Reading 77
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Key Points 141
Further Reading 141
x
20 The European Commission 255
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Functions 255
Composition and Appointment 256
The Commission in the Policy-Making Process 259
The Commission and Managing Implementation 265
Financial Management 269
Conclusion 269
Key Points 270
Further Reading 271
xi
Organized Interests and the Institutional Actors 338
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Strategies and Tactics 341
Conclusion 344
Key Points 345
Further Reading 346
26 Agriculture 370
History 370
Agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s 372
Agenda 2000 and the 2003 Reform 376
The Effect of Reform 378
Explaining the CAP 379
Conclusion 381
Key Points 382
Further Reading 383
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
History 422
The 1988 Reform 425
The 1993 Reform 428
The 1999 Reform 432
The 2006 Reform 436
Explaining Cohesion Policy 441
Conclusion 446
Key Points 446
Further Reading 447
34 Enlargement 529
History 529
The Enlargement Procedure 534
Explaining Enlargement 536
Turkey 544
Conclusion 548
Key Points 548
Further Reading 549
References 551
Glossary 578
Abbreviations and Acronyms 583
Chronology 590
General Index 604
Author Index 614
xiv
Map of Europe
Azores (P)
Iceland
Madeira (P)
Guadeloupe
Canary (F)
Islands (S)
Martinique
Finland (F)
Norway Guyane Reunion
(F) (F)
Sweden Estonia
Key:
EU member state (P) : Portuguese territory
EU candidate country (S): Spanish territory
Non-EU country (F): French territory
Simon Bulmer has been Professor of European Politics at the University of Sheffield
since September 2007. Having held prior lectureships at Heriot-Watt University and
the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), he
moved to the University of Manchester in 1989, was appointed Professor of
Government from 1995, and served as Head of Department 2001–04. He has held a
Jean Monnet ad personam chair since 1999 and has been an Academician of the Social
Sciences since 2001. He has been a Visiting Professor at the College of Europe Bruges,
the Autonomous University of Barcelona, and the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
(the German Institute for International and Security Affairs), Berlin. From 1991 to
1998 he co-edited the Journal of Common Market Studies.
Simon has written or edited thirteen books on European politics, working with a
range of co-authors. His most recent monograph (with Martin Burch) is The European-
isation of Whitehall: UK Central Government and the European Union, Manchester
University Press, 2009. His most recent edited book (with Charlie Jeffery and Stephen
Padgett) is Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign
State, Palgrave, 2010. With Christian Lequesne he co-edited the textbook, The Member
States of the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2005 (2nd edition in preparation).
He has published on European politics in leading academic journals, has taught on the
EU in the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, and the USA, and has supervised eleven
PhD students to completion.
xviii
About the Book
This is a textbook on the study of the European Union (EU) within the cognate disci-
plines of political science and international relations. It reflects both the most signifi-
cant contributions to the study of the EU within these disciplines and the gaps in
existing research. It is designed to be used by students as part of a university course or
module, although we hope it works well for the independent reader also.
While we would argue that there is no easy separation between economics and poli-
tics, or between law and politics, this book is explicitly concerned with politics in the
EU. Thus we address some of the standard issues of the disciplines of political science
and international relations. Is the EU developing into a super-state of some sort? If
so, of what sort? Have national governments voluntarily surrendered sovereignty to
European institutions, or are there forces at work dragging member states towards ever
closer union against the will of the governments? Is the process driven by vested inter-
ests that stand to benefit from it, or by ideas that place a positive value on international
integration? Does the process have legitimacy in the eyes of the people who are being
brought into an ever closer union? If so, why? If not, why not?
These questions are relevant not because of their practical importance—although
they do have a great deal of practical importance; nor because they figure in the cover-
age of the EU in the media—although because of their practical importance they do
so figure. Rather, they are relevant because they are questions generated by the theo-
ries of political scientists and students of international relations about the nature of
European integration and of the EU. Academic disciplines are formed when scholars
are brought together by shared concerns, and they are forged by academic debates,
which are fiercest when they are between advocates of different theories. That is why
the textbook begins with theory. It is theory that provides our criteria of relevance.
Many eclectic textbooks do exist in politics and international relations, books that
never mention theory—and we are not thinking here exclusively of books on the EU.
Our view is that theory is very important. It shapes what is studied and what is not,
what is included and what is excluded. We see it as central to the study of the EU and
not as an optional extra. However, for those who wish to know something of the EU
before approaching theoretical issues, it is possible to read the ‘History’ section of the
book first without having read the ‘Theory’ section: it is primarily the conclusions to
the ‘History’ chapters that refer back to the theories in Part One.
In our final ‘History’ chapter of the previous edition, we suggested that the EU was
at a crossroads, but that this was hardly new. Nevertheless, the crisis caused by the
problems ratifying the Constitutional Treaty was perhaps as great as any in the EU’s
history and for some commentators threatened catastrophic consequences. We closed
by saying: ‘The question raised by the current crisis is not whether the EU will sur-
vive—it surely will. The question raised is “what kind of EU will emerge from the
crisis?”’
ABOUT THE BOOK
We delayed writing this third edition until there was some clarity in this respect. It
is now clear that the EU will proceed with most of the provisions of the Constitutional
Treaty, although somewhat chastened by having to remove the more symbolic and
statist aspects following its initial rejection in France and the Netherlands. The revised
version, the Lisbon Treaty, brought further embarrassment with the need for Ireland
to stage a second referendum before securing approval.
Change happens not only in the field of study, but also in the study of the field.
Between the first and second editions of the book (2001–06), the study of the EU
expanded tremendously and it continues to do so. In the area of theory, the develop-
ments have continued to be rich and varied, and this section has expanded to include
new approaches or, more accurately, established approaches that have relatively
recently been applied to the EU. The section on ‘Institutions’ has been completely
overhauled to incorporate the changes brought by the Lisbon Treaty and to include
the most recent academic contributions. Obviously the output did not just stop when
we finished writing, so there will be more for the student to explore, but we think that
this edition is as up to date on the academic literature as it could be. The strong rooting
of the text in the research literature is one of the distinctive features of this book.
We have also made changes in response to the comments made to us about the sec-
ond edition. In consultation with the team at Oxford University Press we have worked
to make the pedagogical features more useful. In the ‘Policies’ section we have added
two new chapters, on ‘Environmental Policy’ and on ‘Freedom, Security, and Justice’,
which reflect both the EU’s growing role in these areas and the increased academic
attention they have received. To help us to produce this edition by our deadline, the
first of these chapters was written by a guest author, Vasilis Leontitsis, although we
will assume responsibility for this topic in subsequent editions.
Last but certainly not least, Ian and Stephen are delighted to welcome Simon Bulmer
on board as a co-author for the third and subsequent editions of the book. Simon has
taken over lead authorship on areas of the book previously led by Stephen and will
take on more in the next edition as Stephen steps back further to enjoy his retirement.
This is the third edition of a textbook that first appeared in 2001 and then again in
2006. In revising it we have been helped enormously by the comments of colleagues
and students who used these previous editions. We are particularly grateful to those
colleagues who acted as anonymous referees for the drafts of this edition (they are
identified and credited by the publisher below).
In addition to the academic reviewers credited elsewhere, we would like to thank
Damian Chalmers, Tammy Hervey, Daniela Kietz, Arlene McCarthy MEP, and
Roderick Parkes for their help and advice on various points. We have tried to incorpo-
rate as many of the comments received as possible, but some we have not been able to
accommodate for reasons of time and space.
We would like to thank all of the production staff at Oxford University Press, and
in particular Catherine Page, Joanna Hardern, Vanessa Plaister, and Mary Sheridan, for
their advice, skill, and patience.
We have been tremendously encouraged by the positive feedback that we have
received from users of our previous edition and from the referees on the drafts of the
chapters that are new in this edition. We hope that it will continue to prove a stimu-
lating textbook for all who use it and will lead to stimulating and critical debates in
the classroom.
Ian Bache
Stephen George
Simon Bulmer
July 2010
Copyright acknowledgements
We are grateful to those listed below for permission to reproduce copyrighted
material.
• The map of Europe that appears at the front of this book is adapted from the
original published on <http://europa/eu> © European Union. Responsibility for
the adaptation lies entirely with Oxford University Press.
• Table 2.1 is from J. Peterson (1995), ‘Decision Making in the European Union:
Towards a Framework for Analysis’. Journal of European Public Policy, 2: 69–93.
Reprinted with the permission of the Taylor & Francis Group.
• Table 2.2 is from L. Hooghe and G. Marks (2004), ‘Contrasting Visions of Multi-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
level Governance’, in I. Bache and M. Flinders (eds), Multi-level Governance.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15–30. Reprinted with the permission of
Oxford University Press.
• Figure 3.1 is from T. Christiansen, K. Jørgensen, and A. Wiender (1999), ‘The
Social Construction of Europe’. Journal of European Public Policy, 6: 528–44.
Reprinted with the permission of the Taylor & Francis Group.
• Table 4.4 is from C. Lord and P. Magnette (2004), ‘E Pluribus Unum? Creative
Disagreement about Legitimacy in the EU’. Journal of Common Market Studies, 42:
183–202. Reprinted with the permission of John Wiley and Sons.
Every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders, but this has not
always been possible in every case. If notified, the publisher will undertake to rectify
any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity.
Reviewers
This edition has benefited from the thoughtful criticisms and valuable insights of a
range of political experts. Oxford University Press would like to acknowledge all
of the reviewers for their contribution to the book, which include, but are not
limited to:
xxii
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Guided Tour of
Textbook Features
This book is enriched with a number of learning tools to help you navigate the text
and reinforce your knowledge of EU politics. This guided tour shows you how to get
the most out of your textbook package.
Chapter overviews
Chapter overviews set the scene for upcoming
themes and issues to be discussed, and indicate the
scope of coverage within the chapter.
Insight boxes
Throughout the book, insight boxes provide you
with extra information on particular topics to com-
plement your understanding of the main chapter
text.
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