aor ham ? L wh jambiorte gan, E=Yp in: ‘ties meeAS Foromnln ree sey 7 ee ' Sea” ~ a une A 04 Dynamic vincent ky. 4 dee Sth 8 4 poe om Leva rw gk ntti ef ne ww [se NAS —4 wf. : 7 4 ofr = fo wifoer Toreqee, 7 ped Cine “fr? Jota, ps PANT | Newden' > bu oF Vinariky to recom T- Say aise sna * wd Aa wee Pom, P= FU = 2KNT du = “0 / A - SB Vekcity em af — prestole highly compress te ae ; ee why aan 1? tqu'tel: Laat a 10 heshly eomprenni ble pk 7008 ed a) Arr! Garey ae SPAR men Ve Legg tn Jur ne Thin in due ro A “pakeromelecalare on bekween. The \indert molecu (Are ppste in before yy gees , Aidfle’ den #67 corkiquent — Parciclay 49 ran in Ake in, AM Lianides and A hawk J nol tha aw poartkic ler Liquida and solide -® can nid 6S dn applying PIenaulTe come —hoadlhare , Nherce Oo fn Parckiclen merce verry @lear ond Aence. Focdher — browak Cloner. ence sao Se compromtb /e . ae OreBE Define and | clami Ar: Fluid eonify Fluid mechan oh emai mechinin may 2 ~~ ngireering - Scie Tcl clespnecl mk Ae breancl | Lehavisurr of fla' ce Which dents widh he Lh ae nal ral — UNdEe AML cond 1ALOYS of | th 10S modion * a Flaid : ees itn, mechanin Yr*Y b divided inky @ Shekin=~ : aati w Gaaent pynamin aA The skihy oA sacomprovni 616 Liquid umdere ANE Shekic condttloe in called hyohte tes nami’ Sk deals wrth the reelak lor? een valet hic mccelercakiom oF fluid wHh the forces 0 ened at Asn Qe pefine and olentty faid. Pluis? a slacd 14 gate rails capnblé of | ere A fuid 1 * rb SRANe whieh okfore™ cordiniovsly wan 4 sorted, x? ender | kesh ~~ force’ a pei may be elaoidied Pe aoe Liaw\d 4) Aare wy Venere \ r = ond, 4) Tdeol field cy Rex) flail Polen) fluid + An ‘dap gisid 12 ane wnich MS vincent arc face’ fermion Jo imeemerwnit Barre Natty became Ay have vine av » hewQE c f hon vincent €7, DUrefee’ demi 47 - en| flnid t A reeal ehersion > addikion Ak jn Strsve Abs lta warhemaht ca ded trad vinconiAy “Bq What Sn deduce ain ee ond AL Vincenity rm bE tA Vio BK filed Which detereminen om memare Of reeokence flow!’ te ctanidiet in Skrem Fk Which end) Vineoiey OT preackicat SInid and een SKANCE fluid FiteRion internal Nenlkend : oa prencan + ! in ONE hia compreemibilidy Pa ny he pre eerhy of by fo lloVA Kinamedkic fo Hering vito cont ky 7 Abalete vinasity (A) 9 Q-4) (dy nmmic o) Nusken'n fon of Lv inet Shear Aram CO on 6 flaid ele! [a dureck ly Preopork lone Shears Skream: Mekroakiall 7, du te Ee ER dul veel zi Gis * Ath AL co ff ictom % ofPresfs Figure Fad Ragern ak — diskenes y ands ctsly From Abe Dx eFencd* They ne A SSercene vatocthien AW Wada on Mow” Carry Aw Aheatt vente etree a ere 4. ganer va Lowere day pei or Arter a as ert: oe ae Khe cake of chanat preoporckion® nyeloe ta with repre he 7 AA Mockhermak icon tL, 7a: S ly aM. Herre comdant ' = dy my fh of Ae prroperth tonalikey yA sa Kee ; viacsiky. wd fa Know con efsicienk of vynamic ay gradienk* an ANG veloclty bani di Betcence A779 colid pdiautd sw Ya, Pink ok KO a Solidr 1) aolidy are Teaid: Crawids D Lrawidy ana nok rth 8) Solid carn’ mok Flo») Liguiss om flow fru Ae very dense & highs, Led fo dower ten *& Dense it) Sattda Wave dds y Gawida hea definite Shape ond valame| Volume bak nodblefinite | i Shape. w) Salidn con nod be re | Deel eanily: m) Clanidy can be eral] 7 Pree ineclign betn me] COPIA recs AE andidemes| ) SAtcane Cnn 1) Gren AFR Nod raid: ny Grane SA Slow atl dirceckion: Not dams. 0) Franny Wave Werder deSinige volume nore ix shares ww) Garn con be emlly comprcarsed + wy Moline Frecer of sthrmction.= — Exple'in, dC fferunk Aran of Smite hete of — Rheshoaler! diagrcam * » a2 ‘ wh Ah pone gub > Velorrtgy. orcad iene “ Ve a Fiar Phealseiut ah Nenwboien ‘ye A OTA Y~ sun Flu Elaids An followo li. Nasthn 9 Jan of Maeeny ‘a> called Nowbnian fide Rr pucks. Flay, 2A) chan nok alanae With wake. of — deForemokion: \ 7 aay Eve = wane Kaetenimes} air which de ime “fellow ee 1 Les. E95, 2 Non= Nesetemiem = plurd enente reali mn iP, bekwan — Areance Aken and LM, Non— reoxe— of defremskion. arte Aermed =! Nes tention Anis: Biant § ie Example? lord, po linet Rolokieny - g elookte Guid: FAY ena! of ects iplakic yet hom which 12 nore ~ \Nexixanien fluid an im Yield sticen in ro be exceeded eo Cretan eesdeformation : meer Tdet flid An thant Flard sn ome which 1 and he ene veneer On jn other worn — AAeart reeanedleny OF he vmokion of Ah shrey jo alaara “Ettte Sird- ae Dencerdbe Aone. \arparckent Prtisrerclith of diquid- EN Remitdy: The denniAs (ate tenow <> wr soy eo mccieuld phe & defined Sfeeitic dem} yao) oF volume eh _ pendant 7 on a Senn ars wlth ae . ond PROesurct * : ‘ vw Sess figs Mev Jia si shy Liwity# Srecisis ite dcJinel the wetaht Pee unt® ee or sderdercd, Aem?> and promurm + cy ie w -/ ig ee oe Cy v/y a yn oy. val : hk, vetum Pat Speitic vwolame:— sk 1% defined se . oe anita manef fluid. gt wa denoted y : se eis ie yn oat f wv Ft in sloe known opeeificc density. Reledive dnity / Sraitic greaviky :— Specific gravity (9 the reakio of the dear of Ake fimtd to kk denarey “ofler shade ak 9 Heme bo Git ae ne Zia few Chr, ee-— + slermper cok Vines ty - kerm pe taka: The. Ziad decreas buh fkak OF widh AKL imeem in Aemrcreature , ahs (teanon Ahot in Lauds due Ao AR iwkery, i d Wah he” cohenion whieh eerremer how AL rereakure - In gard dt Seu ‘ ‘ the: ashe. ye lare eohenioy * Mealiai bl& and a Sheep pe jncfere — mele a cohenion, \n ko jr—saegtsaitie and Ho Aheare 7AtCON \n dat of Aw wolecales ee erchange of vorenel, si Be aimee ot rwhiiea 7 acdvity with reine in Fempercakaren and 40 don AQ vinwsyey. of ganar There With et jrrercenne Bemperchre hays Fore Alanidh See pet , esjet of on io epferked bY Dinsted “Ab foe Vinwatty Vinaihy of Gann — imercennen due Hu shear Skttem Tha AL ranol eer ary io ‘o Inktrr~ of inereane rome, mefecalare incre ew In Perc bidalitn titles temp: T, Given Kiquld Where Ape p10 a/b dynamic: vintosthy wk abslue omtank fort Ake Corrrhencks See ie aana fee ee Llc fiw: The Voce aon dere fared narey candivhionys affected by Ake clhangen ge same imerceet ja vwek — appreciable m PrTemurce* Howevert , AKL vincenicky : otla hay bean found fa incsleane owltth IN PReAruttes ; ; uid » B Define carrey OF at Aap The preeerky ay vide oS randlaran a chenae Vol wnt Preemu>rer Pn enon wahier FINs under kha ackion wy of eke . i 5 Phe jncrcess aan prensibA Ay, Be dearer ath cae : lame (in Prtemune-of ei oe Pee 2 ee een: ieee he gh a 2 = Hin emis BF ; a “ a "2. 7 “ae ion comprecol) & Aiur @ ali wakere coms(dere ae has walaki Fa WEAN of , Ar Th. watt (sv) coe ay rene with *he vaniehion OF fic ein = : puree s® ak a preack(al : BS wre Se ut 4x ecornidered to neglecked | : By core ounkert ee ree meas 2dome IF Diowws AL balte hile of Elmkiciky Aero of bien WS compres ive Gem rev nodal OF vAll yekertiala , header compro! Us. wee : mi C¥) of skin - of ble GMND of When are aywen A force Or Fae Pa we modal CN caro Fam Bulk Negtkive “ai a oo Pikenburc — Ynrteata : “ oe dv Soe —— uP KH fiw vel > fin wires en\ (1 Oy defived skton ay of Aranid with Aa wyudul - of fluiw meennread module Of ad eS oe craks nm aware a fhe reat PmeU \a elohisiky depute Cb fin cin.se Dh : me AY Fillowing Amd Crepion + . Cehanion Comenten — rrcarn Caderernel lard aktrachion, Lekwan ‘vnplemmlan, 0) athe ene Ltauid» Chemin in a dendenty of AM Lian d’ Ao remain one ~ ompimblage of — parkiclen. Adlunion Adhenisn mean ollrcack ion bekweon fee wolecwlan of a Ainwid and kA maiecsies canned Witch #4 BATERCR TA ~ palid boundary ie dun both cohenisn Ainyids, Capllrey_ action ome adhw'oy: a cauned Aka vrepedy Streface, Aemrion (0) »Searcfoce eemnvery kha force of cohenion ah Hts surcface xersion euld 2 cutee Gt of Aka nureface of Hauidoawiek on ik A rrenink an vk Force , due #9 Ahi absnve nekurte of woken moleeal a in denoted 7 ~ Capilarcidy: Qarilarity “Wo * a Aiawid (lerending wom a thin ‘atom Aube aber Thin Phenomenon in he Phenomenon by whict, iA specific areity) riser inde ont belus ch'd Encl devel ASD comsind cfeek fF cokmim ond Ad karion of Ataura parckteten- atte ae : a aut « Me4 purl buck all ftords Al Rauiss ee Fl(uriy Dien SRE nek ftv : explain: te Pista Aro A fuid Va aisha bok corkineelly 3 ie vy shea Aes Figure cdoconn Cuvyonnesnre wT fel hen os ekree: fluids AT a aback of oF pynact of makhet and includ | Lian , anh, be re plookic lie A flard aaubtire Qe Aw See awe merce 2 vredalvor co Ae \ ek S afd Ww & mars kree phic W \ . force aprtied n reentok and o“— dé Now, wor ee Altes aang te Pe) g lg oe Gah gen phanses kate ¢ @smmon Wong flatd {0 Ofhern usend 2 *e apa oc jayne” Fare, Kaw wikh re h Imp lienhiory dk ga” could. alro be a Sos < GAC preenenk: So, finely may antaly— = 2 4 - Fore > AW tiawiy cane fui EL AIL oe aoe Here, “ gion ese. me eK 8 ARaui ssAs: Fiqunr exlrown “fax phenomena OF reining Nakere wn the “Lube. of amaclet diqmmeter? ’ he (ek, cap) lary > V She be ont a ae fe Sweface tension may bE defined enereoy required 0 ceceake. Unit surcace pte Bonk OR oF ths, Cau& conkinum: A contin amet hhommonnesn medium WW wailed aawkinun + 2 t Denivackion of Newton) han Of vinwnrty + Frnce atstivg on Ar body be Fo! gurpose KhkK yw dime & D oe ‘ A parclicte ak Bg mee Abowd A dinksnce + oF Ein ak wn dinkonce A ® 4S from Aw dhen Sore Amell Wogan: Sheare FAA qd: x Poke of Bhwenre Skta\n « 4 . = «ue ¢ -@ vv Wheree at 5 « Mk Me UA in clhe velecihy of Aho AA arhicle E- Assuming, Are erverdimerds reek RAL nok shea skten 1a presporekew ~ko reek of shear sdcain, $0 s ey as gt ‘ , 7 9TS oe dae Nhe AL jy preworchiow] cere IN 10. STAM Vinewiky nad » my be aytuden, L Z : Thin in Abt Kaw of Needing dow of vi seat helA veloclay dioica tiy i flaw of end bo ie ¥ hvu Lelrronrs ‘ igi anatted Pak \\ \ focly | what ” V 1 { 0) ( | | } ) A a6 qo \ fal i Peet b qe Lear ttn vt ! Peleronme Shear raters) ck bo tlomn W) ‘ | | Ux oy { ie wy] he in vel bY hy | iN © dau Dw (s ott \ ae oy u Ww Ve es tle « _ wa We or" = =~ =u y a4 ge A *& gi 9 4 AbSY he] ween, Te A ay -any = O04 Ke Sheoke BATES ax, ded ¢ 1] : od au (-h) ‘ ALUS Cy + dO He We re OY Oe = 194 ae fppetuiecny —Acvi parcalle, WoO? Urs Ata aT PES a ae Wide Pett SAE-39 Force (A sp A fa areen 20 Fri, paken in Salted Wik bot | OK SOS: (Whack prequreed ko Away a vers en throw Ahn oN" = plake wk, oe? fron (Mea Orree Mer sf} Te. CB) Tie a." Bows po CD ote” Z iy Fee DAR (Se). pal g: oebe 4% sS ea 2 on ass ae see ¥ : a PRE hie similanty, Fes “A Ce), Yee. S04 RSF 44 ae i on 72 ey IS Tete] foro oe: Me a => oO Ge aePoprk po rrae oe ": we erty F -* ds ees dy -> du hg few 2.2 Nm ves fhe ey i 2 MO eae? cc Al Cpe lenie® S/o een ee ye ye qivem, 2 go N | eS «bam gas! oA) aad one Ay 2 BOY dy ” 3 dy ~ fextiee™ se a Wwe o28 A by De OO rene : pac [lbs osfre ace wd l Wh qs" ae & eos 4 eed pee : O° Eee tox? Sapa, Se ite Vee ede (OMS Sint & cs Bi , P= Gs) — We kave, K- vinwray Eo Sh heat parece eS pe (i 19 SK “and hs (Sm sarc in = O-obI2L Hie Sa a95CC. . p Se 6909 18 Ya jo dy Coals = ane 1 Ge A Given d= guomm N= 20 TPO oleh ‘ Herr oe a i : l= wom». = 3 Sat x= ).5m _ ~ ALS a pe AA 202 NMRX = 4.49 nfser Bia =) dG EDS Oe 11 2) astm Pe, Nee, Xe % Mo z.Oo2RK pies 2 1955?Cea AL a a TH ade e 1955-34 KOH 01) 2O a 204.05 Joreque , fe FR . ae gr rt = S502 0m Ay Pow 2nNT ; wwe jp SENT g SER EEES roe 5 > ° —— al oa) dy (esas) : yoror 155 ™m Thy — Here, d= Ode cna iesem N ‘eet oe Lo 2a at AB m for = ee point C= we ao = o eT ong xd! be = TS 7 FH! oes (-z5n") = 0-08 NS Kem sexe? A Pe = 375.27 N ae Co 2 d= 150 71 Gait oF red, paises a 355.276 < Be zo. 6g5 Nm p eRe ANT By Bre [SWK TAT , = Go1Gorm| a rR 4am dy = 1%! = Ete a0: = =o eam Noe pzalrtPn We bene, es c> sie Ae? dv. BE a hen Fo MAG A Ol go ao a= RRA (w60 worst = ’ Ae b Orr nth De =7* opr xors y LB 7 ‘ ve CK Vea tami Bn ee oe 2A NN aa: 0:3 fe , Ein 6.922% OSA Scie SH ogee oes: em —s PORES qs? crane| Wa Know, F<. Fi + & en du Rye Mr eay f / uw 4OX OAL EEX My HOT Gate WS O/EN Sr wrt eek ae a oh ongae fee” au ne , (40 ire Mm ON, Mya BAe 0-46 . V5 — tht Yew qnm*h “Dy j ’ ‘ ’ ONS. 2454 (288A 190-2 aoe We phic wabrnenned veckely inks oul, Parr ia & buoyant Give ne G fore on qer Phd Fear aes sae ) gy TIT ET e kognm sere ae kinks EE 2 (154): 5K0.0°6) Br Ly age, Le ARG rae Teew ~ \ReRN eo “I <8 =e ae. : sant ee S A RGAR = ZELEO? | Oe = 400 Fm (se. F902 —7e > (cs.00¢Npow @ Fy F = 2x mh " aio 3 a am snOEAM)A Fa - 16” . Nn 2 fai _s (65-996 toy. gam . Jayemk frie aot nn 7 e ae a a ONPm— ieee) ERIER LG ) Kose HDF ae Ee en sie OER PF iba S att 4 ev ee Sif oe DZ 1p 7m 6 996 = eal ec fs Goa 60 a.gy 2 ee RN Fea 22596 Aude ras yon te eu = geen Ot REL. 7 SS ao 2R10sse, geet eel Ve here KK = 0.019 iim [bg Pe ee te arene eon ees N= ace wo ae 40 79) yy 4am i" 46 2 Olas. a AS Oho Mo Ran cco"dy 2 OSMM - OS “io” ™ Wevman, ue: maly -F vd dy + oie Mi dy : pune ate oN gt i 2 20a 4 a Beageorr® ' __ ol ae = ost. a BMA ; po Bn Yor " < BR Mis — | BIRO PMY dS aay 0.04% a, Fath (oO Jn 2% pagel goign, : ap tin = es cee Nine = 2:02 apr A 132 Ais —— ; Zs = fin nowy Be, | Aim, Pr inwbotity Zp 2 tee iE fin = tes berm % Tey | & Pe, = (av KPa — Tas Wien veiy S 9 Con, A {wo Werth Comreconlt, =O. od DEG $ IY Gn)pyet=d od [pokkrcara 4 Corie ~ y kK d KA- te av ae Vv ee po% 1913 2S ae = ae ToeEex fo* av = oa g.a9xfor" Se 009 89 percent G \ver / V2 fm* ap2 ul Tc (0 Ptm yu te 2h S Pesterrmine Zh. PINE eequireed Ao rN gee erm jn TAURMEIS with walferen. a hice of Ban Sindh, 47% c* Gee PAS 2 = Exao My dy a R= nie?™ Ec HA & ee 089K (rx orKede Te bus Fees eg p20eee 2 De K— Po « ‘gaan i 7a ae af tenn Tos moe wc Bhs Aa $k af Ae : x 2 - Ww ic, 237m Home duo Ww e N=ge ren pe ognee a, hee 2 r0.GouFrremurts Meooarame™ aa Ge BS Define preemarce 07 oa le cayvdnntd A vent! gk ener forree ah points o% Ah nie and bottom Cx ep? of AR eqn kane: The amen {a called PresuUle Farce pee ania | ae ATTRA on \ reer rc’ siky of P (eta By shoke amd Prove Gouly Shaker The inderidy Of premurs in an Atawed ak rank, iA dhe pame ins Feeef? — Cgmiders & VEITY amall reiaht angled — -Atrianatecler elemn AGC an Amon Yr ShOU® any pink Wy direction oF OR Maud’ Lek, Tre indemi dy of harcizorck™| pranure’' B > “P, om kha Hemel element of AM Kini Figs Element of Faia Fy =, ndowin of verchice | Premmatty on kha velemak of the Laud wre Poikaaiay OF preveutel A Uingorat oF | Bh Arceongeal art setemenk of ARK Araurd | Oa Ande of Aix rrcanaalire efeink of AM Maid,ee Now, Kekel coat yor Abn werden | 2146 Ac of ab Aauid *° eae eK AD ein fart"! fofel prearrune wn) horeraerts] Se Mat oo fe Kiawrd, on oe dicgoml aide and pAwAa\ TER am wih De Am Kia mex 48 Since, A elemenk oy AKL Kianid io a of horizon . hartefoere e reenk , yan camporenk of AAR Baud Prenane. mupk > PR eaunl | ko eer } Nowe fame o7m condikion FR hecizodte | Pres Ared Gor Surce) , ean 7 ae A ring ine @ Pe pynd = Pas i ‘ \ gee P Og, AAS sino PBAamos AX Po ae PRK AS ONES Mp thr)New, Asiny ey . MOM — candichiea “Sore Verekical preeroms Verio Rand WH Pyro Ce Pr cond = Ry-W As Hh Fertiemg lat pee a et Dima, AAC welt | oS dh diawid W {ns negte hed: | py cen. = Py Be { er Aw re = yee [ ond *~Be | = BS 2Ye Doe RA Bo proud } j Ce = ey —® | em eatin U gin. WS find, | Ree y+ V2 2 oo A Fn ak tei FF a He : o a in a Fivid wk reank ie & Pesinc premutce Le of a pimand « | Am ayn Fluid mechenien Prremure head VA Aha méererwm e|ncreay of poftutd; | cbae to AS preeurce exerted on 1kO cankomert + 4x my | | alne called Shekia a {Guo Pro thie ders. 0.57% DEIR SKE AOS KASK 2 a BR Ia PR = BRE in 2 281 — (isxoser2-sx fo sx13%) 103.8 3.9 WN: eee er, ‘ Pressure measurement by Maiomete anf Manometer ta deviee tow stare puessreor unt differance in presse sin eo ive a fw Iiquidl to balance the pressure It isa hasie unstrusnent and i€ used ext measurement. [needs no calibration, Very low pressures can be measured using ‘manometer, The Piezometer Tube Manometer The simplest manometer is a tube, open at the top, which is attached to the top Of a vessel containing liquid at a Pressure (higher than atmospheric) to be measured. An example can be seen in the figure below. This simple device is known as a Piezometer tube. As the tube is open to the atmosphere the pressure ‘measured is relative to atmospheric so is gauge pressure, mation ete pare pressure at A = pressure due to column ofliq vid above A = Ah pressure atB = pressure due to colunn ofliq vid above B Pam beh, e. This method can only be used for liquids not for gases) and only when the liquid height is convenient to measure. It must not be too small or too large and pressure changes must be detectable. re naka Univer ef togineerng 8 Techatogy OUT) thyFommas joe Sgt hemes (oa) I stent ere sresnrerereiiee SS-_, Hk. ZIT shows a. single column manometer connected 10 a pipe 8 liquid of specific gravity 0.8. The ratio of area of the reservoir to that of the limb 00. Find the pressure in the pipe. tontaining is I sas Required equation: he $ hy (Sy = 5,) + ly, ~ hy, Fr Necuy 7"! [Kaa Unrajeltagmerieg strove) “Pad ics chp ange sia) 1g, £17 shows a: single colin manometer connected 10 2 pipe ontaining lig of specific gravity 08. The ratio of area of the reservolr to that ofthe limb 18 100. Find the prestre inthe pipe Required equation: h = (Sp S,) + hSy— AS Take specific gravity of mercury as 13-6 Sol, Specific gravity of liquid in he pipe, Specitie gravy of mercury, = 136 Areaofreseroit A “areaofaghtimb "a amir manometer connected fo a pipe * big. 217 shows a single column mE Me of che tae Zontaining liquid of specific gravity 08 The ratio of area of the 14 18 100, Find the prestare in the Pie. tau eight ofthe tg in the Bef ib i= 3m wim Hight of mercury in he Het Ki hy = 500 mr Let pressure heal Ne pipe Using the relation he Sg Se 5) +h: MS, or hag sonc1n6-08) +300 a 196=300<08 mn of water ann, 64+ 6800 = 20 2 6624 rem of water meas o* 6624 m of water ‘ Presure, p= wh=981 #6624 =649H IN oe 6498 APS fey p=6498kPaCAne) Fradickisa FANE Warm Htar whut Soden aie al QE 310) [Anime Drobesiar, Dept of Mt, OUET (Medaleh Example 214, Fig 219 shows « Use diferentot manometer connecting to pressure Pines. A and B. The pipe A comains a liguld of specific gravity I. 6 under a press of 110 Min! The pipe B contains oil of specie gravy O8 under a presiure of 900 REE et ee alfference of pressure measured by mercury ax ld fling Urn Pe Si Sol. Specific gravity of liquid at AS\=16 Specific gravity of tiquid at BS ,=08 Pressure at A, py = 110.kN/m? Pressure head at A, Bs 1 raed ametuer Pressure at B, pp = 200 KN/m? ais SRSA erin tam suut=” Fig. 222 shows on inverted differential manometér having an olt of specific grévity 08 connected 10 two different pipes carrying water under pressure. Determine ‘the pressure in the pits B. The pressure in pipe A is 2-0 metres of water. Sol Height of water in the tet Wea eer sien Mee inh welt yeaa Corea EE a int et tn ow we 20) “——1 eae hens =20- 28, : 20- team . FER Warntat lam waht at Pte Der OUT je tage Teo OU) ‘Fain betas : ‘Oa verted diferental mgnonster having 28 oll of ry cuyng wales under pressure. Determine Bmore of water 3 * Fig. 222 shows an in specific gravity 08 connected 10 two different j the pressure in the pipe B. The pressure in pipe A is 2+ Pressure head in the ight lb below 100 ahh AS =, 2% 150 8 7000 1000’ =hy-01-012=4,-022 Equating the two pressure heads, we get 1:7=hy— 022 or hy= 192 m(An8) ‘Also, y= Why = 981% 1.92 = 188 KN/m? = 188 kPa (Ane) x08 what cotta techn OU) Prat Siebaae ANA Meena tary 174%* Example 214, Fig 219 shows a U-tube differential manometer connecting 190 pressure Pipeso1 A and B. The pipe A contains a iuld of specific gravity 1-6 under a presture of 110 ANin®. The pipe B contains oil of specific gravity O8 under a pressure of 200 kN/n. Find the Aiference of pressure measured by mercury os fiidfllng U-tube, PS Preture head ot “s w "3a “ing Xo a te tom Pre head ahve Tin ef Unb #1, 4841015) resend hve XX ee righ Bid (1048S Ww Eyeing ve pe Bay we #6 1}5 oh 56oys (1045, WdL4 S16y bbe atate(laeHyxO8 “ 16974 1964=200 08608 of Bh=421 *, As033m ee 3mm rhein er - Fig. 222 shows an inverted differential manometer having an oil of specific gravity 08 connected 10 two diferent pipes carrying water under pressure. Determine the pressure in the pipe B. The presture in pipe A is 2-0 metres of water. Eerste naa anata se ania) tant te, Dc a MT17-0 AI we ae Pressure measurement by Mani@imeter Choice of Manometer "e present around EE must be taken when attaching the manometer to vesel no burs must be p none SLujeiot Burs would ater the fow causing local pressure variations to affect the meas Some disadvantages of manometers * flow response - only really useful for very slowly varying pressures - no use at al for fluctuating pressures; * For the “U" tube manometer two measurements must be taken simultaneously to get the Sale This may be avoided by using a tube with a much larger cross-sectional are3 on side of the manometer than the other; : etre fluid may + [Lisoften dificult to measure small variations in pressure «a different manometric . be required «alternatively a sloping manometer may be employed, it cannot be used for {ery large pressures unless several manometers are connected in series; : ELEY a€curate work the temperature and relationship between temperature and r must be known; Some advantages of manometers: They are very simple * No calibration is required «the pressure can be calculated from fist principles. . ESA st a Se Hygiene na i of pectic grevinms 9: ngle colunn manometer connected to a pipe 08 100 deat of specie eravty 08. The rato of area of ihe reserves ne Of the lim’ {5 100. Find the pressure in the pipe. ewsry en Fein FBG Unbeahy otrreing ted (t1) Tratsetasc Cate Bordo ANS Mem tanSnag . Ppt dicute measurement by Maniémete &. “A “qube manometer “Advances to the "U" tube manor /o} is very small so Clearly if 0 is very much larger than d then (d/D} is very Pin Pa = Pes So only one reading need be taken to measure the pressure difference 0 only one reading nee’ = a aaneers ‘Advances to the "U" tube manometer '¥ the pressure to be measured is very small then. ‘way of obtaining a larger (more easily read) movem; ing the arm provides a convenient ent of the manometer. The above arrangement with a tied arms shown in the figure below. ‘The pressure difference is stl given by the height change of the ‘manometric fluid but by placing the scale along the line ofthe tilted arm and taking this reading lage movements will be observed. The Pressure difference is then given by Aoki DranBopesnt baerwear. Pressure measurement by Ma ‘Advances 10 the "U" tube manometer The "U"-tube manometer has the disadvantage that the change in height of the liquid in Poth sides must be read. This can be avoided by making the diameter of one side very large compared to the other. In this case the side with the large area moves very little when the small area side move considerably more. ‘Assume the manometer ie aranged as above omessore the pressure difference ofa uso (neehabe density) and hat presure dieence 'sP."Fs. the datum line indeates the level ‘ofthe manometie uid when the pressre Aierence sero andthe height ferences ‘hen pressure i applied ia shorn, the vlan liad trasered om heed tothe ih “29 *(2"/4) ‘And the fallin eve of the esi sess er toute ‘Advances to the "U" tube manometer ‘Volume mow ed 71 rea ofle ft side ae (3) ‘We know from the theory of the "U" tube ‘manometer that the height different in the two columns gives the pressure difference so Py-Pa= ale. +(Q)] ~~] NTA Unb ot wing Yeo (OT) jean 171" — oe og FS #8 Fe measurement by Manémete: €4 Nv "ut eter Measurement of pressure difference using a "u"-tube manom: If the "U"-tube manometer is connected to @ pressurized vessel at two points the pressure difference between these two points can be measured. If the manometer is arranged as in the figure, then pressure at C = pressure a|0 | Po= Po Po= Pat Pah, Po= Pat pelhy-H)+ Pans Pat pehe= Py Pell h)+ Pon h jo raeeivg ener oot) |r Measurement of Pressure difference using a" Giving the pressure difference Pampa Aah )+(ona~ alah ‘Again, ifthe fluid whose pressure difference is eogmessures mt {Sages and Aan >> P then the term: 'nvolving P can be neglected, so Pa~ PS = Pag eh 45.4 Memimut totam Mukut Abide Deter, Cert ME DUE‘As ye are wating aauae pressure vin can subiraet Ponmanrant giving chy va yor ncn 1M ha nine Yo go, a ‘ fae i lim Py can i cgi, “aeee by Manémete ressure measurement 2 The "U"-Tube Manometer Usi ube enables the pressure of both liquids and gases to be measured with gure below and filled with a same instrument, The "U" is connected as in the figure bel if called the manometric fluid. The fluid whose pressure ty being measured should have amass density less than that of the monometnc fluid and the two fluids should ible, ‘ok be able to min weacly that is, they must bs ghee eerste, (repress anni, . Pressure in a continuous static fui isthe same at any horizontal evel so, presswe atB = pressure at C Pa=Po For the let hand arm Pie denete reersil oy Given - 4 ec) | fan = ole 3 25 wr X 16 | bu, Gavec preamscemt ¢ + fe | Re f OMIK OSH IN, * Dalya sor 1S | ie ee Oc . | Ru > R # Rem = os.ssscurArd) ; ree 98K 2124.0 K 8-24 OK OFP™ i KORD — DIK EMELINE — = OG\XONUA Pp-Po = ARDE Kelp f — EB Gin. p H [Jo Pac ath kepa, 6m Sp +4l, : sr t Berm, | “IL pasinosxleS — ene ; + Sy xO8IxXS, =O AR rower 2%) = asizo.axo-c0129 — fe = Sox. 0-740 $ 119AAS. ~ Waker SUN Fr = 290 KR, Fos ase Pen. Cx Ae DAML — Os KH ISh 4F seg —te =o eth (ox —FPKI96) A gasings ~140=0 “~ho |tzem ST eet Sete, Pu — 1X 25-5 9. LELUES. 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