Question Answer Mark

Number
17(a) • Use of Young modulus = gradient (of either initial linear region of
graph) (1)

(MP1 accept ratios of co-ordinates up to strains of (E28)0.0015 or (E2)

0.0014)

• See 3.2 to 3.3  1010 (Pa) Or 4.2 to 4.4  1010 (Pa) (1)

• Comparison of the two values obtained

i.e. use of E28/ E2 Or (E28 E2)/E2 (1)

• E28/ E2 = 1.30 to 1.40 Or (E28 E2)/E2 = 0.30 to 0.40 (1) 4

(MP4 is conditional on candidates using the linear sections for both
graphs in MP1)

Example of calculation
140 ×10 6 Pa
E28 = = 4.38  1010 Pa
0.0032
104 ×10 6 Pa
E2 = = 3.25  1010 Pa
0.0032

4.38 ×10 10 Pa
E28/ E2 = 3.25 ×10 10 Pa = 1.35
17(b) • Use of counting squares or approximation of the area to a series
of shapes from the 28-day graph (1)

0.35  106  area under 28−day graph

• (1)
0.35  106

• Percentage reduction = 12.0 % to 15.0 % (1) 3

Example of calculation
E28 = (½80  106 Pa0.0019) + [½(80 + 128) Pa  106  (0.0038 
0.0019)] + (64 0.0001  4  106 Pa) = 299 200 J m3

350 000 J m−3 −299 200 J m−3

Percentage reduction =  100 = 14.5 %
350 000 J m−3
17(c) • The breaking stress/force is greater (1)

• The concrete is less flexible Or the concrete is stiffer

(1)
(Do not accept a greater Young modulus)

• There is a smaller plastic region

Or the elastic region is greater
Or there's little change in the toughness
Or a change in the properties of the concrete after you've used
it could cause problems (1) 3
Total for question 17 10
Question Answer Mark
Number
16(a)
• Use a micrometer (screw gauge) Or (vernier)digital calipers (1)

• At different orientations and/or positions along the wire (1)

(1) 3
• Calculate/determine/take/find a mean/average value

16(b) • 𝑑 2 (1)
Use of A = 𝜋 ( )
2

• Calculate gradient of linear section (up to 3  103 m, 6.8 N) of graph

Or use of a corresponding pair of points for F and 𝑥 from the linear
region of the graph (1)
𝐹 𝑥
• Use of  = and ε =
𝐴 𝑙
𝐹𝑙
Or use of E =
𝐴𝑥
𝑙
Or Use of E = gradient  (1)
𝐴

• E = (1.2 – 1.3)  1011 Pa (1) 4

(MP4 conditional on scoring MP1 & MP2 & MP3)

Example of calculation using gradient

2.3 × 10−4 m 2
A = ( ) = 4.15  108 m2
2
6.5 N
Gradient = = 2.2  103 N m1
2.9 ×10−3 m
2.4 m
E = 2.2  103 N m1  = 1.27  1011 Pa
4.15 ×10−8 m2
*16(c) • This question assesses a student’s ability to show a coherent and logically structured
answer with linkages and fully-sustained reasoning.
• Marks are awarded for indicative content and for how the answer is structured and
shows lines of reasoning.
• The following table shows how the marks should be awarded for indicative content.
Number of indicative Number of marks awarded
marking points seen in for indicative marking
answer points
6 4
5–4 3
3–2 2
1 1
0 0
• The following table shows how the marks should be awarded for structure and
lines of reasoning.
Number of marks awarded for structure
of answer and sustained line of reasoning
Answer shows a coherent and logical 2
structure with linkages and fully (a minimum of at least 5 IC points
sustained lines of reasoning including:
demonstrated throughout IC1 and IC2/IC5
and IC3 and IC4/IC5
Answer is partially structured with some 1
linkages and lines of reasoning (a minimum of 3 IC points including:
either IC1 and IC2/IC5
Or IC3 and IC4/IC5)
Answer has no linkages between points
0
and is unstructured

Total marks awarded is the sum of marks for indicative content and the marks for
structure and lines of reasoning

Indicative content
• For long(er) wire, the extension will be large(r)
• (For the same load) extension is proportional to the original length
extension
Or = constant
original length

• For a thin(ner) wire, the extension will be large(r)

• (For the same load) extension is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area
(may be explained in terms of E ,  and ε)
• The percentage uncertainty in the extension/length will be lower (although
this will be greater for the cross-sectional area)
• A small(er) load can be used with a long/thin wire

6
Total for question 16 13
Question Answer Mark
Number
17(a)(i) height fallen before the rope begins to stretch (1)
Use of fall factor =
total unstretched length of rope

∆𝑥
Use of ε = with x = 15.0 m
𝑥 (1)

Use of Egrav = mgh (1)

Use of Egrav = Eel with their x (1)

Fmax = 14 000 (N) (1) 5

Example of calculation
Height fallen = 15.0 m  0.8 = 12 m x = 0.09  15.0 m = 1.35 m
1
Egrav = 71 kg  9.81 N kg  12 m = 8358 J (from fall)
Egrav = 71 kg  9.81 N kg1 1.35 m = 940.3 J (from extension)
8358 J + 940.3 J = ½  Fmax  1.35 m
Fmax = 13 775 N
17(a)(ii) • This would not be a good idea, as the climber would reach a higher velocity
(just before the rope stretches) (1)
• (Hence) the climber’s deceleration/force (as the rope stretches) would be
greater (1) 2
17(b) Max 6
• Use of area under the graph to determine the stored energy (1)

• Energy = 800 J (new) (1)

• Energy = 700 J (old) (1)

• The old rope would absorb/store less energy

(1)
• Use of F = kx to determine k
(accept gradient of a tangent) (1)

• Calculation of k for both ropes at same applied force (1)

• The old rope is not as stiff as the new rope (1)

Or The old rope extends more
(1) 6
• The old rope would break at a smaller applied force/stress
Total for question 17 13
Question Answer Mark
Number
16(a) Compares ≈40 (MPa) (compression) with ≈10 (MPa) (tension) (1)

Breaking/fracture/ultimate stress/force (much) greater under compression

Or Breaking/fracture/ultimate stress is 40 MPa under compression, and
10 MPa under tension.
Or Breaking/fracture/ultimate stress is 30 MPa greater under compression. (1) (2)

(If no other mark scored, allow 1 mark for greater energy absorbed/stored
under compression)

16(b) Breaking stress = 5.00 to 5.10 (×108 Pa) (1)

Use of σ = F/A (1)

F = 8.0/8.1 × 105 N (1) (3)

Example of calculation
A = π × (2.25 × 10−2 m)2 = 1.59 × 10−3 m2
F = 1.59 × 10−3 m2 × 5.05 × 108 Pa = 8.03 × 105 N

16(c)(i) Concrete can withstand high(er) stress/force under compression (1)

Or Concrete is strong(er) under compression

The concrete remains under compression when tensile force applied.

Or Applied/tensile force first has to overcome the compression
Or When tensile force applied, concrete is still under compression (1)

The steel/rods take (some of) the force/stress

Or The force/stress causes deformation of the steel (1)

Steel can withstand a large(r) tensile force/stress

Or Steel is strong(er) under tension
Or Ultimate tensile stress of steel is large(r) (1) (4)

16(c)(ii) (When force removed) the rod will not return to its original length/shape
Or The rod will be permanently/plastically deformed (1)

the concrete will not compress (as much)

Or The compression force will be less/zero (1) (2)

Total for question 16 11

Question Answer Mark
Number
*14 This question assesses a student’s ability to show a coherent and logically structured
answer with linkages and fully-sustained reasoning.
Marks are awarded for indicative content and for how the answer is structured and
shows lines of reasoning.
The following table shows how the marks should be awarded for indicative content and
lines of reasoning.
IC points IC mark Max linkage Max final
mark available mark
6 4 2 6

5 3 2 5

4 3 1 4

3 2 1 3

2 2 0 2

1 1 0 1

0 0 0 0

Number of marks awarded for structure of

answer and sustained line of reasoning

Answer shows a coherent and logical structure with 2

linkages and fully sustained lines of reasoning
demonstrated throughout

Answer is partially structured with some linkages and 1

lines of reasoning

Answer has no linkages between points and is 0

unstructured

Indicative content

• No change in properties at low strain/stress.

Or A change in properties after a certain point/stress.

• Energy absorbed by capsule concrete can be greater than plain concrete.

• Area under graph for capsule concrete greater.

• (At greater stress) capsule concrete is stiffer

Or (at greater stress) capsule concrete has greater Young Modulus.

• Graph is steeper for capsule concrete (at high stress)

Or ratio of stress to strain is greater (at high stress).

• Maximum stress/force greater for capsule concrete

Or capsule concrete is stronger.
(6)

Total for question 14 6

Question Answer Mark
Number

17(a)(i) • Eel = ½ k Δx2 (1)

Or Use of Eel = ½ FΔx and use of F = k Δx.

(1)
• Elastic PE is transferred into kinetic energy
Or Eel = Ek
(1)
• ½ m v2 = ½ k Δx2
(1)
• States that m and k are constant so v ∝ Δx.
𝑘𝑘
Or States that = � ∆𝑥𝑥 .
𝑚𝑚

(4)

17(a)(ii) • Gradient calculated. (1)

Or Use of a point on the line in a relevant equation.

• Use of ½ k Δx2 = ½ m v2 or gradient = √(k/m) (1)

i.e. k = m × gradient2

• k in range 22 – 26 N m-1
(1)
Example of calculation
4.8 m s−1 − 2.2 m s−1
Gradient = 8.67 (s−1 )
0.30 m
k = mass × gradient2
k = 3.0 × 10−1 kg × (8.67 s−1)2
k = 22.6 N m−1

(3)

17(b) • Limit of proportionality exceeded. (1)

Or Extension no longer proportional to force.

(1)
• Range of Hooke’s Law exceeded.
Or Hooke’s Law no longer applies. (2)

Total for question 17 9

Question Answer Mark
Number
18(a) • Ratio of stress to strain (for a material).
Or stress per unit strain.
Or σ / ε with symbols defined.
𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥
Or with symbols defined. (1)
𝐴𝐴 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥

(1)
18(b)(i) • Mean diameter = 0.234 mm (rounds to) (1)

• Use of A = π r2
(1)
• A = 4.3 x 10-8 m2 or 0.043 mm2

Example of calculation
Mean diameter = ¼ (0.230 + 0.235 + 0.230 + 0.240) = 0.234 mm (1)
(0.234 ×10−3 𝑚𝑚)2
Area = 𝜋𝜋 = 4.30 × 10−8 m2 (3)
4
18(b)(ii) • Use of W = m g (1)

• Use of gradient = m / Δx in Young Modulus formula

i.e. E = gradient × g × x /A
(1)

• E = 1.6 × 1011 Pa e.c.f. from (b)(i)

(1)
Example of calculation
3.50 m
Young modulus = 195 × 9.81 N kg−1 × 4.30 ×10−8 m2
= 1.56 × 1011 Pa
(3)

18(b)(iii) Shorter wire gives greater gradient. (1)

Young modulus the same. (1)

(2)
Total for question 18 9
Question Answer Mark
Number
16(a)(i) • Point K is the limit of proportionality
Or beyond K, the force is no longer proportional to the extension Or Hooke's
Law no longer obeyed (1) 1
Or before K the force is proportional to the extension Or Hooke's Law
obeyed

16(a)(ii)
• Beyond point L the spring will behave plastically
(1)
• Beyond L, the spring will no longer return to its original length (once the
deforming force is removed)/spring will be permanently deformed
Or below L, the spring will return to its original length (once the deforming (1) 2
force is removed)
16(a)(iii)
• The spring constant/stiffness (not Young modulus) is smaller or has changed (1) 1
(do not allow greater stiffness)

16(b) • Same shape graph but starting from an extension > 0 (1) 1
force

extension

16(c) • Same force acts through both springs

(1)
• Both springs have the same extension
(1)
• In this combination the (total) extension will be doubled (1)
4
Or Force required for same (total) extension is halved

• Reference to F = k∆x e.g. k is proportional to 1/∆x so k is halved (1)

Total for question 16 9

Question Answer Mark
Number
19(a)(i) The distance between pylons Or length of cable Or the (1) 1
weight/mass/density of the cable/material

19(a)(ii) (1)
• See Mg = 2T sin θ Or weight (or W or Mg) is proportional
to T sin θ (1)
• as the sag increases, θ (or sin θ) increases (for a constant
weight) (1) 3
• (as the sag increases) sinθ increases hence T decreases

19(b)(i) • Use of region of graph 0 to 300 MPa to determine the (1)

gradient Or tangent from origin
(1) 2
• Esteel = 1.5 × 1011 (Pa) to 1.8 × 1011 (Pa)

Example of calculation
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
Esteel = 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 1.53 × 1011 Pa

19(b)(ii) (1)
𝐹𝐹
• Use of σ = 𝐴𝐴 to obtain the stress
2
(1)
• stress = 73 MPa
Example of calculations
F = 0.62 N m−1× 270 m = 167.4 N
0.62 N m−1 ×270 m
σ = 2.3 × 10−6 m2
σ = 72.8 MPa

METHOD 1 (1)
19(b)(iii) • Use of graph to obtain the strain in steel
Or use of Young Modulus (1)
∆𝑒𝑒
• Use of ε = 𝑙𝑙 (for steel ∆e = 0.14 m)
(1) 3
• Comparison of the two extensions/strains
e.g. the extension/strain of aluminium is larger than that of
steel, so steel is used to reduce the (total) extension/sag
Or
Comparison of two strains/extensions e.g. lower strain for
steel so stiffness of cable increased to reduce (total)
extension/sag
 METHOD 2
∆𝑒𝑒
• Use of ε = 𝑙𝑙 to find strain (for extension of 0.95 m)
• Use of graph to obtain the stress in aluminium and steel.
• Comparison of two stresses (e.g. greater stress required for
steel) so stiffness of cable increased to reduce (total)
extension/sag

Example of calculation
Read off strain (when stress is 70 MPa) on Steel graph
(0.0005)
For Steel, Δe = 0.0005 × 270 m = 0.14 m

Total for question 19 11

Question Answer Mark
Number

16(a) • Micrometer (screw gauge) Or digital (not Vernier) calliper(s) (1) 1

16(b)(i)
• Attempt to calculate gradient
(1)
• Use of linear section, or tangent at origin, with use of large triangle (1)
• E = 1.2 ± 0.05 × 1011 Pa (1) 3
Example of calculation
Extending straight section to 1%
120 × 106 Pa ÷ 0.01 = 1.2 × 1011 Pa

16(b)(ii)
• Breaking stress read from graph
(1)
• Use of 𝐴𝐴 = π𝑟𝑟 2 (1)
• Use of σ = F/A (1)
• F = 2.6 × 104 N (1) 4
Example of calculation
Area = π × (2.525 × 10−3)2 = 2.00 × 10−5 m2
Force = 1 280 × 106 × 2 ×10– 5 = 2.56 × 104 N
16(b)(iii) (1)
• Use of area under graph = ½σε
• Substitution of F = σA and Δx = εx (1)
(1) 3
• Substitution of Ax = V and ΔW = ½ FΔx

Example of calculation
Area = ½σε
= ½ (F / A)( Δx / x )
= ½ F Δx / (A x)
= ΔW / V

16(b)(iv)
• Calculation of area under graph by a valid method.
(1)
• Area in range 60 to 64 (MJ m−3) (1)
• Calculation of volume of sample (1)
• Energy = 500±20 J (1) 4

Example of calculation
One large square = 200 × 106 × 0.01 = 2 × 106 J m–3
31 large squares
Volume of sample = 0.40 m × 2.0 × 10−5 m2 = 8.0 × 10−6 m3
Work = 31 × 8 × 10–6 m3× 2 × 106 J m−3= 4.96 × 102 J

Total for question 16 15

Question Answer Mark
Number

17(a)
• Use of ∆𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘∆𝑥𝑥
(1)
• k = 1.9 (N cm−1) (1) 2
Example of calculation:
k = 15 N ÷ 8 cm = 1.875 N cm−1

17(b)
• Use of w = mg
(1)
• Use of force triangle and Pythagoras to find F
Or F resolved into components (1)
• Use of trigonometry to find θ. (1)
∆𝐹𝐹
• Use of ∆𝑥𝑥 = (1)
𝑘𝑘
• Δx = 5.4 cm (ecf from (a), "show that" value gives 5.0 cm) (1)
• θ = 32° (ecf from (a)) (1) 6

Example of calculation:
θ = tan−1(0.55 kg × 9.81 N kg−1 ÷ 8.5 N) = 32.4°
Δx = √((0.55 × 9.81)2 + 8.52) ÷ 1.88 = 5.37 cm

Total for question 17 8

Question Answer Mark
Number
17(a)
The greater the length of the rope, the greater the extension for a given force (1)

Stiffness k = F / Δx so stiffness decreases (if extension increases). (1) 2

17(b)(i)
𝜎 𝐹 ∆𝑥 (1)
Use of 𝐸 = and 𝜎 = and 𝜖 =
𝜀 𝐴 𝑥

(1)
Use of 𝐹 = 𝑘∆𝑥
(1)
k = 1.35 × 105 (N m–1) 3

Example of calculation
2.70 × 109 N m−2 = F × 6.00 m ÷ (3.00 × 10−4 m2 × ΔL)
F = (2.70 × 109 N m−2 × 3.00 × 10−4 m2 ÷ 6.00 m) × ΔL = k Δx
𝐹 2.70 × 109 N m−2 × 3.00 × 10−4 m2
𝑘= =
∆𝐿 6.00 m
= 1.35 × 105 N m-1

17(b)(ii)
Correct use of factor of 2 to calculate F or Δx (1)

Use of ∆𝐹 = 𝑘∆𝑥 (1)

1.85 × 10−2 (m) (allow ecf from (i)) (1) 3

Example of calculation
F = 5 000 N/ 2 = 2 500 N
𝐹 2 500 N
∆𝑥 = = = 1.85 × 10−2 m
𝑘 1.35 × 105 N m-1

17(b)(iii)
Use of ΔEel = ½ FΔx (1)

ΔEel = 23.1 J (allow ecf from (ii)) (1) 2

Example of calculation
ΔEel = 0.5 2 500 N 1.85 10–2 m = 23.13 J

17(c)
Use of W = FΔs (to find the work done in lifting the load) (1)

Compares 7 500 J with their calculated value in b(iii) and draws suitable (1) 2
conclusion

Example of calculation
Work done by pulley system = 5 × 103 N × 1.5 m = 7 500 J
23(.1) (J) << 7 500 (J) ⸫ not significant

Total for question 17 12

Questio Answer Mark
n Number

14(a) Maximum value of weight/force for which weight/force is proportional

to extension
Or
Point beyond which Hooke's Law no longer applies
Or
Point beyond which graph line ceases to be straight
Or 1
Point beyond which weight/force is no longer proportional to extension (1)

14(b)(i) Use of large triangle to determine gradient (1)

Gradient = 18 500 (N m−1) (sf range 18 - 19, no ue) (1) 2
Example of calculation
gradient = 37 N ÷ (2 × 10−3 m) = 18 500 (N m−1)

𝑥𝑥
14(b)(ii) Rearranges E = stress / strain to get 𝐸𝐸 = gradient ×
𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴
Or Rearranges E = stress / strain to get gradient = 𝐸𝐸
𝑥𝑥
(1) 3
Use of A = π r2
(1)
Young modulus = 2 × 1011 Pa
(1)
(allow ecf from (b)(i))

Example of calculation
A = π × (2.8× 10−4)2 = 2.46 × 10−7 m2
E = 1.85 × 104 N m−1 × 2.6 m ÷ 2.46 × 10−7 m2 = 1.95 × 1011 Pa

𝐹𝐹
14(c) Use of 𝜎𝜎 =
𝐴𝐴
(1)
Determines maximum safe load
Or
Determines maximum stress
Or
Determines minimum cross section (1)

Valid conclusion by comparison with student's calculation (1) 3

Example of calculation
σmax = 𝑊𝑊max
𝐴𝐴
4.80×108 Pa = 𝑊𝑊max
2.46 × 10−7m2
Wmax = 480 × 106 Pa × 2.46 × 10−7 m2 = 118 N > 100 N so yes

Total for question 14 9

Question Answer Mark
Number
13(a) 3
Vertical component of tension = T cos 76° (1)

Use of 650 N = 2 × vertical component of tension (1)

T = 1.34 × 103 (N) (1)

Example of calculation
650 N = 2 T cos 76°
T = ½ × 650 N ÷ cos 76° = 1 343 N
13(b)(i) 3
Use of sin76° or cos 14° to find new length of cord (1)

Use of ε = Δx ÷ x (1)

ε = 0.03 or 3% (1)

Example of calculation
(x + Δx) ÷ 2 = 60 m ÷ sin 76° = 61.8 m
Δx = (61.8 × 2) m − 120.0 m = 3.7 m
ε = 3.7 m ÷ 120 m = 0.031

13(b)(ii) 3
Use of σ = F ÷ A with F = tension from (a) (1)

Use of E = σ ÷ ε (1)

E = 1.4 × 108 Pa (ecf from (a) and (b)(i)) (1)

Example of calculation
σ = 1.34 × 103 N ÷ 3.14 × 10−4 m2 = 4.28 MPa
E = 4.28× 106 Pa ÷ 0.031 = 1.38 × 108 Pa
Total for question 13 9
Question Answer Mark
Number
16(a)
Use of Ek = ½ m v2 (1)

Ek = 3.8 × 10−5 (J) (1) 2

Example of calculation
Ek = 0.5 × 12 × 10−3 kg × (8.0 × 10−2 m s−1)2 = 3.84 × 10−5 J

16(b)
Use of ΔEel = ½ F Δx (1)

F = 1.5 × 10−3 N (allow ecf from (a)) (1)

Example of calculation 2
ΔEel = Ek = 3.84 × 10−5 J = 0.5 × F × 0.05 m
F = 3.84 × 10−5 J ÷ 0.025 m = 1.54 × 10−3 N

16(c)
Use of F = k Δx (1)

k = 0.03 N m−1 (allow ecf from (b)) (1) 2

Example of calculation
1.54 × 10−3 N = k × 0.05 m
k = 1.54 × 10−3 N ÷ 0.05 m = 0.031 N m−1

16(d)
Line has initially decreasing positive gradient
(1)
Line starts at v = 0 and a non-zero value of length
(1)
Line levels off to horizontal at length = L
(1)
Final velocity marked as 8.0 cm s−1
Or (1) 4
Original compressed length marked as "L − 5" in cm

Total for question 16 10

Question
Answer Mark
Number

12(a)
It’s the force / stress beyond which the cable does not return to its original length
when the force / stress is removed (1) 1

12(b)(i)
Use of ε = Δx/x (1)
ε = 0.021 (1) 2

Example of calculation
ε = 0.126 m ÷ 6 m = 0.021

12(b)(ii)
Use of σ = F/A (1)
σ = 1.4 × 109 Pa (1) 2

Example of calculation
σ = 1.34 × 106 N ÷ 9.6 × 10−3 m2 = 1.40 × 109 Pa

Total for question 12 5

Question
Answer Mark
Number
12(a) Use of σ = F / A (1)

σ = 3.8 × 108 Pa [accept N m−2]

Or
Fb = 170 N
Or
Amin = 3.6 × 10−7 m2 (1)

Valid comparison in consistent units and conclusion (1) 3

Example of calculation
σ = 150 N ÷ 3.97 × 10−7 m2 = 3.78 × 108 Pa
3.78 < 4.20 ⸫ will not break

12(b)(i) Determine gradient of straight line section [straight line ends at 5 mm] (1)
[Δx ≥ 3 mm for gradient][Allow use of tangent at origin] (1) 2
k = 1.30 × 104 (N m−1) [acceptable range to be determined at pre-stand]
[1.27 to 1.33][need to see third s.f.]

Example of calculation
gradient = 60 / 4.6 = 13.0
gradient = k / N mm−1
k = 13.0 N mm−1 = 1.30 × 104 N m−1

12(b)(ii) Use of k = EA/ x (1)

E = 1.3 × 1011 Pa [or N m−2](ecf from (b)(i))[their (b)(i) × 1.01 × 107 + unit] (1) 2

Example of calculation
E=kx/A
E = 1.3 × 104 N m−1 × 4.00 ÷ 3.97 × 10−7 m2
E = 1.3 × 1011 Pa

Total for question 12 7

Question
Answer Mark
Number
14(a) Material returns to original shape/size when stress/force/tension removed (1) 1

14(b)(i) Determines gradient using > half drawn line (1)

E = 2.1 × 1011 (Pa) (1) 2

Example of calculation
Gradient = 4.2 ÷ 2.0 = 2.1
E = 2.1 × (100 MPa ÷ 0.1%) = 2.1 × 1011 Pa

14(b)(ii) Use of σ = F / A (1)

Use of E = σ / ε Or Use of graph

And
Use of ε = Δx / x (1)

Δx = 0.79 mm (allow ecf from (b)(i))

Or
Ereq = 2.8 × 1011 Pa (1)

Valid comparison in consistent units and conclusion (allow ecf from (b)(i)) (1) 4

Example of calculation
σ = 9.5 × 105 N ÷ 4.80 × 10−3 m2 = 1.98 × 108 Pa
ε = σ ÷ E = 1.98 × 108 Pa ÷ 2.10 × 1011 Pa = 9.42 × 10−4
Δx = 0.84 m × 9.42 × 10−4
= 7.91 × 10−4 m = 0.79 mm > 0.6 mm ⸫ no

Total for question 14 7

Question Answer Mark
Number
15(a) Use of W = m g (1)
Use of resultant force = push from trampoline – weight of gymnast (1)
Use of ΣF = m a (1)
P = 1.4 × 103 N (1) 4

Example of calculation
ΣF = P – W
ma =T–mg
58 kg × 14.2 m s−2 = P − 58 kg × 9.81 N kg−1
P = 58 kg × (14.2 + 9.81) m s−2 = 1.39 × 103 N

15(b)(i) T = 68 N ÷ sin 14° Or 68 N ÷ cos 76° (1)

T = 280 (N) (1) 2

Example of calculation
T = 68 N ÷ sin (14°) = 281 N

15(b)(ii) Use of F = k Δx (1)

k = 6.1 × 103 N m−1 (allow ecf from (b)(i)) (1) 2

Example of calculation
F = 2.81 ×102 N = k × 4.6 × 10−2 m
k = 2.81 ×102 N ÷ 4.60 × 10−2 m = 6.11 × 103 N m−1

15(c)* This question assesses a student’s ability to show a coherent and logically
structured answer with linkages and fully-sustained reasoning.
Marks are awarded for indicative content and for how the answer is
structured and shows lines of reasoning.
The following table shows how the marks should be awarded for indicative
content and lines of reasoning.
IC points IC mark Max linkage Max final
mark available mark
6 4 2 6
5 3 2 5
4 3 1 4
3 2 1 3
2 2 0 2
1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0

Marks
Answer shows a coherent and logical structure with 2
linkages and fully sustained lines of reasoning
demonstrated throughout.
Answer is partially structured with some linkages and 1
lines of reasoning
Answer has no linkages between points and is 0
unstructured
Indicative content:

 The weight (of the gymnast) acts downwards on the gymnast

 The normal contact force (from trampoline) acts upwards

 The normal contact force decreases as she moves upwards

Or
The normal contact force increases as she moves downwards

 The normal contact force is zero when gymnast makes/loses contact

with trampoline
Or
The normal contact force is maximum at bottom of bounce

 Resultant/net force is the difference between weight and normal contact

force

 When the normal contact force is less than the weight the acceleration is
downwards
Or
When the normal contact force is greater than the weight the 6
acceleration is upwards

Total for question 15 14