Comparative Model in Policing

JOSE RIZAL UNIVERSITY
College of Arts, Criminology and Education

Department of Criminology
VISION
JRU will be a market leader in the use of technology for innovation in teaching and
learning to produce graduates of social importance.
MISSION
The University aims to develop its students to become useful and responsible citizens
through the effective transfer of (relevant knowledge and desirable values.
INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOME
A JRU graduate has the competencies and values in the disciplinal area completed
such that he/she is a useful and responsible citizen of the country.
WEEK 1
Learning Objectives:
After completing this topic, should be able to:
 Learn the Concept of Globalization and its effect to Policing System

 Objectives and outcomes
Course: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
TITLE : CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION, AND ITS EFFECT TO POLICING

SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Outcomes
General Objectives Specific Objectives Assessment Learning Outcomes
Task
At the end of this Specifically, at the end of
module, the you should this module: 1. Pre-Test After the discussion of
be able to: this module, you should
2. Post Exams be able to:
1. You are expected to
1 .Learn the understand what globalization 3. Research 1. Comprehend and be
development of the bring about the changes Analysis knowledge of the
various policing system which disturb traditional comparative globalization
values and social of law enforcement
2. Identify the common arrangements.
pattern for
developments for 2. After reviewing the lesson 2. Compare the different
making the policing you can now illustrate a matrix models in policing in
system and its effect for your comments and selected countries.
and its effect of comparisons on the
globalization to Law similarities and differences on 3. Point out the
Enforcement. police models in the selected importance of
countries in the world. comparative policing to
other countries.
LEARNING PLAN
Course Outline Teaching Learning Activities
Lesson 1. The Concept of Globalization, and its 1. Lecture Series per Session
Component
2. Learning Portfolio
Lesson 2. Effects of globalization on law
enforcement 3. Group participation
Lesson 3. Comparative Policing System
Lesson 4. Comparative Law Enforcement

Agencies
Reference:
Textbook: Comparative Police System Global Response of Law Enforcement c2017

Author: Depayso
References:
1. Garcia, A Textbook on Comparative Police and Criminal Justice System,
Wiseman’s Book Trading Inc. c2015
2. Garcia, Mario A. Comparative Police and Criminal Justice System, Wiseman’s
Book Trading, Inc. c2015
Albrecht, Peter, et al., (2018, Jan. 5). Policing Practices in a Global
Perspective. Danish Institution for International Studies. Retrieved
July 28, 2020 from https://www.diis.dk
Brysk, A., (2003, March 1). Globalization and Human Rights. Foreign
Affairs. Retrieved July 30, 2929 from,
https://www.foreignaffairs.com>globalization
El Hassani, A., (2015, Nov. 22). The Impact of Globalization on the
enjoyment of Human Rights. Morocco World News. Retrieved July
30, 2020 from, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com
Eterno, J.A., & Das, D.K., (2009). Police Practices in Global Perspective.
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved July 28, 2020 from
https://rowman.com
Gachuz, JC. (2016). Globalization and Organized Crime: Challenges for
International Cooperation. Issue brief no.07.06.16. Rice University’s Baker
Institute for Public Policy
3.
SUMMARY
1. Learn the development of the various policing system and Identify the common pattern for
developments for making the policing system and its effect and its effect of globalization to Law
Enforcement.
WEEK 2
Learning Objectives:
 Globalization and Concepts

 Global Community and global community Policing System
LESSON 1 - GLOBALIZATION AND CONCEPTS
GLOBALIZATION AND CONCEPTS
A. Concepts
Globalization
In the digested paper of Alicia Brykes, that globalization is a platform of interaction

among and between countries in the international community in order to develop an
integration of economics and societies globally. It involves the applications of
technology, economic, political, and cultural exchanges that are made possible largely
by advances in communication. Globalization is a flow of transnational of people,
economics, investment, information, ideas, and authority
Globalization in terms of policing is crucial in the fundamental protection of human

rights as this is in the hands of the Law Enforcement Agencies in the world. Hence,
globalization and law enforcement are broadly considered terms for the rights of
individual to depend on a wide array of global policing system.
Global Community and Global Community Policing
In the global community has its duties, functions and responsibilities under the
context of social justice and human rights all over the world. The published article of
Global Webnet, 2007) posited that global community signifies human rights and social
justice that all persons within a given society deserve equal access to goods and
services that fulfil human needs.
Global community policing, this present problems and challenges in facing the new
insights in to this model policing model and a critical appraisal of successes and
challenges in various jurisdictions across the world (Verma et al.,2019). Community
policing has been found extremely beneficial in improving the public trust in every nation
globally.
B. Components of Globalization
Three major components of globalization;
Territoty Population
Government
I. Territory
 Refers to a place of exclusive jurisdiction as set declared by the United
Nations of national territories being an origin of boundaries.
 Boundary - the line that divides one geographic area from another as
can be shown from the global map.
Ogaden Region – is the fundamental home of nomadic people ethnically

related to Somali tribes, yet it is currently divided between the countries of
Ethiopia and Somalia. The League of Nations was creation in 1919 for settling
disputes through legal and peaceful means instead of going to war. And this
League of Nations was replaced by the United Nation (UN) following the World
War II.
 UNCLOS – this is the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The convention created a comprehensive attempt of creating a unified regime for
governance of the rights of nation with respect to the world oceans includes the
following;
i. Navigation rights
ii. Economic rights
iii. Pollution of the seas
iv. Conservation of marine life
v. Scientific exploration
vi. Piracy
The United Nations treaties has led to the establishment of the seven
continents;
1. ASIA
The largest continent that covers one-third of the world total land area. As
to the published article of Geoscience News and Information enumerated the forty eight
(48) countries in Asia;
China Thailand North Korea Laos Armenia

India Myanmar Sri Lanka Lebanon Qatar
Indonesia South Korea Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Bahrain
Pakistan Iraq Syria Turkmenistan Timor-Leste
Bangladesh Afghanistan Cambodia Singapore Cyprus
Japan Saudi Arabia Jordan Oman Bhutan
Philippines Uzbekistan Azerbaijan State of Maldives
Palestine
Vietnam Malaysia United Arab Kuwait Brunei
Emirates
Turkey Yemen Tajikistan Georgia
Iran Nepal Israel Mongolia
2. AFRICA
Africa is the second largest continent with fifty four (54) countries.
Algeria Camaros Ghana Mali Senegal Tunisia

Angola Democratic Guinea Mauritania Seychelles Uganda
Republic of
the Congo
Benin Republic of Guinea- Mauritius Sierra Leone Zambia
the Congo Bissau
Botswana Djibouti Ivory Coast Morocco Somalia Zimbabwe
Burkina Egypt Kenya Mozambique South Africa
Faso
Burundi Equatorial Lesotho Namibia South
Guinea Sudan
Cameroon Eritrea Liberia Niger Sudan
Cape Verde Ethiopia Libya Nigeria Swaziland
Central Gabon Madagascar Rwanda Tanzania
African
Republic
Chad Gambia Malawi Sao Tome Togo
and Principe
3. NORTH AMERICA
The world’s third largest continent and lies mainly between the Arctic Circle and
the Tropic of Cancer. The people of North America are scattered and culturally
diversified with twenty three (23) countries.
USA El Salvador Cuba St. Kitts and St. Vincent and

Nevis Grenadines
Canada Nicaragua Panama Antigua and Grenada
Barbuda
Mexico Honduras Jamaica Dominica Trinidad and
Tobago
Guatemala Costa Rica Haiti St. Lucia
Belize Bahamas Dominican Barbados
Republic
4. SOUTH AMERICA
The fourth largest continent is South America and composed of fourteen

(14) countries.
Brazil Peru Ecuador Uruguay French Guiana

Colombia Venezuela Bolivia Guyana Falkland Island
Argentina Chile Paraguay Suriname
5. ANTARCTICA
Antarctica, the southernmost continent and site of the South Pole is virtually
uninhabited, ice-covered landmass where there are no cities on the Antarctic continent,
only stations. Most cruises to the continent visit the Antarctic Peninsula, which stretches
toward South America. It is known for the Lemaire Channel and Paradise Harbor,
striking iceberg-flanked passageways, and Port Lockroy, a former British research
station turned into a museum.
This continent has no actual native inhabitants but the United Kingdom, Norway,
France, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina have made claims. But due to
temperature of -50⁰ C (-58⁰F) and to the climate it was impossible for the people to
settle permanently. The current report of the measurements of the environment the
ozone layer of the continent has been reduced to a critical level.
6. EUROPE
Europe is the second smallest of the world’s continent with fifty one (51)
countries that includes the independent states;
Albania Cyprus Iceland Monaco Serbia Ireland

Andorra Czechia Italy Montenegro Slovakia
Armenia Denmark Kazakhstan Netherland Slovenia
s
Austria Estonia Kosovo North Spain
Macedonia
Azerbaijan Finland Latvia Norway Sweden
Belarus France Liechtenstein Poland Switzerland
Belgium Georgia Lithuania Portugal Turkey
Bosnia Germany Luxemburg Romania Ukraine
Bulgaria Greece Malta Russia United
Kingdom
Croatia Hungary Moldova San Marino Vatican
7. AUSTRALIA
Australia, the smallest of the seven continents on earth or technically
within Oceania with fourteen (14) countries;
Mainland Australia Palau

Micronesia Papua New Guinea
Fiji Samoa
Kiribati Solomon Islands
Marshall Island Tonga
Nauru Tuvalu
New Zealand Vanuatu
II. Population
The second component of globalization is the population or the society. It is also

conceptualized to as the citizens of a particular country within its territorial jurisdiction.
The society is bound by the national laws of the country where it is a citizen. In the
Philippines, the citizen is bounded under Article IV Section 1 of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution.
In Republic Act 9225, or the Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003
and popularly known as the Dual Citizenship Law. The Act allows natural-born Filipinos
who have become naturalized citizens of another country to retain or reacquire their
Filipino citizenship.
The state jurisdiction is the capacity of a state under international law to enforce and
prescribe the rules of law and may extend its territory over its citizens and property
which are bound by the national law.
-
III. Government
The third and last component of globalization is the government. To recognize a

state is to recognize its government and these are subject to international law to
determine what a state is. The national law has to determine also the legal rights and
duties of any person.
The Estrada Doctrine introduced by Mexico Secretary of Foreign Relations Genaro

Estrada in 1930 that recognizing a state apply by consideration and acceptance of the
existence of that government. The doctrine is also known as the doctrine of
effectiveness as it test whether the existing government is in control of the machinery
over the state and the people within its territory.
Arrays of factors and practices that the government may react and interact between
and among countries globally in the following context (Garcia, 2015);
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
3.
SUMMARY
1. The United Nations treaties has led to the establishment of the

seven continents like North America, Antarctica, Europe including the
government and population.
.
WEEK 3
 Functions and Duties and responsibilities.

 Territorial and Border dispute
C. Global Community: Functions, Duties, and Responsibilities
What is global community? It is the people or nations of the world, considered as

being closely connected by modern telecommunications and as being economically,
socially, and politically interdependent (dictionary.com).
The global community recognizes that all human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights. Freedom is both a principle and a value. Individuals have the freedom
of decision and action to the extent that their action do not interfere with the rights of
others. Human being are free that are subject of law and are creators and holders of
rights.
Global community governs its affairs, as a universal values they are concerned with
our ability to decide, to choose values and to participate in the making of laws, and they
are dependent on the recognition of other people. These values forbid any form of
discrimination on the grounds of race, nationality, sex, religion, age or mother tongue.
Social justice is another universal value to which the global community aspires and
accept as a universal value. Social justice consists in sharing wealth with a view to
greater equality and the equal recognition of each individual merits. All persons within a
given society deserve equal access to goods and services that fulfil basic human needs.
And social justice is one that is exercises within a society, particularly as it is exercises
by and among the various social forms of the society.
Global community could be conceptualized in the following perception (Garcia,

2015);
1. Interpersonal- is an association of two or more people that may be based

on inference, love, solidarity, regular business interactions. This means of interaction
may be formed through social, cultural, and other influences.
2. Inter-territorial - the term territory is defended space that is categorized into

three human territory such as; tribal, family and personal.
First, tribal territory which is essentially consisted of a home base surrounded by

extended hunting grounds. The neighbouring tribe intruding on a social space may be
repelled and driven away. The early tribes swelled into agricultural super tribes and
eventually into industrial nations, their territorial defines systems became increasingly
clear.
Second, the family, this is a breeding unit which established breeding territory.
The breeding ground makes the visitor or intruder at an immediate disadvantage and
without lifting a finger, the territorial owners exert their dominance.
Third, the personal space in which a man chooses his own space, owning his
own dominance.
Territorial and border dispute
The territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession and control of land
between two or more states, or over the possession or conduct of land by a new state
and occupying power after it has conquered the land from a former state no longer
currently recognized by the new state. Whilst, border dispute applies to a disagreement
between countries about where the border between them should be drawn.
3. Inter-government
An approach that focuses on the location of decision-making whose values are

being served, and the nature of relationships between government means that policy
needs to be flexible. A broad array of services to the public, the local state and tribal
governments by providing supports to countries, municipalities, citizens and business in
many different means.
William Anderson (1960) defined inter-government concept as an important body of

activities or interactions occurring between and among governmental units of all types
within the global community.
Anderson provided five distinctive features conceptualizing inter-governmental system,

such as;
o Transcendence of constitutionality recognized patterns of governmental

involvement to include varieties of relationships like national-local,
regional, national-regional, inter local, as well as quasi-governmental
organizations and private organizations.
o The human element or the activities and attitudes of persons occupying
official positions in the units of government under consideration.
o Involvement of all types of public officials.
o The policy dimension, involving interactions of people across boundaries
surrounding the formula and implementation of policy.
4. Economic Relations
Refers to the agreement and cooperation of people, government, and countries for
smooth and equitable exchange of resources for economic stability. Economic
cooperation process is important in the global community as it sets sustainable
economic development of the member state; provides progressive removal of trade
barriers and promotion of intra-regional trade, to have a greater role for Economic
Cooperation Organization (ECO) region for a progressive world trade of the member
states; development of transport and communications infrastructure linking the member
states with each other and with the outside world; economic liberalization and
privatization; the effective utilization of ECO region’s material resources.
The principle of economic cooperation creates sovereign equality of the member

states and mutual advantage; the joint efforts will gain freer access to markets outside
ECO region for the raw materials and finished products of the member states; common
endeavours to develop a harmonize approach for participation in regional and global
arrangements; the realization of economic cooperation strategy; and exchange of
educational, scientific, technical and cultural fields.
What is the significance of economy to globalization?
Economy plays a significant role as it measure the power and stability of a nation
which has the control of economic resources that the people around world need to
survive. Economy is the lubricant of progress in which this progress is an encompassing
term and means satisfaction of human needs where according to the hierarchy of
needs, the human needs varies but can be summarized into; food, clothing and shelter.
A nation is progressive under the following considerations;
o Human resources – this is the ability of a nation to educate, mobilize, and

utilize its human resources by means of productivity.
o Natural Resources – to all the things visible and invisible that support
human life. To discover and utilize the things measures the standard of
living of nation.
o Currency – is the standard of exchange human ingenuity has established.
It is the measure of the economic standards of a nation as it determine
progress and poverty of a family and the nation.
o Governance – the kind of government is considered one of the key factor
in economic development, a government monopolizing everything and
making its human resources slave will become unproductive.
The world economy shows that economic development and well-being are linked
to freedom and democracy. This correlations are the factors that explain our diversified
global community under the following formulation;
Freedom =>Knowledge => Technical progress = Economic Development
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the basis for world economy in every state
taken in a given year. Some countries with powers and well-being as their GDP are the
United State, Japan, Germany, China, United Kingdom, France, Italy and Canada.
The Powers and well-being as to the GDP of a country are important factors in
the level of freedom and knowledge indulged by such country as to education and the
percentage of illiteracy, scientists, internet users, exports and imports of technology.
The analysis that freedom and knowledge depends upon the development and progress
of state. The state need to be rich to be free or educated, but these are not proven
through facts as some research study proves that it is the freedom be the basis of a
progressive country.
Therefore, the genuine development of a country is based on the trilogies of

freedom - > knowledge - > development.
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
3.
SUMMARY
1. Social justice is another universal value to which the global

community aspires and accept as a universal value. Social justice consists in
sharing wealth with a view to greater equality and the equal recognition of each
individual merits. All persons within a given society deserve equal access to
goods and services that fulfil basic human needs. And social justice is one that is
exercises within a society, particularly as it is exercises by and among the
various social forms of the society.
WEEK 4
 Globalization in Law Enforcement

 Police and Policing
LESSON 2 - GLOBALIZATION IN LAW ENFOCEMENT
GLOBALIZATION IN LAW ENFOCEMENT
A. Policing across national borders
The incidence of international crime has increased globally as this is confirmed by

Louis Freeh of FBI that grave crime is no longer bound by the constraint of borders.
Thus, there has been an increased demand for the globalization of efforts by law
enforcement agencies to stop the rise on business and financially related crimes such
as money laundering, tax fraud, securities fraud, intellectual property thefts, extortion,
computer crime, corrupt business practices and combat violent crimes, terrorism, alien
smuggling and drug trafficking (Aronica et al., 2001).
The problems on law enforcement be brought about by globalization are;
a. In the legal context remains problematic because its application as a concept is

confined in the individual state.
b. Become increasingly apparent for criminal organizations like transnational
criminal networks, to exploit the speed and dynamics of the global system using
legitimate international trade such as using commercial products to consolidate
their control on some countries (Shelley, 1998).
c. Unequal distribution of wealth and lack of opportunities to gain access to global
mechanism on law enforcement and security (Williams, 2012; Garcia, 2015)
d. Territorial borders provides a limits of every state which has control of its realm of
jurisdiction.
e. Conflict of state policies among and between countries.
Advantages and opportunities be brought for law enforcement
a. The targets of investigations covers a wider scope as it spreads all over the
world.
b. Gives broad overview of the current operations of transnational criminal networks
or criminal organizations.
c. Strengthening the transnational cooperation from every professional networks to
combat transnational crimes.
d. Provides an outlook for the future of law enforcement.
Police and Policing
It is important to distinguish police and policing (Reiner, 2000a).
Police in contrast refer to the institution, the force or the service. The police are
the modern specialized body of people who carry out much of the policing function in
today’s society. The police assume a unique position within criminal justice
The policing clearly is a broad concept, which encompasses a wide range of

activity and personnel. Policing is described as an attempt to maintain security through
surveillance and the threat of sanction (Reiner, 2000). The policing system is an
organized forms of order maintenance, peacekeeping, rule of enforcement, crime
investigation and prevention and other associated information brokering undertaken by
individuals or organizations, where such activities are viewed by them and/or others as
a central or key defining part of their purpose (Jones & Newburn, 2006).
B. Globalization and organized crimes: challenges for international

cooperation.
Discussion about the relationship between globalization and organized crimes all
over the world has been an issue. Professor Phil Williams of Baker’s Institute of Public
Policy posited that globalization has been beneficial to transnational organized crime.
According to him, it also increases the difficulty of regulating other activities such as
illegal goods and the enforcement of laws that intend to stop them.
Insufficient cooperative mechanism to face globalized criminal networks creates

a problems to stop them. The mechanism stimulating the countries to cooperate in joint
approaches to tackle the issue are no longer enough and need to be reformed to face
the new challenges of globalized crime. Law enforcement in every country should
reformulate its institutions and work in a global context (Gachuz, 2016).
The challenges of every state is on how to heighten a strong relationship in
political and government arena in the law enforcement police system perspective.
C. Human Rights versus Globalization, its effect.
In recent times globalization phenomenon has called more attention and to the
negative implication on the increasingly negative impact on the enjoyment of human
right, particularly the economic, social cultural rights, which are guaranteed by the
universal declaration of human rights (El Hassani, 2015).
Is globalization good for human rights? The transnational integration and increased
mobility can simultaneously strengthen and diminish the protection of individual rights
and the dignity of individuals (Brysk, 2003). It has an adverse effects on developed
countries like an adverse consequences include terrorism, job insecurity, currency
fluctuation, and price instability. Effects of globalization are politically charged. They
benefit corporate elites, while a small group of people or the underprivileged of people is
enormously harmed.
Analysts of globalization finds that every state’s international integration improves

security rights but increases inequality and threatens the social rights of citizens.
Moreover, findings on the effectiveness of international pressure to globalization and
growth, the state human rights policy suggest that target states must be structurally
accessible, internationally sensitive, and contain local human rights activists for
connection (Garcia, 2015).
What are human right? Human rights are the basic rights and commonly considered
as the inalienable fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the
world, from birth until death. They apply of where you are from, what you believe or how
you choose to live your life (Human Rights Commission, 2019).
D. The international regime of law enforcement in the global community.
Global community is codified by systems and norms in a widely accepted form of

international agreements, such as;
International Bill of Human Rights This is the universal declaration of human

rights, the international covenant on civil
and political rights
Geneva Conventions For protection to vulnerable groups against
genocide, torture and protection to child
abuses like the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child and the elimination of
discrimination
International Covenant on Social and Protection against economic crimes
Economic Rights
Security Rights This encompass life, integrity and liberty
that involved political participation and
democratic governance.
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
3.
SUMMARY
1. Human rights are the basic rights and commonly considered as the inalienable
fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth
until death. They apply of where you are from, what you believe or how you choose to
live your life (Human Rights Commission, 2019).
WEEK 5
 Comparative Police System

 Sir Robert Peel Principle in Policing System
 Theories of comparative Police system
LESSON 3 - COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
(LAW ENFORCEMENT)
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM (LAW ENFORCEMENT
A. Background
In this lesson propagates a theoretical basis for comparative studies in policing

system and practices of law enforcement in different countries.
The fundamental aspects of police system as to political philosophy, culture and

religion, and the legal basis underpins policing principle and style while the contextual
constructs, crime, economy and demography, are influenced by these fundamentals
(Roelofse, 2018). According to Roelofse, police system and praxis should be
understood and clearly demarcated along with the theory in order to form the foundation
of comparative studies.
The term comparative policing may seem very simplistic, simply a compare-and-
contrast study by outlining similarities and differences between and among selected
countries models in policing system. Comparative policing implies similarities and
contrasts. The question is, how to go about comparative analysis scientifically? Theory
should be the guiding principle (Roelofse, 2015).
B. Definition of concepts
Police
Police can be defined as an entity created by law, funded by the government for the
specific purpose of maintaining social order and to enforce the law.
Policing
Policing refers to the actions taken by a police agency to fulfill a legal mandate of
which specific the end result is maintenance of order and keeping the peace.
Deflem, (2007), pronounced the term policing refer to the function of, and the
institutions associated with, the legitimate activities or threat of force invoked to ensure
compliance in matters of criminal law enforcement and the maintenance of social order.
ROBERT PEEL’S PRINCIPLE OF POLICING
In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established the London

Metropolitan Police Force. He became known as the “Father of
Modern Policing and his commissioners established a list of
policing principles that remain as crucial and urgent today as
they were two centuries ago.
PRINCIPLE 1 “The basic mission for which the police exist is to
prevent crime and disorder.”
PRINCIPLE 2 “The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public
approval of police actions.”
PRINCIPLE 3 “Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary
observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.”
PRINCIPLE 4 “The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes
proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force.”
PRINCIPLE 5 “Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to the public
opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.”
PRINCIPLE 6 “Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance
of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning
is found to be insufficient.”
PRINCIPLE 7 “Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that
gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the
police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time
attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community
welfare and existence.”
PRINCIPLE 8 “Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions
and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary.”
PRINCIPLE 9 “The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible
evidence of police action in dealing with it.”
Comparison
The concept comparison in a social science context refers to a specific methodology

of analyzing similarities and contrasts amongst selected entities and defined variables.
C. Theories of comparative police system
Theories of comparative policing (Roelofse, 2015; Garcia, 2015);
Demographics
Police organizations operate within a larger demography and also have

demographic characteristics themselves. Demographic basis like the population
distribution, income, urbanization and other essential aspects of the society within which
police agencies function. Demographic theory can be used by analyzing the
environment and aspects within which the particular agency operates and comparisons
with the demography in the other countries like;
 Age distribution of population in the area

 Percentage of economically active people
 Percentage of unemployed people
 Ethnic groups
 Human development
This theory may also be based when an increase number of children are
born and grow up in in a delinquent subcultures and it will develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.
Economy
The economic system in countries of comparison should be taken in to account,

especially when in terms to salaries, resourcing, bribery and corruption amongst police
officers and crime in general are compared. Another aspect to look into with this theory
could be the inflation of businesses that also effects employees in the business which
can lead to pilfering and fraud. Another economic indicators used to express the effects
of inflation is the negative effect of the spending power of the consumers that would
resort to alternatives such as to commit crime lie shoplifting, theft, housebreaking, drug
and prostitution.
Modern Management Technology
To establish a people friendly police in community policing may not be achieved

unless there is a real support of information required for the purpose and this become
possible with the implantation of modern management and information technology by
the police. There are still some additional initiatives that are needed in order to update
the system technology as well as the methodologies for community policing.to better
analyze problems and develop crime prevention and apprehension strategies (Peak and
Glensor 1996). The theory insists on the use of latest technological advancements in
the area of policing and holds that modern management technology could be made use
of for police augmentation and making the system more efficient.
Social Structural/Opportunity
In the perspective of community and police, the community policing signifies that
crime is produced by social factors over which police have relatively little control and
therefore crime control needs to focus on those societal factors which cause crime and
should focus more on quality of life issues that exceed crime. As fear of crime also
needs to be attended to in attention to traditional crime issues (Friedmann, 2003). Social
factors like population explosion, inadequate economic growth, and inequitable
distribution of opportunities, side by side unplanned industrialization and urbanization,
super imposed on ignorance and poverty, have all contributed to higher levels of
disorder in the society. The higher standard of living give way to the carelessness of
victims and open a window of opportunity for the commission of crime.
Alertness to crime
A theory of comparative policing which states that as a nation develops, people’s

alertness to crime is heightened as they report more crime to police and demand more
effective in solving crime problems.
Deprivation
This theory described that progress comes along with the rising
expectations, and the people at the bottom develop an unrealistic expectations and the
people at the top don’t see any contentment and don’t think that they are rising fast
enough.
Synnomie/Anomie
The theory explains social change and rising crime rates in terms of the strain
caused by dysfunction in the social structure, breakdown of social control institutions
and individual bonds to them, and the clash of opposing value systems due to
progressive lifestyle and norms (Adler, 1995)
D. Three major classifications of police system
The eleventh session of the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and
Criminal Justice it classified police systems into three;
1. Centralized or national police system
A police system in which there is a national police agency or police institution centrally
commanded and controlled through a vertical chain of command and such police
institution has unlimited jurisdiction throughout then territory of the country such as;
 Chile
 El Salvador
 Indonesia
 Kenya
 Malaysia
 Nepal
 Papua New Guinea
 St. Christopher and Nevis
 Tanzania
 Thailand
 Uganda
2. Semi-Centralized police system
Police system is in a federal, union, or similar form of political or constitutional

arrangement, where responsibility for law and order is vested in the governments
component states, provinces or prefectures and the control of the police agencies in the
states, provinces or prefectures vests in both the federal (Central) government
irrespective of the extent and measure of control exercise by either organ. The countries
which has the kind of police system like Brazil and Japan.
3. Decentralized police system
The police system is in a federal, union or similar form of political or constitutional

arrangement, where responsibility for law and order and consequently the operational
control, management, and superintendence of the police agencies or institutions is the
exclusive responsibility of the government of the states or provinces, components of the
federal or union arrangement as the case may be such as the country of India and
Pakistan.
E. Police model and practices
Selected police models hereunder are chosen police system of different countries
that are distinct with each other in which basis of modeling police system are the
following;
I. Continental police model

II. Developing countries police model
III. Modernized police model
I. Continental police model and practices
This police model and practices categorized as traditional nature practices and
methods of policing such as;
a. Egypt police system
A place in Egypt named a Siwa Oasis is another part of the country with population
of 23,000 consisting of eleven tribes which has little crime or no crime at all. The
inhabitants practice a moderate form of Islamic justice rejecting Shariah punishment
and embracing Urrf law which is the law of tradition. Conflicts are resolved by a tribal
council, and there are no jails or prisons. The typical punishment for wrongdoing is
social ostracizing or shunning.
b. China police organization
The first established police force in China was formed in 1667 under King Louis XIV
in France, but usually the modern police was from the 1800 establishment of the marine
force in London, the Glasgow police, and Napoleonic police of Paris. However, the first
modern police force was commonly claimed to be the London Metropolitan Police in
1829, which the prevented police role as the deterrent factor to crime and disorder was
promoted.
Ancient China, the law enforcement was under the notion of a PREFECTS that was
carried out for thousands of years. The prefecture system was developed during Chu
and Jin Kingdoms. During Jin, dozens pf prefects were spread across the country with
limited authority and employment period. Prefects being appointed by government
officials from the local magistrates, and in turn were appointed by the head of the state
usually by the emperor of the dynasty. Under the prefects system oversaw the civil
administration of their prefecture or jurisdiction.
c. Saudi Arabia police system
Police system of Saudi Arabia has evolved by its royal decrees such as;
o Royal Decree 1950 - King Abdul Al-Aziz formed the Saudi Arabia
police force police in which system is highly centralized
o Royal Decree 1960 - modernization of police force providing police
men with radio communication equipment and vehicles.
Structure of police system
General Directorate
 Formed under the rule of the King

 Supervise all the police function in the kingdom
Ministry of Interior-In Charge of all police matters
Ministry of Interior General Directorates
 Subordinates of the Ministry of Interior

 In-charge with the maintenance of internal security of the kingdom
Four General Directorate
1. Offices of the Deputy Ministers of Administration

2. National Security Affairs
3. Immigration and Naturalization
4. Internal Security Force College
Two divisions of police force
1. Investigative Police Force – responsible in handling investigation of

criminal cases and works under the General Directorate of
Investigation.
General Directorate Investigation
o Conducts criminal investigation in addition to performing the

domestic security and counter intelligence.
Directorate of Intelligence
o Responsible for intelligence condition and the coordination of

intelligence task
2. Security Police Force – responsible for maintenance of peace and

order throughout the country.
Mutawwa or Religious Police
o Unusual or unique internal police force of Saudi

Arabia
o Autonomous and highly visible
o Ensures strict assertion of Islamic Code of Conduct of
Saudi Arabia
Police ranking
Director – head of Saudi Arabia’s police force
 Highest ranking officer in the Ministry of Interior

 Has the power to appoint officers of the local
police force
Sheik – appointed by the King
 Supervises certain regions of Saudi Arabia

 Have the authority to handle matters related to
public safety
 Power to punish offenders of the civil law
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
3.
4.
SUMMARY
1. the term policing refer to the function of, and the institutions associated with,
the legitimate activities or threat of force invoked to ensure compliance in matters of
criminal law enforcement and the maintenance of social order and the concept
comparison in a social science context refers to a specific methodology of analyzing
similarities and contrasts amongst selected entities and defined variables.
WEEK 7
v After completing this topic, should be able to:
 Developing countries Police System
 Modern Policing system Practices
II. Developing Countries Police System
1. Police system of Congo
The Congo’s development of police forces is in Zaire which has its steady and
continuous process. Zaire descend from various changes pf colonial and post-colonial
structures that reorganized, renamed , absorbed or even disbanded by other services.
Police structures even assigned to military and civilian security organizations, and have
undergone alternating periods of centralization, decentralization, and transfer of
authority.
In 1888, the Force Publique performed the basic functions as police force and an
army of Congo which caused tension within the organization which resulted to poor
discipline and lack of effectiveness. After World War II, the Belgian administration
reorganized the police force into two organizations;
 Garrison Troops – formed as a military force oriented against an

external threat
 Territorial Service Troops – performed the function as a gendarmerie
or police force
But chaos came into existence during the immediate post-independence period
which resulted to the disintegration of experienced police forces. The United Nations
(UN) intervened and tried to restore a semblance of order and for the period of four
years instituted training programs to rehabilitate the police forces. The United State also
extended a broad assistance program for the specialized trainings in arms and
equipment.
Mobutu’s assumption of power in 1965 ended the continuation of the rebellions,

and in 1966 he removed the police force from provincial control and decentralized the
control under the Ministry of Interior which became the Ministry of Interior and Security
in 1993. The National Police was established performing police functions in both urban
and rural areas.
The reorganizations was effective in reducing local paramilitary threats to the

regime of authority, but it did not brought significant improvement to the performance
of police basic functions.
2. Royal Bahamas Police Force
Police force of Royal Bahamas served as the first line of defense and protection for
the Bahamian’s citizens. In 1992, the Free National Movement has undertaken
substantial actions to upgrade and improve the Royal Bahamas police force both the
manpower and equipment. The police force recruitment was enhanced to undergo
training and retraining conducted by the Police College.
3. Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC)
RPNGC is a national police force with jurisdiction all throughout of Papua New
Guinea. The Royal Papua Constabulary was formed during the independence of Papua
New Guinea; initially established by the Australian colonial administration in the late 19 th
century, and the New Guinea Police Force which covered the former German New
Guinea and British New Guinea all set up by Australia during World
War I and introduced formally in the League of Nations in 1920.
The RPNGC is part of the law and justice sector of the government of Papua New
Guinea headquartered in Konedobu of Port Moresby, the capital city in the National
Capital District. The challenges faced by the country, it does not have a tradition of
strong local police authorities. The constabulary has around 4,800 constables charged
with correcting the law in a country of four million citizens of Papua New Guinea.
III. Modern Policing system practices
The following selected countries are categorized practicing modern system in

policing using favorable approaches in its constitutions recognizing to the inherent rights
of their citizens as they observe the due process in their treatment of law violators.
1. Switzerland Police
Travel brochures used to mark, there is no crime in Switzerland” in many years. But
it turned out Switzerland along with other welfare countries like Sweden were not
reporting all their crime rates. Nevertheless, Switzerland did a remarkable job in
managing their underclass population by having a lower crime rate. Swiss crime control
is highly effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach in handling to those who
commit crime coming from the bottom echelon of Swiss society.
2. Ireland Police
The country has a serious underemployment problem because of the presence of

large urban ghettos and a crisis in religious terrorism. Despite of this problem, Ireland is
another country with an unexpectedly low crime rate. The key factor appear that the
people had a high degree of confidence in authorities and felt like they had a high
degree of popular participation in crime control.
3. Royal Canadian Mounted Police
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) or in French, Gendarmerie Royale du

Canada (GRC), literally known as the Royal Gendarmerie of Canada colloquially known
as Mounties, and initially as the Force and is the federal, national, and para-military
police force of Canada, and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. In 1920
the RCMP was formed through the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police
(1873) with the Dominion Police that was founded on 1868. RCMP was originally
named the North West Mounted Police, and changed to Royal prefix by King Edward VII
in 1904.
Primarily, the responsibility of RCMP for enforcing federal and in many cases,
provincial and local laws. The force, consequently, operates under the direction of the
provincial governments in regard to provincial and municipal law enforcement. RCMP is
responsible for an unusually large breadth of duties from policing in rural and urban
remote area, and providing protection services for the Monarch, Governor General,
Prime Minister and other ministers of the Crow, visiting dignitaries, diplomatic missions,
and enforcing federal laws including wire fraud, counterfeiting, drug trafficking and other
reacted matters such as providing counterterrorism and domestic security, participating
in various international policing efforts. It even has duties in International Operations
Branch assisting in the Liaison Officers Program to deter international crime relating to
Canadian criminal laws.
4. Mexico Police
Police force of Mexico has an important role in maintaining internal security of the
country. Police organization is complicated as there are different types of police forces
with distinct jurisdiction and responsibilities. Mexico police force are grouped into
multiple forces, at the federal, state and municipal levels. It also assists the judiciary of
the Mexico and the Public Ministry in investigating and preventing criminal activities.
There are two branches of Mexico police;
a. Preventive police – charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order
in the cities and other regions of the country, and its primary concern is public
safety not the criminal investigations.
b. Judicial police force is under the guidance of the Public Ministry.
Three categories under this judicial police force;
 Technical experts - charged in investigating for the public and

prosecutors and police officers and impose either local laws or
federal laws on the basis of their jurisdiction.
 Federal Judicial Police – the most important law enforcement body

of the country and belonging to the senior level.
 The Attorney General – responsible for the Federal Judicial police.
The legal powers of the Federal Judicial police extend over the
entire country.
In Mexico City, the police force also referred to as the Traffic Police considered
as the biggest Mexican law enforcement body. Mexico police also features municipal
police lines in the municipality areas and cities.
 Power to punish offenders of the civil law
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
7.
SUMMARY
1. The Congo’s development of police forces is in Zaire which has its steady and
continuous process. Zaire descend from various changes pf colonial and post-colonial
structures that reorganized, renamed, absorbed or even disbanded by other services.
Police structures even assigned to military and civilian security organizations, and have
undergone alternating periods of centralization, decentralization, and transfer of
authority.
WEEK 8
 Comparative Law Enforcement Agencies

 Different Law enforcement Organization and Agencies in the world
LESSON 4. COMPARATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
COMPARATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
A. An Overview
There are many different types of law enforcement all the over the world depending
on the state’s culture, practices and systems. Comparative study of these law
enforcement agencies could be a trending issue as police system also evolve from the
effect of globalization. The objective is to come up an accurate and clear approaches in
policing practices that can be adopted by law enforcement in the international
community without prejudice to the internal practices of the country and not violating
any inherent rights of individual particularly those who may commits crime.
Law enforcement system and practices is accepted as the key to universal peace
which is too complex within the context of the diversified society. Comparison of law
enforcement practices and processes were developed not to invade and encroach other
countries internal practices both legal and its cultural traits, but in view of attaining inter-
country’s relations for world peace.
B. Different Law Enforcement Organizations and Agencies in the world
The law enforcement organization and agencies of the selected countries with their
practices, systems and processes:
Country Philippines Malaysia Thailand Indonesia Hongkong

Organization Philippine Royal Royal Thai Indonesia Hongkong
National Malaysia Police National Police
Police(PNP) Police Police Force(HKPF)
(RMP)
Agency Department of Malayan Thailand Under Security
Interior and Union National Secretary for Bureau of
Local Police Public Hongkong
Government Force Diplomacy
(DILG) and Public
Affairs
Entrance 21 years old 20 years 20 years 18 years old 18 years old
Age old old
Retirement 56 years old 58 years 50 years 45 years old 60 years old
Age old old
Minimum Patrolman ConstableConstable/ Second Police
Rank (Pat.) Police Bhayangkara Constable
(Bhayangkara
Dua) Bharada
Highest Police Inspector Police Police Commissioner
Rank General General General General or of Police
(PGEN) Police Jenderal
Polisi
Minimum Baccalaureat Have a High Voluntary Five subjects
Qualification e Degree high School military including
Holder of any school Graduate service – 2 Chinese and
course diploma years English
Conscript language
obligation
service to age
– 45 years
old
For
Indonesian
citizen only
C. Police Ranks of selected model countries
Hongkong
Ranks Insignia
Chief Superintendent of Police - (rank below Assistant
Commissioner). Normally commands a Branch or
District Formation.
Senior Superintendent of Police - normally

commands Bureau, or is second in charge of a District.
Superintendent of Police - normally commands a

Headquarters Unit or Police Division
Chief Inspector of Police - normally second in charge

of a Headquarters Unit or Police Division.
Senior Inspector of Police - sub unit commander
Inspector of Police - sub unit commander
Probationary Inspector of Police - sub unit

commander
Station Sergeant - sub unit commander or second in

charge of sub unit
Sergeant - sector commander, vehicle commander
Senior Police Constable - beat patrol officer
Police Constable - beat patrol officer
Abu Dhabi Police Ranks

BRAZIL
Brazil with several police forces and the corresponding ranks.
 At a federal level, - Federal Police  Federal Road Police or Policia

or Policia Federal equivalent to FBI. Rodoviaria Federal or
 Train Network Police (Policia
Ferroviaria Federal)
 At a state level – Military Police  Policia Militar – not belong to the
Army, purely functioning internal
policing
 Civil Police ( Policia Civil)
 At a city level – City Guard  Guardia Municipal
The Military Police and Civil Police in terms of staffing, these are the most
important, but in terms of headlines and prestige, the Federal Police is the one that
catches most of the media attention.
It is the Civilian Police responsible for investigating crimes while the Military
Police is responsible for preventing crime to take place, but there are clashing of
functions and even often these two organizations ar having open confrontations.
Civilian Police is organized according to their functions, such as;
Escrivao Low rank position responsible for the

internal work inside the police premises
like collecting witness statements.
Detectives Low rank position responsible for actions
outside the police premises like
investigating the commission of a crime.
Inspector The Senior Detective
Delegados The senior officials preferably with law
degree, responsible for the lower ranks
and for coordinating the whole work of the
investigations Civil Police
Peritos The technical body responsible in the
handling of evidence.
Federal Police has a similar structure to the Civil Police.
Military Police which has its Military Police Corps, responsible for uniformed
patrol and crime prevention work. The force also allowed to perform investigations of
their own members’ criminal misdeeds’, in cases subject both to the Civilian or Military
Criminal Courts and, as a consequence, developed efficient criminal-intelligence
gathering capabilities.
Military Police Ranks used as valid as in the state military agencies;
a. coronel (colonel)
b. tenente-coronel (lieutenant-colonel)
c. major
d. capitão(captain)
i. 1⁰ tenente (1st lieutenant)
ii. 2⁰ tenente (2nd lieutenant)
e. aspirante-a-oficial (cadet, student rank)
f. subtenente (under-lieutenant)
i. 1⁰ sargento (1st sergeant)
ii. 2⁰ sargento (2nd sergeant)
iii. 3⁰ sargento (3rd sergeant)
g. cabo (corporal)
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
SUMMARY
1. There are many different types of law enforcement all the over the world
depending on the state’s culture, practices and systems. Comparative study of these
law enforcement agencies could be a trending issue as police system also evolve from
the effect of globalization.
WEEK 9
 Interpol
 Interpol’s Core and Functions
LESSON 5 - INTERPOL
THE INTERPOL
Overview of the lesson:
1. In this lesson you may be able to understand the history and fundamental role of
the INTERPOL in the law enforcement policing and how the organization served
as an important organ in every nation.
2. For you to understand fully the lesson’s component, you are required to read and
review by exploring the content of the lesson in which you have one week to
complete.
3. At the end of the lesson an evaluation through assessment output will you have
to answer with due submission as stated in the sheet.
A. INTERPOL’s core functions and services
To combat transnational crimes working closely with all the member countries
and international organizations such as the UN and EU, INTERPOL has four core
functions;
1. Securing global police communication services
 INTERPOL developed a global police communications system, known
as the 1-24/7, which enables any member country to request for, and
submit access to a vital data instantly in a secure environment through
the Liaison Bureau (LB).
2. Operational data services and databases for police
 Through 1-24/7, the member countries, have direct and immediate
access to a wide range of databases like DNA profiles, stolen vehicles
or other properties, fingerprints and counterfeit payment cards
 INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime-related data through a
system of international notices by request from the member countries
 and the INTERPOL General Secretariat. It has seven (7) types of
notices in four official languages, Arabic, English, French and Spanish;
o Red Notice
o Yellow Notice
o Blue Notice
 Black Notice
 Green Notice
 Orange Notice
 INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice
Different Types of Notices Issued by Interpol
February 10, 2020 by Hassan Humaid Al Suwaidi., LL.B.
INTERPOL issues a notice to alert the member countries about any crime or wanted criminals
who are a threat to society. The main purpose of issuing this notice is to share some critical
informant about the criminals who are absconding and help them get those criminals.
There are several notices issued by the at the requirements of authorized entities such as
INTERPOL’s General Secretariat at the request of National Central Bureaus (NCBs). This is
published in different languages English, French, Arabic and Spanish. This is issued against the
crimes which involve a threat to humanity and society.
The 8 different types of notices are as follows:

1. Red notice
Red notices are issued to arrest the criminals that are absconding or under arrest. This is
required to provide the details of the criminals who are suspected of a crime and can create a
threat to humanity and society. This is a voluntary act no country is bound to arrest a person on
the basis red notice issued.
1. Yellow notice
Missing person reports have to be issued through this notice. these notices are often of minors
who are missing, and the law enforcement is unable to locate this person. This is an important
notice that helps to locate a person who is missing and also helps to identify these details who
are unable to locate themselves.
1. Blue notices
When there is a criminal located within a country this notice can be issued to get extra details
that may lead to evidence of the crime conducted. If there are any extra details regarding the
criminal, this notice is issued to get the details of that person.
1. Black notice
When you find any details of unidentified bodies in the country then INTERPOL issues a black
notice to get the correct details of the person related to the unidentified person. There are a lot
of black notices issued every year to get the details of unidentified bodies whose details cannot
be revealed through a medical examination.
1. Purple notice
This notice aids Interpol’s efforts to help with environmental issues. these are for those who
are a harm to the environment and Hunt wild animals to sell the body parts for monetary
benefits.
1. Green notice
This notice is issued to criminals who are suspected of repeated crimes which Amya also
continues in other countries. this notice is mostly sent to sex offenses
1. Special notice of Interpol united nations security council

This is a kind issued for individuals who are targets of UN security council sanctions
committees. These Special notices are mostly issued to terrorist groups.
1. Orange notice
This notice is issued to set an alert about a person an object parcel bombs disguised weapons
and other dangerous and explosive materials and representing a serious and imminent threat
to public safety.
Also read.
Process to Check Interpol VIN

Notices issued by INTERPOL must meet some criteria as mentioned below
 This notice is published if it complies with all the regulations of INTERPOL and fulfills
all the conditions for processing the information as defined by our Rules. Protect of
information and quality is ensured.
 If a notice violates any of the rules and regulation outlined by Interpol which forbids
the entity for carrying out any religious and cultural activities such actives cannot be
published
 When a person is subject to notice should be considered innocent until proven guilty
This notice helps the member countries to track the crimes who run across different countries.
If you want to know more about INTERPOL notices and its purposes then you may contact
experts who are well aware of international crimes. Contact us for more information and we
may be glad to assist you.
1. Operational police support services

 The command and coordination center of INTERPOL operates around
the clock that links IPSG, National Central Bureau (NCB) and regional
offices, and serves as the first point of contact for member country with
a crisis situation. This may include deployment of Response Teams or
Disaster Victim Identification Teams to the sites of terrorist attacks or
natural disasters, or INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams (IMEST)
to assist the host countries of a sport events or world summits with
security efforts.

2. Police training and development

 INTERPOL Global Learning Center is a Learning Management System
composed of a directory of experts, e-learning packages and a
depository of research papers and best practice. The regular training
programmes ultimately aims at enhancing member countries’ capacity
in combating transnational crime and terrorism.
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
SUMMARY
1. To combat transnational crimes working closely with all the member

countries and international organizations such as the UN and EU, INTERPOL in order
to arrest those criminals engaged in transnational Crimes.
WEEK 10
 Interpol awareness training and seminars

 Interpol’s General overview
A. INTERPOL awareness training and seminars

 The activity consists of a one or two-day general programme with
presentations on INTERPOL’s goals, structure, role, four core
functions and services and the role of the NCB. The trainings and
seminars is generally organized in a country at the NCB’s request
which will define the contents of the seminar. The activity can equally
be applied to international police academic worldwide as part of their
training curricula.
 Staffing of the bureaus, like the Regional Bureau (RB), are the same of
the General Secretariat, but each RB deals with regional concerns with
its geographic proximity to provide the an appropriate response in any
particular situations.
 Head of bureau is responsible for applying the priorities of the
organization and those of regional police chief committees where they
belong.
C. INTERPOL: A General Overview

 INTERPOL is the largest international police organization in the world.
Set up in Sept 7, 1923 1923 to facilitate cross-border criminal police
cooperation and now it has 187 member countries all over the five
continents.
 The priority areas;
o Public safety and terrorism
o Criminal organizations
o Drug related crimes
o Financial and high tech-crime
o Trafficking in human beings, and interruption and
o Fugitive investigation support
B. The Structure
 The INTERPOL which full and official name is International Criminal
Police Organization and is abbreviated to ICPO, but for general
communication purposes the name INTERPOL was set up the
abbreviation of “international police” chosen since 1946 as a
telegraphic address.
 The INTERPOL’s Constitution under Article 5 provides the structure of
the organization;
o General Assembly
o Executive committee
o General Secretariat
o National Central Bureau
o Advisers
C. Selected leading international organizations in the world;

1. International Police Cooperation in North America
2. International policing in the United States
D. INTERPOL: In crime control

1. Drug control
 It is the Criminal Organization and Drug sub-directorate is the
repository of professional and technical expertise in drug control within
the INTERPOL framework. This particular organization is within the
specialized directorate of the Interpol general secretariat.
 The role of the Criminal Investigation is to enhance cooperation among
member countries and to stimulate the exchange information’s among
national and international law enforcement bodies concerned to
counter the illicit production, traffic and use of drugs and psychotropic
substances.
 The Drug sub-directorate’s services for the member states which are
within the areas of; information collection; answer to international
 inquiries related to drug investigation cases; identify international drug

trafficking organizations; holding meetings involving two or more states
where it has common links in cases of the drugs being investigated I
those member countries in order to exchange information’s.
1. Children and Human Trafficking
 Trafficking in human beings is considered one of the top priorities at
Interpol an only be ascertaining the true character of trafficking can we
hope to adapt appropriate measures to against it.
 Based from the protocols supplementing the United Nations
Convention Transnational Organized Crime, these are crimes of;
o Smuggling of migrants
o Trafficking in person
2. Environmental crime
 Environmental crime is a serious and growing international problem,
with criminal violating international laws put in place to protect the
environment and shows a significant impact in the biological integrity of
the planet.
 Number of environmental crimes across the world.

o Poaching
o Trafficking in ozone-depleting substance (ODSs)
o Trafficking and use of illegal pesticides
o Illegal diversion of rivers
o Trafficking in endangered species, and
o Illegal dumping of hazardous waste onto land or in water.
3. Information Technology Crime

 To respond the in combating the crime involving information
technology, the Interpol General Secretariat has harnessed the
expertise of its member states in the field of Information Technology
Crime (ITC) through the group of experts in the different stages of
development designed to reflect expertise of the different regions as in
Europe, Asia, America and in Africa.
4. Criminal Intelligence Analysis or Crime Analysis
 Recognized by law enforcement as a useful support tool over many
years within the international community.
 Criminal Intelligence Analysis is the identification and provision of
insight into the relationship between crime data other potentially
relevant data with a view to police and judicial practice.
 Purpose. The task of the agency is help law enforcers policy makers
and decision makers to provide timely warning of threats and to
support operational activity by analyzing crime.
 Divisions. Operational and strategic analysis.
 Operational – is to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome
like the making of arrest, seizure or forfeiture of assets or
money gained from criminal acts.
 Strategic Analysis – is intended to inform higher level decision
making and the benefits are realized over the longer term.
1. Fight against international terrorism
 The involvement of the Interpol in the fight against international
terrorism had started in 1985 during the 54 General Assembly held in
th
Washington with the creation of a specialized group to coordinate and

enhance cooperation in fighting international terrorism.
 The actions of the Interpol;
o The anti-terrorism initiatives are;
 Interpol planned new identity travel document database
designed to help customs, border patrols and immigration
services share police information and verify the
authenticity of documents.
 Feasibility of setting up a special aviation database
 The financing of terrorism – expansion of anti-money
laundering measures and studies of alternative
remittance systems.
 Interpol’s position on terrorism
o Interpol is mandated to promote police cooperation in all
cases of international crime except those;
 Political
 Military
 Religious or racial character
 Interpol’s two-fold role to combat against international terrorism:
o Prevent acts of international terrorism
o And if carried out, ensure the perpetrators are brought to justice.
 How can Interpol prevent terrorism?
o By exchanging information with all the member countries
through its security communication system or by convening
experts to address the problem.
o Sharing of data and terrorist related information in a systematic,
timely and accurate communication manner.
 How can Interpol help after a terrorist act has been committed?
o Member countries are required to send to Interpol full particulars
concerning the nature of the incident.
o Interpol will now send instantly international notices for fugitive
terrorist whose arrest is sought by the member country concern.
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
SUMMARY
1. The role of the Criminal Investigation is to enhance cooperation

among member countries and to stimulate the exchange information’s
among national and international law enforcement bodies concerned to
counter the illicit production, traffic and use of drugs and psychotropic
substances.
WEEK11
 Overview of United Nations in the Global Police systems

 UN Conventions and protocol
LESSON 6 - UNITED NATIONS IN THE GLOBAL POLICE SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW. In this lesson, the context focused on the protocols and conventions held
by Unite Nations that provides guidelines in the Global Police Systems and procedures.
And you are expected to gain the structure of the United Nations as far as the
comparative models in policing is concern. You could identify protocol and conventions
that conceptualized the duties of international policing system.
At the end of the lesson exploration, you are required to comply the final out put test as
an assessment of the understanding and knowledge you gained from this particular
lesson.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS

The United Nation establishing a bilateral and international cooperation in
addressing transnational crimes. It provides selected convention agreements and
protocols among the member states within the context of peace and order, and other
issues towards addressing conflicts between nations.
I. UN CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

The convention deals with the fight against organized crimes in general and some of
the major activities in which transnational organized crimes are commonly involved,
such as money laundering, corruption and abstraction of investigations or prosecution.
In this convention, the UN signifies that it recognizes the serious and growing problems
of the member states on this aspect of transnational crimes that can only be resolved
through international cooperation.
The Protocols;
1. Against human trafficking
2. Against sexual slavery
3. Against drug trafficking
4. Protocol on illegal animal products
5. Protocol on illegal wild life trade
6. Protocol for the protection of the environment in consonance with the UN

mandates, in which the Philippines has promulgates several Acts or laws,
such as;
i. Republic Act No. 8749- Philippine Clean Air Act

ii. Republic Act No. 9275-Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
Other Acts and Laws that Philippine government has enacted for the protection
of the Filipino people, such as.
1. Republic Act No. 6713- Code of conduct in Ethical Standard
2. Republic Act No. 9160- Anti- Money Laundering act of 2002
3. And the adoption of the Philippines on the UN protocol by enacting Republic
Act No. 9208-Anti- Trafficking Law
The agencies concerning the human trafficking in persons
1. UN convention against transnational organized crime (UNTOC)
2. UNs office on drugs and crime (UNODC)
3. The Inter-agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Person (ICAT)
4. The Global Migration Group (GMG)
5. UNs Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UNGIFT)
6. UNs voluntary trust fund for victims of trafficking persons, especially women
and children
II. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The universal declaration of human rights is the first international forum to use the
“human rights”, and has been adopted by human rights movements as a charter.
The covenants being established by the universal declaration concerning human rights.
a. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
i. Rights of the nation to self- determination, rights of the nation to own,

trade, and dispose of their property freely and not be drive of the means of
subsistence.
ii. Rights of individual as to the right to life, to have a legal recourse, the
rights of liberty and freedom, right to equality before the law, and many
more.
b. Optional Protocol to the covenant on Civil and Political Rights
 The Human Rights Committee shall be given the priority to

receive and consider, as provided in the implementation of the
covenant, the communication from the person claiming to be the
victim of any human rights violations as set forth in the
covenant.
Reference:

Author: Depayso
References:
https://rowman.com
SUMMARY
7. The convention deals with the fight against organized crimes in general and
some of the major activities in which transnational organized crimes are
commonly involved, such as money laundering, corruption and abstraction of
investigations or prosecution. In this convention, the UN signifies that it
recognizes the serious and growing problems of the member states on this
aspect of transnational crimes that can only be resolved through international
cooperation.
WEEK13
 The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
III. THE UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL

AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
The covenant as stated in the Preamble provides the principles proclaimed in the
Charter of the United Nations, the recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal
and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom,
justice and peace in the world.
Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of every human
being in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The ideal of free
human beings enjoying freedom from fear and can only be achieved if conditions are
created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social, and cultural rights, together
with his civil and political rights and freedom.
The covenant provides parts and articles agreed upon enumerating and defining
the rights of the individuals and its duties to the community to which he belongs to strive
the promotion and observance of rights. Like in Part I – Article 1 that it defined and
provides the right of self-incrimination.
IV. UN CONVENTION ON THE CONDITION OF THE WOUNDED AND SICK IN

ARMED FORCES
The convention also known as the First Geneva Convention that focuses on the
rights of individuals, combatant, and non-combatants during war.
V. CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF

GENOCIDE
The convention as confirmed by the contracting parties adopted by the Resolution
260 (III)-A of the United Nations General Assembly held on December 9, 1948, that
genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is crime under the
international; law which the convention undertake to prevent and to punish.
VI. CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE, AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR

DEGRADING TREATMENT OF PUNISHMENT.
VII. ASEAN DECLARATION ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

The declaration was made by the respective representative of ASEAN countries
participating in the ASEAN conference focusing on the transnational crime held in
Manila on December 18-20, 1997.
The conference was made to have a declaration and recognition of the need of clear
and effective regional modalities to combat these forms of crimes, especially on the
aspect of information exchange and policy coordination.
The declaration includes the ASEAN plan of action against transnational crime by
the institutional framework s and feasibility study.
VIII. PHILIPPINE TREATIES WHEREIN THE UN IS A PARTY
1. The Mutual Defence Treaty between US and the Philippines signed on August
13, 1951.
2. Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Indonesia
that provides a special provision as a treaty on extradition on specified
extraditable crimes like murder, parricide, infanticide and homicide.
3. Convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally
protected persons, including diplomatic agents, the state parties to this
convention.
Relationship of United Nations to INTERPOL
The Interpol collaboration with the UN already formalized by cooperation
agreement made in 1996 that includes as observer at respective general
assemblies, and the Interpol opened an office at the UN in New York office in
2004.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the United Nations
The UN created the ICJ to be one of its six organs or main bodies that deals with
genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity as well as the war of
aggression.
There are organizations with an international membership including the scope

and existence in the international community.
1. International non-profit organizations like the international committee of

the Red Cross.
2. International Corporation like the Coca-Cola.
3. Intergovernmental organizations or the international governmental
body or also known as the international organizations composed of the
member states, as example is the United Nations, the European Union
(EU) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
IX. SOME INTERNATIONAL CASES DECIDED BY UN THROUGH THE ICJ

1. The territorial and maritime dispute between Nicaragua and Columbia
2. The Corpu Channel case between the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland
and People’s Republic of Albania.
3. The Bluefin tuna case involving Australia and New Zealand vs. Japan.
4. Asylum case of Columbia vs. Peru.
5. Fisheries case of the United Kingdom vs. Norway.
Reference:

Author: Depayso
Reference:
Textbook:
Author:
Garcia, M. A., (2015). Comparative Police and Criminal Justice System
(2nd ed.). Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.

https://rowman.com
References:
SUMMARY
1. The conference was made to have a declaration and recognition of the need of
clear and effective regional modalities to combat these forms of crimes, especially on
the aspect of information exchange and policy coordination.
WEEK14
 Comparative Police systems in different types and forms of government systems.

 Overview
LESSON 7 - COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT TYPES AND FORMS OF

GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW: The lesson covers the different forms of governance and its nature.
It further explains the contextual connectivity of the different governance to the criminal
justice on its respective nature of systems and processes.
Hence, in this lesson after you had explored, you are expected to have the clear
understanding on the diversified forms and types of governance, systems of criminal
justice and processes.
To evaluate the gauge after you had explored the lesson, you are required to
answer the final assessment serving as you project activity and at the same time will
form part in the tabulating of your grades.
I. GOVERNMENT
Government, the political system by which a country or community is administered
and regulated. Most of the key words commonly used to describe governments are
words such as monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy (Brogan, 2019). Hence, to
understand the concept, the term government is but an agency and machinery of the
state.
The term government is also called as governance, this has been around in both
political and academic referring in a generic sense to the task of running a government,
or nay appropriate entity for that matter. Both terms has a governing body of institutions,
organization or territory which has power to determine its policies and has its control.
Which branch of the government do law enforcement fall under? Most countries like
the United States and the Philippines, the police organization or the law enforcement fall
under the Executive branch of the government of this country. Although, it is the
legislative branch makes the law, but it is always in the hands of the executive branch
that enforces the laws. However, the police system varies with the types and forms of
the government of the state in realm and has control.
II. POLITICS AND RELIGION IN THE FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT
1. Politics
 It is the science of government. A science as it is a systematic body of
knowledge that deals with government and regulation, maintenance
and development, and defense and augmentation of the state.
 It is also an art, as it involves the exercise of control or authority within
the society through the creation an enforcement of consensus arrived
at the leader.
2. Religion
 It is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world
views that relate humanity to an order of existence (Scientifically Daily,
n.d.). Beliefs provides two aspects of characters and obedience to the
person’s will, such the freedom his freedom and feelings.
 Some types of religion that becomes influential in the formation of
government;

o Hinduism
o Islam
o Christianity
o Buddhism/Dalai Lama
Reference:

Author: Depayso
Reference:
Textbook: Garcia, M. A., (2015). Comparative Police and Criminal Justice System (2nd
Author: ed.). Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Albrecht, Peter, et al., (2018, Jan. 5). Policing Practices in a Global Perspective. Danish
Institution for International Studies. Retrieved July 28, 2020 from
https://www.diis.dk
Brysk, A., (2003, March 1). Globalization and Human Rights. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved
July 30, 2929 from, https://www.foreignaffairs.com>globalization
El Hassani, A., (2015, Nov. 22). The Impact of Globalization on the enjoyment of
Human Rights. Morocco World News. Retrieved July 30, 2020 from,
https://www.moroccoworldnews.com
Eterno, J.A., & Das, D.K., (2009). Police Practices in Global Perspective. Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved July 28, 2020 from https://rowman.com
Gachuz, JC. (2016). Globalization and Organized Crime: Challenges for International
Cooperation. Issue brief no.07.06.16. Rice University’s Baker Institute for
Public Policy
References:
SUMMARY
1. A science as it is a systematic body of knowledge that deals with

government and regulation, maintenance and development, and
defense and augmentation of the state. It is also an art, as it involves
the exercise of control or authority within the society through the
creation an enforcement of consensus arrived at the leader.
WEEK15
 Sample Models of National Governments
III. SAMPLE MODELS OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS:
1. United Kingdom Constitutional Monarchy form of government

 Branches of the government;
o Executive, comprised of;
 Monarch - the head of the state
 Prime Minister – appointed by the monarch as the head
of the government
 Legislative, comprised of two houses;
 House of Common
 House of Lords
 Judiciary, which main functions for decision making with the
following components;
 Magistrate Court – for minor cases
 Crown Court – for serious offenses
 County Court – for civil cases
 High Court – for appeals regarding civil cases
 Appellate Court – for appeals from inferior courts
 Supreme Court – ultimate appellate court
2. Singapore
 Government of Singapore
 It is a republican state as the Republic of Singapore defined by
its constitution acted upon by the Executive branch composed
of the President and the Cabinet Member.
 It has a Statutory Board – as the autonomous agency of the
government established by a Parliamentary Act.
 The Legislative – unicameral parliament with 83 seats,
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms.
 Judicial branch – Chief Justice in the Supreme Court is
appointed by the president.
1. Saudi Arabia
 Executive
o Headed by the King being the Chief of State and Head of the
government
 Legislative – the consultative council (Majilis Al-Shoura)
 Judicial – the Supreme Judicial Council
Reference:

Author: Depayso
Reference:
Textbook: Garcia, M. A., (2015). Comparative Police and Criminal
Author: Justice System (2nd ed.). Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.

https://rowman.com
References:
SUMMARY
1. This shows the different types of government like in the Philippines we are
under the democratic form of government unlike in other states or country.
WEEK16
 Comparative Criminal Justice Systems and Police Processes in the world

 Overview
LESSON 8. COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS AND POLICE

PROCESSES IN THE WORLD
OVERVIEW: The lesson covers the general concepts of criminal justice systems
that were formed and created in accord with the type or system of government existing
in every state. The rationally of discussing the topic is the connectivity of the justice
system and the type of the existing government in the police systems and practices in
every country.
At the completion of the lesson, you are expected to have the understanding of
the topic which is essential in the course. You have comparative ideas of the essence of
learning the different criminal justice systems in world.
After you completely explore the topic, you are required to gauge your
understanding by answering the final assessment on this lesson, and the result would
form part in the tabulation of your grades.
I. INTRODUCTION
The criminal justice systems have a diversified formations and practices all over
the world as it operates in accordance with the type of the government of the state. It
has its own national systems in which it undergone various changes as history evolves.
Every criminal justice form has its own internal processes dependent on the political
body that operates within the government in realm of the state.
II. THE DIFFERENT JUSTICE SYSTEMS

1. Western System
 The system practiced within the western countries with many variations
in the context and purposes of the criminal justice, but they largely
 represent variations on a similar theme, particularly when compared

with other criminal justice systems in non-western settings. As an
example, the justice system of the United States was rooted from the
Anglo-Saxon legal culture and evolved the changes that have come to
exist among contemporary systems based from tradition, such as
Canada and England.
 The Common Law System between the United States and United
Kingdom are both adversarial based, which has two opposing sides of
a lawyer composed of the defendant and a prosecutor. The common
law is not the law that created by enactment from the legislative body,
the law comprises the body of principles and rule of action.
A. Non-Western System
 The kind of system that the British and Dutch criminal justice
processes have converged in as much as the criminal justice
procedures in the two states until it has a harmonization of the criminal
justice all over the European Union.
 However, the harmonization of the justice criminal system has it
variations in the legal systems based on the distinct ideologies, such
as
o The civil law or continental system – an inquisitorial based as
practice in Sweden and Germany
o Islamic law – prevalent in Arabic countries based on Koran.
o Socialist system – based on Marxism and Leninist ideology.
o Concept of dangerousness – the context of system on the
People’s Republic of China. The Chinese system perceived as
dangerous-to-society with the imposition of harsher punishment.
Reference:

Author: Depayso
Reference:
Textbook: Garcia, M. A., (2015). Comparative Police and Criminal Justice System (2nd
Author: ed.). Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
https://www.diis.dk
Public Policy
SUMMARY
1. The criminal justice systems have a diversified formations and

practices all over the world as it operates in accordance with the type
of the government of the state. It has its own national systems in which
it undergone various changes as history evolves. Every criminal justice
form has its own internal processes dependent on the political body
that operates within the government in realm of the state.
WEEK17
 Comparative Court system

 Model Criminal Justice Systems
III. COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM

The court system in the world has two contexts, such as;
1. Adversarial
 Where the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
2. Inquisitorial
 Where the accused is guilty until proven innocent.
IV, MODEL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS

The criminal justice system in the world connotes demographic changes in
the context of diversifies society. The criminal justice process varies from state to
state like the federal criminal justice system has its rules, procedures, and terms
to describe the stages of the proceedings.
The selected sample model of criminal justice system
British Legal System

The Law 1. Criminal Law
2. Civil Law
The Police Responsible in gathering sufficient information to allow the court

prosecution court of law
The Crown Responsible for all the court prosecution and processes to file a
Prosecution Service case.
The set of courts With the two main cases, the criminal and civil, there set of
courts that deals with cases under its jurisdiction;
 Magistrate court
 Crown court
British Legal System

 County court
 The High court which has 3 divisions; Queen’s Bench Division,
Chancery Division and the Family Division
 The Court of Appeals
 Supreme Court or the House of Lord
 Coroners Court
 Administrative Tribunals
Types of 1. Discharge from services

sentences 2. Monetary sentence
3. Custodial sentence
4. Community sentence
Reference:

Author: Depayso
Garcia, M. A., (2015). Comparative Police and Criminal Justice System (2nd
ed.). Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
https://www.diis.dk
Public Policy
SUMMARY
1. The criminal justice system in the world connotes demographic changes

in the context of diversifies society. The criminal justice process varies from state
to state like the federal criminal justice system has its rules, procedures, and
terms to describe the stages of the proceedings.

Comparative Model in Policing

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JOSE RIZAL UNIVERSITY

College of Arts, Criminology and Education

After completing this topic, should be able to:

 Learn the Concept of Globalization and its effect to Policing System

Course: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

TITLE : CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION, AND ITS EFFECT TO POLICING

OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Lesson 3. Comparative Policing System

Lesson 4. Comparative Law Enforcement

Textbook: Comparative Police System Global Response of Law Enforcement c2017

After completing this topic, should be able to:

 Globalization and Concepts

LESSON 1 - GLOBALIZATION AND CONCEPTS

GLOBALIZATION AND CONCEPTS

In the digested paper of Alicia Brykes, that globalization is a platform of interaction

Globalization in terms of policing is crucial in the fundamental protection of human

Global Community and Global Community Policing

Three major components of globalization;

Ogaden Region – is the fundamental home of nomadic people ethnically

China Thailand North Korea Laos Armenia

Algeria Camaros Ghana Mali Senegal Tunisia

USA El Salvador Cuba St. Kitts and St. Vincent and

The fourth largest continent is South America and composed of fourteen

Brazil Peru Ecuador Uruguay French Guiana

Albania Cyprus Iceland Monaco Serbia Ireland

Mainland Australia Palau

The second component of globalization is the population or the society. It is also

The third and last component of globalization is the government. To recognize a

The Estrada Doctrine introduced by Mexico Secretary of Foreign Relations Genaro

Textbook: Comparative Police System Global Response of Law Enforcement c2017

1. The United Nations treaties has led to the establishment of the

 Functions and Duties and responsibilities.

C. Global Community: Functions, Duties, and Responsibilities

What is global community? It is the people or nations of the world, considered as

Global community could be conceptualized in the following perception (Garcia,

1. Interpersonal- is an association of two or more people that may be based

2. Inter-territorial - the term territory is defended space that is categorized into

First, tribal territory which is essentially consisted of a home base surrounded by

Territorial and border dispute

An approach that focuses on the location of decision-making whose values are

William Anderson (1960) defined inter-government concept as an important body of

Anderson provided five distinctive features conceptualizing inter-governmental system,

o Transcendence of constitutionality recognized patterns of governmental

The principle of economic cooperation creates sovereign equality of the member

What is the significance of economy to globalization?

A nation is progressive under the following considerations;

o Human resources – this is the ability of a nation to educate, mobilize, and

Freedom =>Knowledge => Technical progress = Economic Development

Therefore, the genuine development of a country is based on the trilogies of

Textbook: Comparative Police System Global Response of Law Enforcement c2017

1. Social justice is another universal value to which the global

 Globalization in Law Enforcement

LESSON 2 - GLOBALIZATION IN LAW ENFOCEMENT

GLOBALIZATION IN LAW ENFOCEMENT

A. Policing across national borders

The incidence of international crime has increased globally as this is confirmed by

The problems on law enforcement be brought about by globalization are;

a. In the legal context remains problematic because its application as a concept is

Advantages and opportunities be brought for law enforcement

Police and Policing

It is important to distinguish police and policing (Reiner, 2000a).

The policing clearly is a broad concept, which encompasses a wide range of

B. Globalization and organized crimes: challenges for international