Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi Volume XX Nomor X Tahun XXXX

ISSN: 2252-570X (P) / 2502-2059 (O)

Gotham City as a representation of Bandung: A Study of Community

Unrest Against Teenage Delinquency Tongkrongan "Ngabers"
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jps.v10i1.81066azx

Iman Ahmad Gymnastiar, Achmad Hufad, Sri Wahyuni

Prodi Pendidikan Sosiologi, Fakultas Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jl. Setiabudi
No 229, Isola, Kec. Sukasari, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
email: imanahmadgymnastiar@upi.edu

Received: 00 00 0000
Revised: 00 00 0000
Accepted: 00 00 0000

Abstract

The Ngabers youth group is one of the group-based juvenile delinquency cases that causes
unrest and threats in the community because the presence of the Ngabers youth group with
all its activities such as rolling, arrogance driving, and other delinquency activities can be
detrimental to road users and the people of Bandung City itself. This phenomenon creates
an analogy for the city of Bandung to be similar to a fictional city, namely Gotham City.
Gotham City is a fictional city full of darkness and crime that is contained in the storylines
of films and comics produced by DC Comics. This writing uses a qualitative approach with
the case study method. Through a data collection process, the results obtained from the
research are: (1) Bandung City and Gotham City have similar aspects, namely criminal
characteristics and different aspects as well. (2) The factors that cause youth to join the
Ngabers group are internal factors and external factors. (3) The general description of the
behavior/activities carried out by young ngabers includes disturbing activities such as
rolling, arrogance driving, abusing illegal drugs, and drinking liquor and there are also
supporting activities such as street photography. The solution from the police that has been
outlined is action against noisy exhausts, night patrols, to guidance by the Criminal
Investigation Unit. However, this solution is not effective considering that community
participation is still not sensitive and communicative

Keywords : Gotham City, Teenagers, Juvenile delinquency, Ngabers

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Introduction

Bandung is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a good image in the eyes of the
people of Indonesia and abroad (Hartawan, 2019). A good image can represent Bandung as
a city that is rich in culture and hospitality from its local community. In line with this
discourse, what makes Bandung a preferred and favourite destination for tourists because
it has attractive tourist attractions can be exemplified such as cafes with instagramable
aesthetics, creative shopping places, and complete and affordable shopping (Hidayat,
2011). Apart from the charm of tourist attractions that can be visited, Bandung also has a
presentation of the city of education after Yogyakarta, marked by the number of prestigious
universities located in the city of Bandung and also a centre of creativity for the youth of
Bandung, so that many overseas students and creative workers live in the city of Bandung
(Sinta, 2019).

But behind the hospitality of the people and the potential possessed by the city of
Bandung there are also internal problems like other big cities in Indonesia. The problems in
question are crimes and juvenile delinquency that often occur in the middle and
indeterminate time in the middle of the Bandung City community. One form of juvenile
delinquency that is occurring and ongoing is the activity of hanging out teenage motorised
vehicles called "Ngabers" (Agistya & Suhana, 2019). Ngabers can be observed by a group of
teenagers who gather along roads, parks or other public places. The behaviour of Ngabers
in Bandung City is often seen doing arrogance driving, rolling (Konvoi Arogan), damaging,
Pengeroyokoan or physical conflict between groups, to drug abuse (Jasmisari &
Herdiansah, 2022). Strengthened by the list of cases related to juvenile delinquency based
on youth groups reported to the Bandung Police Criminal Investigation Unit from 2019 to
2022 as many as 787 cases which included cases of beatings (Criminality Data of Bandung
City, Satreskrim Polresta Bandung 2022). These cases of beating can be interpreted as one
of the characteristics of teenagers and ngabers groups in Bandung City.
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Along with the ongoing problem of ngabers in Bandung City, the majority of people
feel uneasy and worried about the behaviour/activity of ngabers with frequent juvenile
delinquency. The unrest of every community in the city of Bandung and the increasing
cases of juvenile delinquency crime have led to a new concept of Bandung, namely Bandung
The Gotham City. The relevance between Bandung and Gotham City, which is depicted in
the background of Batman fictional films and comics, is a city known for being dark,
corrupt, and filled with crime (Wibowo, 2021). This is considering the experiences and
discourses along with previous data that describe Bandung as unsafe as before, making an
unexpected comparison for a city that has a vision and mission to become a modern and
advanced city like Bandung.

It can also be observed that not all parts of Bandung have an image like Gotham City.
There are several positive aspects of Bandung, such as its natural beauty, diverse culture,
friendly people, and promising creative and industrial sectors. However, it is necessary to
pay attention to the growing problem of crime and juvenile delinquency which is one of the
challenges that must be faced by the community and certain parties in the city of Bandung.

Therefore, it is important to conduct a further study to find out how the description
of juvenile delinquent behaviour, especially ngabers in Bandung, and find a solution to
minimise and overcome this rampant problem. In writing this article, the author will
conduct a study of public unrest against juvenile delinquency ngabers, using Gotham City
as an analogy in describing the current situation in Bandung City. In this study, the author
will also try to explore and describe the factors of Bandung City being analogised to
Gotham City in terms of the delinquent behaviour of ngabers teenagers who are troubling
the community and how the role of the community, the police, and parents can work
together in overcoming this problem.
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Methods

In writing the article Gotham City as a Presentation of Bandung: A Study of

Community Unrest Against Teenage Delinquency Tongkrongan "Ngabers" the author uses a
qualitative descriptive approach. Qualitative research design has become a standard
element to examine data systematically, classify according to its categorisation, describe
and interpret data obtained from research subjects, observations and documentation
(Creswell, 2015). The use of qualitative research has a goal, namely to be able to explore
and understand the deep meaning of an individual or group with indications of having
social or humanitarian problems (Creswell, 2018, p. 19).

This writing also uses case study methods and literature studies. Through a case
study research design where researchers can focus on the case or problem being studied,
namely the ngabers juvenile delinquency that is troubling and continues to affect the
people of Bandung City. Referring to the basic concept of case study research design,
namely, a study in-depth research on individuals and a relatively long or continuous period
of time, which means a case experienced by an individual or group. Being the greatest
opportunity in the context of a case study with the possibility of conducting an in-depth
study, where the case study position here seeks to understand the basis of the attitude of
juvenile delinquency committed by the "ngabers" youth group. The literature study here
relates to testing the theory and describing the data that has been found by researchers, so
that in this writing it is tested with various relevant data.
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Result and Discussion

Introduction to the Gotham City Analogy

Basically, Gotham City is a fictional city found in the storyline of films and comics
produced by DC Comics. The depiction of this city in the fictional world as a place where
one of the superheroes, Batman, cracks down on various crimes and criminality in Gotham
City. In construction, Gotham City is described as a very large city which is precisely located
on the east coast of the United States, with modern and magnificent skyscrapers. This
construction shows that Gotham City is a developed and modern city (GUERRIC DEBONA,
2015).

However, with the context of Gotham City, which is included in the city with its
splendour and modernity, there is also a fairly dark or negative side of this city. The
negative image of this city is described as a city full of violence, corruption, and social
inequality. In some stories, Gotham City is isolated and difficult to access, with the majority
of areas being dangerous. These conditions portray a dark and tense atmosphere that
makes Gotham City an attractive place for criminals and gangsters (Fitch, 2018).

Although Gotham City is a fictional city, some fans of DC Comics are interested in
visiting locations similar to Gotham City in the real world. The US cities of Chicago and New
York City, for example, often represent Gotham City because they have similar
characteristics. Therefore, the analogy of Gotham City formed by the DC Comics production
house is not only a setting in comics and films but as a form of depiction of several cities in
the world that depict similar realities as Gotham City (Fitch, 2018).

Relevance between Gotham City and Bandung City

Although Gotham City is a fictional city formed by the DC Comics production house
and Bandung City is a reality of a city in Indonesia, precisely the capital of West Java with
several West Java government centres as well, there are some relevance or similarities
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between the two that can be used as a study in this writing. Here are some relevance or
similarities that can be described as follows:

1. Gotham City and Bandung City have in common the problem of crime or juvenile
delinquency which is quite large and significant (Agistya & Suhana, 2019). The problem is
based on the behaviour of youth social groups such as "Ngabers" in Bandung City and
"Gang" in Gotham City.

2. Gotham City and Bandung City have similarities in the characteristics of a society that is
included in a proactive society in taking action or efforts to minimise crime. The analogy is
that in Gotham City there is a superhero named Batman who always tries to minimise by
fighting crime in order to provide a sense of security for the community, while in Bandung
City, the community and the Bandung Police Department work hand in hand in handling
cases of juvenile delinquency that are troubling the people of Bandung City itself.

3. Gotham City and Bandung City have similarities, especially in the high complexity of
social problems. Both cities have similar social problems such as unemployment, poverty
and social inequality that make juvenile-based crime and delinquency higher and difficult
to minimise.

4. Both Gotham City and Bandung have similar historical values such as Gotham City is
known for its darkness and criminal problems, and Bandung is known for its history as a
city of fighters, a city of students, and Sundanese culture.

5. These two cities have similarities in determining the occurrence of crime or criminality
that occurs at night until late at night. Where Gotham City as a city of darkness with
criminal acts carried out at night, as well as the city of Bandung with all the problems of
juvenile delinquency ngabers found at night (Irmayani, 2018).
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How Gotham City differs from Bandung

Apart from the similarities between Gotham City and Bandung City, there are also
significant differences between the two cities. Here are some of the differences that can be
described, namely:

1. It can be seen from the characteristics of these two cities such as, Gotham City is a
fictional city created based on the needs of the DC Comics production house and is famous
for its dark image, while Bandung is a reality known as a creative city, student, and tourist
city.

2. In terms of intensity and type of crime, Gotham City is known as a city with a high crime
rate, and is often targeted by criminals with high intensity and diplomatic roles as well such
as The Joker, Riddler, Bane, and other criminals. Bandung has a lower intensity than
Gotham City such as juvenile delinquency and crimes based on economic and social status
between groups of ngabers.

3. In terms of culture, Bandung City has a diverse and unique culture, which is also applied
in the community such as Sundanese language. In contrast to Gotham City, which does not
depict a culture because it is only a setting that supports the needs of the DC Comic
production house.

4. In terms of government and politics, Gotham City is told to have a corrupt government
and is coloured by political conflicts that compete with each other's interests. Meanwhile,
Bandung is a city that has a democratic and transparent political system that refers to the
foundation of the Republic of Indonesia (Bachtiar, 2014).

Concept of delinquency of Ngabers Youth Group

The ngabers youth group is a form of youth association based on a similar hobby,
namely modification of two-wheeled vehicles. The term ngabers does not appear in the
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KBBI (Big Indonesian Dictionary) because the vocabulary of ngabers is formed from the
slang of young people, especially on social media such as Twitter, Instagram, and Tiktok.
The word ngabers comes from bang which means abang- abangan in a tongkrongan or
group. The relationship between ngabers vocabulary and motorised vehicle groups is
where the relationship with millennial teenagers who modify their motorised vehicles in an
abnormal way like in general. Even senior riders think that these millennial teenagers or
ngabers sometimes do not meet the safety and legality requirements of driving, while other
assumptions of ngabers are equated with Arrowgun riders or called arrogant (Harahap,
2019).

The ngabers analogy is always associated with social problems, namely juvenile
delinquency, because it causes problems both in the community and other groups. This is
based on the activities and behaviours carried out on the public streets of Bandung City.
The actions of the ngabers youth group are also considered as behaviour that is
problematic with the law because it is related to traffic violations, physical contact, and
other criminal acts. These actions can also be linked to delinquent subculture behaviour,
which is classified as a conflict subculture. Conflict subculture can be interpreted as deviant
behaviour carried out by youth groups/communities to seek the social status of their
groups and existence in front of society and other groups (SH., MA, 2016).

In activities that are coloured by the problem of juvenile delinquency, this can
certainly endanger all parties such as the community, especially when it shows the night
and should not be a detrimental activity that continues. However, looking at the
characteristics of adolescents who are fairly abstract and unique with characteristics that
are still quite unstable with various dynamics or are in the process of finding their self-
concept in the eyes of society. Because of this, adolescents tend to take an action without
further calculation (Prasasti, 2017). Referring to the case where adolescents take an action
without further calculation and are more influenced by their friends, therefore more
teenagers join the ngabers group which is closely related to delinquency / deviation which
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harms many people in Bandung City. Not only does it harm the community directly, it also
harms individuals who are members of the ngabers youth group such as accidents during
arrogance driving, physical conflicts between groups, falling into promiscuity, and dealing
with the police. However, this group of ngabers teenagers is still not deterred and still does
this with the risks mentioned earlier.

Factors Fuelling Juvenile Delinquency of Ngabers in Bandung City

The ngabers youth group is a form of youth association based on a similar hobby,
namely modification. In a deviant behaviour, namely juvenile delinquency, the person of a
deviation can certainly have a motive or impetus for committing the act. In line with the
characteristics of adolescents in general, they are in a critical phase that is sensitive to
changes towards positive and negative directions. Where in this phase adolescents are
easily influenced by both their peers and their elders (Subur & Baihaqi, 2019). This is
illustrated by this phase of adolescence is vulnerable to dependence on its social
environment with various dynamics, where in the process of a transition in the formation
of identity from an adolescent is not fully into a positive realm and even tends to be
negative (Adriansyah & Rahmi, 2012).

Where this behaviour depends on the existence of diverse social structures,

pressure on these social groups, social roles, social status, abstract internalisation (Sigit Tri
Utomo, 2019). Cultural and social factors in society have a significant influence on the
dominance of social structures which include institutions and the social role of each
individual in social life, or the status of individuals in their groups and their self-concept in
society. This statement is supported by the fact that things like this happen in big cities like
Bandung.

It is important that the phenomenon of the ngabers youth group is related to this
social-psychological theory, which lies in the factors that cause the emergence of the
ngabers youth group. Viewed from the causal factors, especially internal and external,
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which have a relationship with each other. In the internal factors inherent in the ngabers
youth group, namely the formation of a self-concept. The meaning of self-concept in a
ngabers youth group is where the self-concept becomes a reason for the teenager to join
the ngabers group which has a negative connotation. Teenagers assume that a strong and
well-known group will lead them to the popularity of an individual. Likewise, teenagers
who realise their hobbies in the world of motor vehicle modification are related to the self-
concept itself. Where in building recognition or chemistry to develop hobbies in the world
of motorised vehicles, a container is needed, the container referred to here is like the
ngabers group itself. This means that the container is the most important thing in realising
hobbies in motor vehicle modification vehicles, with the existence of a forum for
adolescents or individuals can have a relationship and be brought together with individuals
who have similar hobbies.

The external factors are also related to the previous internal factors regarding the
self-concept of a teenager. Previously, adolescents were in the phase of searching for their
respective self-concepts and also in the process found various dynamics. The output of the
process is successful with a positive impact or tends to have a negative impact that is
influenced by the surrounding environment (Prasasti, 2017). During the process of
searching for their self-concept, adolescents also learn and apply several things in their
environment, including things that include deviations or juvenile delinquency. This
statement is supported by the previous thing related to the era of social disruption, where
in this era gave birth to the phenomenon of disharmonious families, high crime cases,
normalisation of alcoholism, juvenile delinquency, and others. In relation to the emergence
of ngabers youth groups in Bandung City itself, external factors can be described as the
main factors in this problem. In the formation of the ngabers youth group in Bandung City,
there is no escape from the recruitment pattern or branding strategy of the group.

There are supporting factors other than internal and external factors, namely, the
existence of a place to gather / hang out which is the main icon of the motorbike group /
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community (ngabers) in Bandung City. One of the gathering places for this ngabers group is
at one of the KFC Setiabudhi Bandung fast food outlets. KFC Setiabudhi Bandung has been
the main forum since 2017 for ngabers groups in establishing an interaction or other
activities. Another location that has become an icon of the ngabers group is along the Dago
road, especially along the sidewalk, where ngabers groups can be found almost every night.

Survey Results regarding Community Unrest towards ngabers juvenile

delinquency

Talking about the results of the survey regarding public unrest against juvenile
delinquency based on ngabers youth groups can be seen through data on public complaints
to the police, especially the Bandung Police Criminal Investigation Unit which oversees
complaints of public unrest. The following is data on complaints from the people of
Bandung City about the unrest caused by the ngabers youth group, which can also be listed
below:
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Source: Bandung Police Criminal Investigation Database

It can also be noted that the database that has been loaded is the result of
complaints from the people of Bandung City. A complaint shows that there is behaviour
that has a negative impact, namely disturbing the general public.

From the data, it can be concluded that the cases that are attached to the youth of
Bandung City are not far from physical contact, namely beatings, persecution, vandalism,
Curat (Robbery), and extortion. The data also shows that there is an increase in public
complaints from 2021 to 2022, marked by the phenomenon of ngabers being popular
among teenagers in Bandung City.

Factors that make the community feel uneasy about teenage ngabers
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Not only data on complaints from the people of Bandung City, but also the main
factors that are felt directly by the community such as in general the existence of ngabers
youth groups in the Bandung City environment makes people feel afraid to move at night,
because many ngabers youth groups are active arrogantly at night. As for other factors
specifically, namely:

1. The main factor is the concern and threat to the security of the Bandung community
itself, Some activities of ngabers youth groups carried out at night, such as arrogance
driving, rolling, drinking, and drug abuse, can cause insecurity in the community itself.
Apart from this, in the eyes of the community, ngabers activities are often connoted as
criminal acts, such as robbery, extortion, persecution, and physical conflict.

2. The second factor is influencing the behaviour of teenage ngabers at the school and
college education levels. From an academic perspective, ngabers can be disrupted from
learning outcomes, where various activities carried out by ngabers are carried out at night
during normal times for rest and study (Suharman, 2018). Apart from being viewed from
the achievement and learning outcomes of teenage ngabers, there are also behaviours that
affect when at school, such as cases of seniority and bullying, which can harm other
teenagers (Utami, A. T., & Erfahmi, 2020).

3. The third factor is the influence of social media, which is developing very rapidly. The
activity of the ngabers youth group that can be described from the presence of social media
is street photography. This can become a problem if the branding contained in social media
from street photography is not controlled and the more popular this phenomenon is, the
more the existence of ngabers on social media spreads.

4. The last factor is the lack of role of parents in their children's social life or play
environment. Lack of parental supervision and attention to their teenage children will be
difficult to instill trust or control teenage behaviour and prevent them from doing deviant
things, one of which is juvenile delinquency.
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Efforts and Constraints in Overcoming the Delinquency of Ngabers Youth

Group in Bandung City

The efforts made, especially by the police, to minimize the delinquent actions of
teenage groups in Bandung City involve several units such as the Criminal Investigation
Unit, the Traffic Unit, and the Raimas Unit. It can be explained that the Bandung Police
Criminal Investigation Unit is working together by conducting patrols and deploying a team
from Raimas in the center of Bandung City which is busy with visitors or the public. The
Raimas team always pays attention and focuses on criminal violations found on the streets
of Bandung City. Meanwhile, the focus is on collaboration with the Traffic Unit by taking
action against basic violations of gang behavior such as the use of noisy exhausts.

Apart from this collaboration to overcome the anxiety of the people of Bandung City
caused by the actions or behavior of groups of teenage ngabers in Bandung City, the police,
especially the Bandung Police Criminal Investigation Unit, receive and follow up on
complaints or reports from the public regarding criminal acts committed by groups of
teenage ngabers.

However, in its realization, a significant obstacle was found, namely the lack of
community participation in directly reporting deviant acts committed by groups of teenage
gang members in the city of Bandung. As in the concept of structural-functional, namely the
role of the community who participates in enforcing this group of teenage ngabers. There is
one of the functional structural principles put forward by Merton which reads "All parts of
society have a mechanism to integrate these parts, the mechanism referred to here is the
function of bonding functions and roles into one important part of the mechanism which is
society's commitment to a series of values the same” (Adibah, 2017). Therefore, there
needs to be sensitivity and trust that grows from the community that there is a functional
role for the police in minimizing juvenile delinquency in the city of Bandung.

Conclusion
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It can be concluded that the city of Bandung has a similar percentage to Gotham City
considering the security situation which is considered tense in the city of Bandung. This
frightening picture is like the presence of a group of teenage gangers who have deviant
activities and can cause unrest or lead to criminal acts, for example arrogance driving,
rolling, robbery, abuse, and even the use of illegal drugs at night. The representation of acts
of delinquency and crime committed by groups of teenagers who hang out at night is
similar to the depiction of the fictional city of Gotham City which is closely related to
darkness and crime. With the existence of this phenomenon in the city of Bandung, the
police have also tried to minimize the delinquency of these youths by forming a
collaborative program between the Criminal Investigation Unit, the Traffic Unit and the
Raimas Unit. However, its implementation also requires support and communication from
the community, so that the police are able to carry out their program on target and based
on reports from the people of Bandung City.

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