Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

Examining the sentiments of these individuals can provide valuable

insights into their emotional state, motivations, and perception of their

situation. This knowledge can be used to develop more effective

rehabilitation programs that address their specific needs and promote

positive change. For example, identifying feelings of anger, frustration, or

hopelessness could inform interventions aimed at managing these emotions

and fostering healthier coping mechanisms.

The study is limited to St. Joseph Bahay Pag-Asa in Panabo City,

excluding other juvenile rehabilitation centers or facilities in different

locations. The research concentrates on juvenile delinquents within a specific

age group and does not extend to adults or individuals outside the specified

age range.

The study may face limitations in accessing sensitive information due

to ethical considerations, and certain sentiments expressed by juvenile

delinquents may be withheld or misrepresented. The study may face

limitations in accessing sensitive information due to ethical considerations,

and certain sentiments expressed by juvenile delinquents may be withheld or

misrepresented. Huffine, C., & Farrington, D. (2010)

Definition of Terms

Juvenile delinquents. According to The National Institute of Justice,

The term "juvenile delinquents" refers to minors who engage in unlawful

behavior. The specific definition and age range considered "juvenile" can

vary depending on the jurisdiction, but generally, it applies to individuals

under the age of 18 who commit acts that would be considered crimes if

committed by an adult.

Sentiments. In the context of juvenile delinquency, sentiments refer to

the emotional and psychological states experienced by juveniles, which may

influence their behavior. These sentiments can include a wide range of

feelings such as anger, frustration, despair, or a sense of isolation.

Understanding and addressing the sentiments of juveniles is crucial in

developing effective interventions and rehabilitation strategies to prevent

further delinquent behavior.

St. Joseph Bahay Pag-Asa Panabo City. Saint Joseph Bahay Pag-

Asa is a detention home center that caters to Children in Conflict with the

Law (CICL) while waiting for court disposition of their cases or transfers to

other agencies or jurisdictions. The welfare center provides temporary

shelter, protective custody, and structured activities that will enhance their

social functioning and positive self-worth in preparation for their transfer and

reintegration back to family and community.

 Literature Review

The literature review compromises information from various sources,

such as peer-reviewed articles, studies, and books on concepts related to

street food vendors' innovation strategies amidst the pandemic recovery.

Rowman & Littlefield, (2017) stated that Juvenile Delinquency is a

timely and comprehensive introduction to crime, justice, and young people,

with an emphasis on theory and practice. The third edition retains the overall

structure of the second edition and features updates throughout, including

new information on gangs and prevention, the impact of race and gender on

crime and justice, additional comparative and international examples, and

more. The book opens with an overview of delinquency; historical and

contemporary discussions of juvenile justice; theories of delinquency;

institutional contexts of delinquency, such as school and the family; and

chapters on topics such as drug use, youth gangs, female delinquency,

police, courts, and corrections. Many chapters discuss treatment programs

as well as delinquency and illustrate theory put into practice. Most issues are

examined through the lenses of race, class, and gender. Juvenile

Delinquency covers the essentials of the topic with a price point far below

most competitors. To enhance student learning, a complimentary instructor’s

manual and test bank are available. Please see the “Features” page for

additional information.

Wadsworth (2014) added that four chapters on the characteristics of

juvenile delinquency consider the nature and extent of delinquency, the

juvenile court, delinquent personality types, and social class and

delinquency. Two chapters on the juvenile in a violent society focus on

violence against children and its impact on their delinquent behavior, as well

as patterns of delinquency violence. In addressing the gang problem, two

chapters discuss the contemporary gang problem and theoretical viewpoints

on gangs.

Furthermore, since the first edition of Juvenile Delinquency was

published more than 35 years ago, there have been changes in the quantity

and kinds of juvenile misbehavior as well as the juvenile justice system's

response to it. These changes can be considered as they are considered in

the sixth edition of Juvenile Delinquency, which Springer Nature (2019)

Released a Publication of. The cyclical nature of misbehavior and the rising

formalization of juvenile court proceedings and juvenile justice system

approaches were clear in this investigation. On the other hand, there is now

more focus on treating and diverting young people with exceptional needs.

The first edition examined the issues of juvenile deviance and illegal activity

in the United States at the end of the 1970s and the strategies employed at

the time to prevent, identify, penalize, and deter.

A book that provides a thorough introduction to juvenile delinquency

was published by Routledge in 2015. It does this by defining and

characterizing juvenile delinquency, looking at reasons for delinquent

behavior, and taking into account current initiatives to control delinquency

through juvenile justice and prevention. The text examines and makes

connections between important criminological theories and research to foster

an understanding of juvenile misbehavior. The historical roots and evolution

of "juvenile delinquency" and juvenile justice are covered, as well as the

nature of delinquency, which addresses the frequency of delinquent offenses,

the social correlates of victimization and offending (age, gender, race and

ethnicity, and social class), and the developmental patterns of offending.

Additionally, theoretical explanations of delinquency are covered, drawing on

insights from biosocial criminology, routine activities, rational choice, social

control, social learning, social structure, labeling, and critical criminologies.

Finally, evidence-based practice in delinquency prevention is covered.

Additionally, Sage Publications, (2009) Created a brief yet thorough

introduction with an emphasis on real-world issues Briefer and less

expensive than traditional core textbooks, Juvenile Justice: The Essentials

provides a current, thought-provoking introduction to juvenile justice, juvenile

delinquency, the challenges of reducing juvenile crime, and of providing

equal and fair justice for all juvenile offenders. Offering a comprehensive yet

concise overview of the field′ s most important concepts and issues, authors

Richard Lawrence and Mario Hesse include cutting-edge research; practical

examples of juvenile justice in action; and up-to-date coverage of laws,

policies, and programs in juvenile justice. Engaging pedagogical features

illustrate true-to-life cases, policies, and practices that capture student

interest by vividly responding to the" So what?" question of how delinquency

theories apply in the real world.

Sage publications, (2021) added that Comprehensive, focused, and

up-to-date, Juvenile Justice: A Guide to Theory, Policy, and Practice, Tenth

Edition illustrates the practical realities of the juvenile justice system and the

most current topics in the field. Students will learn about the history, process,
and theories of the juvenile justice system, and gain access to the latest

crime measurements while exploring important issues like community-based

sanctions, treatment and rehabilitation, gangs, and international youth crime.

Emphasizing evidence-based practices, bestselling authors Steven M. Cox,

Jennifer M. Allen, and Robert D. Hanser guide readers through the methods

and problems of the system and offer realistic insights for students interested

in a career in juvenile justice. This title is accompanied by a complete

teaching and learning package.

Also, from the Applied Science Reports (2015). Crimes remained

always a major problem for society. Crimes violate sacred customs, laws and

values. Criminal acts of young people are called juvenile delinquency.

Sometimes the term Delinquency is also used to refer to conduct that is

antisocial but not against the law. However, it usually describes activities that

would be considered crimes if committed by an adult. This excludes “status

offenses,” or actions that become legal matters only if conducted by children,

before the establishment of juvenile courts, children under the age of seven

were never held responsible for criminal acts. The law considered them

incapable of forming the necessary criminal intent. Children between the

ages of 7 and 14 were generally thought to be incapable of committing a

criminal act, but this belief could be disproved by showing that the youth

knew the act was a crime or would cause harm to another and committed it

anyway. Children over the age of 14 could be charged with a crime and

handled in the same manner as an adult (Hogen et al., 2001).

Today all states set age limits that determine whether a person

accused of a crime is treated as an adult or as a juvenile. In most states,

young people are considered juveniles until age 18. However, some states

set the limit at 16 and 17. In most states, a juvenile charged with a serious

crime, such as robbery or murder, can be transferred to criminal court and

tried as an adult. Sometimes prosecutors make this decision, or some states

that allow transfers require a hearing to consider the age and record of the

juvenile, the type of crime, and the likelihood that the youth can be helped by

the juvenile court. As a result of a get-tough attitude involving juvenile crime,

many states have revised their juvenile codes to make it easier to transfer

youthful offenders to adult court (Vataro et al., 2002).

As discussed in an Open Journal of Social Sciences, (2019). The

overall purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between various

family-related factors and crime. The study also attempted to ascertain

whether those factors can act as causative agents for “juvenile delinquency”.

The study postulated that although there are different factors that impact on

the development of child character, the family plays a central role in child

development and consequentially impacting on the character of a child. In

order to critically analyze the hypothesis of study, the paper reviewed the

concepts of juvenile delinquency and family. Although the paper centered on

the family factors influencing delinquency, it equally attached premium on the

non-family factors influencing levels of juvenile delinquency. The study found

out that there are several notable family-related factors that impact on child

crime. These include parental attitudes, the degree of family cohesion,

physical violence, and uninvolved parenting. There are also non-family

factors that impact on juvenile delinquency, which include the failure of the
juvenile justice system, poverty, a lack of access to education, drug abuse

and genetic problems.

Moreover, Bates, (2019) cited that Juvenile Delinquency in a Diverse

Society presents a fresh, critical examination of juvenile delinquency in the

context of real communities and social policies—addressing many social

factors that shape juvenile delinquency and its control, including race,

ethnicity, class, gender, and sexuality. Authors Kristin A. Bates and Richelle

S. Swan use true stories and contemporary examples to link theories of

delinquency to current public policies and to existing community programs,

encouraging readers to consider how theories of delinquency can be used.

J. Advanced Res. L. & Econ, (2019). added that despite many years of

experience in the crime prevention in the juvenile environment, today the

problem of committing offences and crimes among juveniles has not been

solved and is still one of the most relevant which makes it necessary to

improve preventive measures for reducing the potential number of offenders

among juveniles. The purpose of this article is to identify the most effective

and efficient measures to prevent juvenile delinquency based on cross-

country comparison and retrospective analysis. The leading approach in this

research is a comparative and legal approach to the study of the problem

which allows to identify the most effective measures. The main aspects of the

positive experience of regulating the issue of research in retrospect, as well

as the mistakes that have taken place, which should not be made in the

future, are identified. The degree of regulation of the issue at the international

level is characterized. A comparative analysis of the system of agencies and

institutions for the crime prevention among juveniles in Russia, Kazakhstan

and Ukraine, as well as the regulation of the issue in Russia and foreign

countries, is conducted. Recommendations are given regarding the directions

of juvenile delinquency prevention, as well as statistical data on the countries

in the dynamics. The development of recommendations and the solution of

this problem should be carried out not only at the theoretical but also at the

practical level and this will allow to create in the future favorable conditions

for the development of the younger generation, the formation of favorable

behavior and active participation in art, cultural, sports and social activities.

Learn how and why trauma is related to juvenile delinquency—as well

as what can be done about it—in a 2014 discussion published by Routledge.

This ground-breaking book explores the link between juvenile crime and

childhood trauma. Two chapters of the book Trauma and Juvenile

Delinquency: Theory, Research, and Interventions introduce theoretical

frameworks for the connection between trauma and the emergence and

maintenance of antisocial conduct. Another chapter tackles trauma-related

evaluation concerns for juveniles, and numerous chapters discuss cutting-

edge research on various elements of the relationship between trauma and

delinquency. Lastly, a number of chapters concentrate on trauma-focused

therapeutic approaches that are theory-based and empirically validated for

juvenile offenders. Such comprehensive and in-depth information of this

subject is not found in any other single source! From the editor: "The majority

of mental health conditions are disruptive behavior problems.

Juvenile Delinquency is a timely and comprehensive introduction to

crime, justice, and young people, with an emphasis on theory and practice.

The third edition retains the overall structure of the second edition and
features updates throughout, including new information on gangs and

prevention, the impact of race and gender on crime and justice, additional

comparative and international examples, and more. The book opens with an

overview of delinquency; historical and contemporary discussions of juvenile

justice; theories of delinquency; institutional contexts of delinquency, such as

school and the family; and chapters on topics such as drug use, youth gangs,

female delinquency, police, courts, and corrections. Many chapters discuss

treatment programs as well as delinquency and illustrate theory put into

practice. Most issues are examined through the lenses of race, class, and

gender. Juvenile Delinquency covers the essentials of the topic with a price

point far below most competitors. To enhance student learning, a

complimentary instructor’s manual and test bank are available. Please see

the “Features” page for additional information. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017).

Farrington, 2015 stated that Juvenile delinquency covers a multitude of

sins. As defined by English criminal law, it includes acts as diverse as theft,

burglary, robbery, violence, vandalism, fraud, drug use and various kinds of

heterosexual and homosexual acts. The focus in this chapter is on

delinquency in England (and Wales), with some reference to the United

States, since most research is American. At the time of writing (January

1991), the age boundaries for juvenile delinquency in English law were

between 10 and 16 inclusive, but the current Criminal Justice Bill proposes to

raise the upper age limit to 17. In most states of the United States, the upper

age limit is 17, while the lower age limit can be as low as 7. Of course, there

are no sharp cut-off points for the occurrence of behaviour, and acts such as

stealing and vandalism can be committed before age 7.

 In the European Journal of Criminology, this article considers

differences in patterns of youth delinquency and problem behaviour between

boys and girls. It uses cross-sectional surveys of self-reported youth

offending in 11 European countries, and a similar survey covering various

ethnic groups in Rotterdam, both carried out in 1992. These surveys show

that there remains a substantial gap in the level of delinquency between girls

and boys across all countries and ethnic groups. The findings confirm that

weak social controls by family and school are an important correlate of

delinquency for males and females in all country clusters and across all

ethnic groups. On the whole, the correlates of delinquency are found to be

similar in males and females, which suggests that there is no need for a

different theory to explain delinquency in boys and girls. Social control

explains part of the gap in delinquency between boys and girls, simply

because social controls of girls tend to be stronger and tighter. Culturally

determined differences in the strength of family-based social controls can

also explain some of the variation in delinquency between ethnic groups.

Guevara (2008) emphasizes the importance of community-based

services and programs tailored to address the needs, problems, interests,

and concerns of young individuals and their families. Communities should

offer counseling, guidance, and a range of support measures, respecting

individual rights. Special facilities are recommended for sheltering young

persons who cannot live at home. Services should aid in the transition to

adulthood, including programs for young drug abusers emphasizing care,

counseling, assistance, and therapy-oriented interventions. This literature

 underscores the community’s role in reshaping values and correcting the

behavior of delinquent juveniles for the betterment of society’s future.

Synthesis

The literature reviewed provides a comprehensive overview of juvenile

delinquency, exploring various facets such as historical perspectives,

theories, institutional contexts, prevention strategies, and contemporary

challenges. Rowman & Littlefield (2017) present a timely and extensive

introduction to the subject, emphasizing theory and practice, while

Wadsworth (2014) delves into characteristics of juvenile delinquency,

including the impact of violence and theoretical viewpoints on gangs.

In summary, the literature collectively underscores the complexity of

juvenile delinquency, onal contexts, prevention strategies, legal

considerations, family-related factors, and the role of community-based

services in addressing this societal challenge.

Organization of the Study

This study describes the Sentiments of Juvenile Delinquents in St.

Joseph Bahay pag-Asa Panabo City. Chapter 1 explains the general view on

the study's background; it discusses the study's problem that is supported by

the global, international, national, and local. This is followed by the need to

conduct this research. It included here some questions that guide us in

developing the study. The theoretical lens served as a significant aspect that

supported the study—followed by the benefits of the study. To understand

the study more, we included here the definition of terms that serve as a vital

point of the study, and the delimitation and limitation of the study are also set.

Chapter 2 presents a discussion of the methods we are using in the

study's progress. Chapter 2 discusses the research design, participants, data

sources, data collection, and analysis. The trustworthiness of the study, its

role as the researchers, and ethical considerations are also set to guarantee

that this research was conducted with the highest possible ideas.

Chapter 2 discusses the research design, participants, data sources,

data collection, analysis interviews, observations and phenomenological

approach.

The outcomes of the conducted interviews are described in Chapter 3.

Readers can now learn about the informants of the life experiences of

juvenile delinquents.
 Chapter 2

Methodology

This chapter presents the methods used in this study. The research

design, research participants, role of the researcher, data sources, data

collection procedure, data analysis, the trustworthiness of the study, and

ethical consideration.

Research Design

A qualitative research method will be used in this study. According to

Monique Hennink, Inge Hutter, Ajay Bailey Sage, 2020 qualitative research

method is a Practical and straightforward, this book is a multidisciplinary

introduction to the process of planning, conducting and analyzing qualitative

research, from selecting appropriate methods to publishing your findings.

Built around the authors’ Qualitative Research Cycle–consisting of the

design, data collection and analytic cycles–this pragmatic guide clearly

demonstrates the steps you need to take to ensure your research is rigorous

and robust. Drawing on decades of experience teaching workshops, the book

is packed with techniques and tools to help you turn theory and method into

research practice.

In this study phenomenological technique will be used to investigate the

lived experiences of juvenile delinquents in St. Joseph Bahay Pag-Asa

Panabo City. According to David R Cerbone Routledge,(2014)

“Understanding Phenomenology" provides a guide to one of the most

important schools of thought in modern philosophy. It guides the reader

through the often bewildering array of technical concepts and jargon

associated with phenomenology and provides clear explanations and helpful

examples to encourage and enhance engagement with the primary texts.

In this study the qualitative method are the most appropriate designs

because they describe the lived experiences of juvenile delinquents and

phenomenological tradition is distinguished by studying the lifeworld as we

immediately experience it rather than as we conceptualize, theorize,

categorize or reflect on it. This study focuses on juvenile delinquents in order

to gain a better understanding of what factors that led them to commit such

an act and what are their insights to lived as a juvenile delinquents.

Research Participants

According to Creswell (2013), a phenomenological study with a

heterogeneous group should have a minimum of three (3) and a maximum of

fifteen (15) participants. This study's participants are five (5) Juvenile

Delinquents in St. Joseph Bahay Pag-asa Panabo City. Purposive sampling

will be used to select and identify participants equitably, as suggested by

Patton (2015), who explained that purposive sampling involves selecting

information for the most effective use of limited sources. According to

Nikolopoulou (2022), purposive sampling relies on the researcher's judgment

in identifying and selecting individuals, cases, or events that can provide the

best information to achieve the study's objectives. Given the scarcity of the

Juvenile Delinquents in St. Joseph Bahay Pag-asa Panabo City, the

researcher will employ purposive sampling.

The following inclusion criteria will be used to select study participants.

Inclusion criteria comprise the characteristics or attributes prospective

research participants must have to be included in the study. First, the

researchers choose participants who have been in St. Joseph Bahay Pag-

Asa Panabo City for (1) year. Second, participants who are 11-15 years old.

And lastly, participants who commits grave offenses.

Data Sources

Qualitative researchers typically collect data through various methods

such as interviews, observations and documents (Creswell, 2007). The

primary data in this study will come from the participants' experiences and

observations, which will be obtained through individual in-depth interviews.

According to Dilipfulcrum (2020), in-depth interviews are a type of qualitative

research that allows researchers to delve deeply into topics of interest with

the people they want to understand better. This method is typically used in

research papers that involve a relatively small number of these interviews,

and they focus on the specific characteristics of the audiences that

researchers want to understand. In this study, the researcher will conduct in-

depth interviews to investigate the lived experiences, challenges and insights

that faced by young individuals who have been involved in such activities.

Data Collection
 According to Creswell (2007), qualitative researchers are involved in

several activities during the data collection process. The researcher will

organize actions in the data collection procedures in this study. Several

events occurred during the data collection, analysis, organization, and

interpretation. First, the researcher acquired permission to conduct the study

from the ACES Polytechnic College Inc. via a letter of request noted by the

APCI Coordinator of the Institute of Criminal Justice Education Department.

Second, once the request letter is approved, a letter of intent noted by the

adviser will be forwared to St. Joseph Bahay Pag-asa,Panabo City Third, the

participants will be briefed on the study's objectives and methodology,

followed by signing a letter of consent to proceed with the study. Fourth, the

researcher will prepare guide questions to be checked and validated before

scheduling interviews with participants on their preferred date and time. Fifth,

the actual interview will then take place on the scheduled date and time in

their preferred places where they feel comfortable sharing with us their

experiences with the use of an audio recorder. Sixth, the researcher will

transcribe the recorded data collected from this study's research participants

and translate and interpret the information in a systematic written form.

Finally, the researcher will organize and store the data collected from the

respondents in order to ensure the data's security and to be able to retrieve

these files if necessary.

Data Analysis

The information gathered from in-depth interviews will be summarized,

transcribed, translated, and analyzed. In the data analysis process, the

researcher will adhere to the steps proposed by Creswell (2009).

 The researcher will transcribe the recorded audio from the in-depth

interview to fully comprehend the participant's responses. The overall

impression is based on the information obtained.

Second, the data will be examined and analyzed using thematic

analysis. With the adviser's assistance, the researcher examined the data

using a thematic approach to identify themes, such as patterns in the data

that are important or interesting. According to Boyatzis (1998), the thematic

analysis serves as a "translator" for those who speak the languages of

qualitative analysis, allowing researchers who use different research

methods to communicate with one another. The researcher will ensure that

the reflected data matches what the participants meant.

Third, the researcher will categorize each transcription grouping into

themes; this allows the researcher to simplify and focus on specific data

characteristics. It will entail gathering and categorizing related data

segments. The researcher will then code the core ideas and formulate

themes to extract significant issues and core ideas as they are generated

and clustered. It entailed a process of reflection and a way of interacting with

and thinking about data.

Trustworthiness of the Study

Smith (2004) contends that judging validity isn't about how closely an

account mirrors reality; rather, it's about assessing its faithfulness to the

specific situation under examination. Flyvbjerg (2006) emphasizes the

context-dependent nature of knowledge derived from case studies,

underscoring the critical need to maintain the context.

 Qualitative data validation methods, such as "triangulation" and

"maintaining data context" (Mario and Boone, 2005), were employed. The

study utilized two distinct research methods for validation, emphasizing the

importance of preserving interview context and acknowledging the limited

generalizability of findings (Mario and Boone, 2005). Stake's perspective

(1998) on triangulation was considered, highlighting its role in clarifying

meaning by identifying diverse perspectives on the phenomenon. Data

triangulation was attempted in this study to achieve convergent findings,

utilizing both primary and secondary data sources, along with diverse data

collection methods (Kohn, 1997).

The challenge of establishing the validity or "worthiness" of mixed

methods research has been an ongoing concern (Brannen, 2005). According

to Berard (2006) and Denzin (1970, cited in Bernard and Ryan, 2010),

validity hinges on the utility of the measuring device and the collective

judgment of the scientific community regarding the construct and its

measure. All tools underwent pilot testing.

Role of the Researchers

Researchers play a critical role in deciphering the complexities of

juvenile delinquents' experiences and obstacles when they investigate their

feelings. Their responsibilities include conducting unbiased and

compassionate investigations in order to identify the variables that contribute

to delinquency. Researchers attempt to shed light on the paths that drive

individuals to become offenders through thorough study, providing significant

insights for prospective preventive interventions and rehabilitation treatments.

Ethical Considerations
 Ensuring ethical integrity in our primary data collection is paramount,

emphasizing the constant demonstration of” respect for the rights and welfare

of all social groups undergoing interviews for the study, extending this

commitment throughout the research process and dissemination” (Arksey

and Knight, 1999). Emphasizing the “safeguarding of participants’ interests”

is crucial, with the imperative need for “informed consent,” recognizing

participants, including children, as active subjects rather than passive

“objects” in the research. The ethical dimensions of qualitative research

demand special attention, given its proximity to “privacy issues and the day-

to-day lives” of participants. Prior to launching a qualitative study, it is

essential to exercise “reflection and sensitivity to privacy” (Flick, 2009).

Acknowledging the potential for respondents to feel emotions like anxiety,

threat, embarrassment, or anger is vital, as interviews inherently intrude upon

“private and personal spheres” to some extent (Arksey and Knight, 1999).

However, it was ensured that the researcher maintained a distinct role

and did not assume the role of a counselor. As aptly highlighted by

Vandenstoep and Johnson (2009), the emphasis was on developing an

empathic yet separate relationship with research participants. Prior to data

collection, requisite permissions were obtained from relevant authorities.

Strict confidentiality measures were implemented, safeguarding all personal

information related to the children exclusively for research purposes.

Participants were granted the option to withdraw from the interview at any

stage of the research. Throughout the study, participant names or any

identifiable information were omitted, with only the titles of functionaries

provided to comprehend their roles and responsibilities within the juvenile

justice system.