INTRODUCTION TO IT SYSTEMS

LAB FILE
SUBJECT CODE: 2002207
(1st Sem. Group- B)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
BHOJPUR, BIHAR

Name of Student:
Roll No:
Branch:
Session:
Date of Submission:

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 A
Laboratory File
On
Introduction To IT Systems
Submitted
For
Diploma in Civil Engineering
At

Government Polytechnic, Bhojpur

Submitted To Submitted By
Deependra Bhushan
Lecturer, CSE
G.P. Bhojpur

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 List of Practicals
1. Browser features, browsing, using various search
engines, writing search queries.

2. Visit various e-governance/Digital India portals,

understand their features and services offered.

3. Read Wikipedia pages on computer hardware

components, look at those components in lab, identify
them, recognize various ports/interfaces and related
cables, etc.

4. Install Linux and windows operating system on lab

machine and explore various options.

5. Connect various peripherals (printer, scanner, etc.) to

computer, explore various features of peripheral and
their device driver software.

6. Practice HTML commands, try them with various values

make your own Webpage.

7. Explore feature of Open Office tools, create documents

using these features, do it multiple times.

8. Explore security features of Operating Systems and Tools,

try using them and see what happens.

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 INDEX
Sl. Practical Name Page Date /
No No Remark
1

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 Practical No: 01
Name of Practical: Browser features, browsing, using various search
engines, writing search queries.
Aim: To be aware about various web browers and search engines
Theory: “Web browser” or “browser” is one of the most important application
software by which we are able to access information on internet. They have a
numbers of many Features that can be listed below:

 Browser provides text based user interfaces with the features supporting
HTML that are rich in many file formats.
 It uses protocols that support the transaction of one form to another form
using the web browsers.
 Web browser allows the opening of multiple information resources
simultaneously using different windows or tabs in same window.
 Web browser includes the security like pop-up blockers that prevent
unwanted windows to pop up.
 Back/Forward Buttons: Back button can be used by you for going back to
the previously visited web page whereas the Forward button is used to visit
the next page
 Tab: It allows you to view multiple web pages in the same browser without
opening a new browser session.
 Search and Address bar: Search box allows any term to be searched by the
search engine from the web and address bar known as URL Bar is a place
where you can type the web page address that you want to retrieve from
the web address.
 Recent History: This shows the links to the web pages previously visited by
you.
 Refresh and stop: This is also called as reload button. It reloads the current
web page. Whereas stops cancels loading of the current web page. This
button is used when the page is in the loading state.

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  Home: This button will bring you back to the home page of your website.
Home page is the first page of any web site.

Browsing using various search engines:

Web search engine' or search engine is a software system that is designed to
search for information on the World Wide Web. In the top ten search engines,
Google, Bing and Yahoo are takes first three places respectively.
Some of the basic categories of Search engines are:
(A) Primary Search Engines:
(B) Web directory:
(C) Meta search engines:

Steps to use a search engine are:

 Vary your search engine:

 Use specific keywords:
 Simplify your search terms
 Use quotation marks:
 Remove unhelpful words:

Types of search queries:

 A navigational query is a search query entered with the intent of finding

a particular website or webpage.

 A transactional search query is a query that indicates intent to complete

a transaction, such as making a purchase.

 Informational search queries are used to search a broad topic (mango or

computers) for which there may be thousands of relevant results.

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 Practical No: 02
Name of Practical: Visit various e-governance / Digital India Portals, understand
their features and services offered.

Aim: To know about the various e-governance websites and their usage in
current life.

Theory: Digital India is a flagship program of the Government of India with a

vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge
economy. Various Initiatives under the Digital India Initiatives are following:

 MyGov: It aims to establish a link between Government and Citizens and it

encourages citizens as well as people abroad to participate in various
activities i.e. 'Do', 'Discuss', 'Poll', 'Talk', ‘Blog’, etc.
 DigiLocker: It serves as a platform to enable citizens to securely store and
share their documents with service providers who can directly access them
electronically.
 e-Hospital Online Registration Framework (ORF): It is an initiative to
facilitate the patients to take online OPD appointments with government
hospitals.
 National Scholarships Portal (NSP): It provides a centralized platform for
application and disbursement of scholarship to students under any
scholarship scheme.
 PRAGATI:It has been aimed at starting a culture of Pro-Active Governance
and Timely Implementation. It is also a robust system for bringing e-
transparency and e-accountability.
 Common Services Centers 2.0: It is being implemented to develop and
support to the use of IT in rural areas of the country for many services to
the citizen.
 Jeevan Pramaan: It is an Aadhaar based Biometric Authentication System
for Pensioners. The system provides authenticity to Digital Life Certificate
without the necessity of the pensioner being present at Pension Dispensing
Authority (PDA).
 National Centre of Geo-informatics (NCoG): Under this project, Geographic
Information System (GIS) platform for sharing, collaboration, location based
analytics and decision support system for Departments has been
developed.

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 Practical No: 03
Name of Practical: Read Wikipedia pages on computer hardware components,
look at those components in lab, identify them, recognize various
ports/interfaces and related cables, etc.

Aim: To Identify and study the different parts of hardware of computers.

Theory: The computer is the combination of hardware and software. Hardware is

the physical component of a computer like motherboard, memory devices,
monitor, keyboard etc., while software is the set of programs or instructions.
Both hardware and software together make the computer system to function.
Coming to the hardware part it is the physical elements of a computer. That is
actual machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a
computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit
However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen and it is inside the
computer case and overall they can be classified in following types::
 Input devices: For raw data input.
 Processing devices: To process raw data instructions into information.
 Output devices: To disseminate data and information.
 Storage devices: For data and information retention.

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Processing Devices: Components that manipulate data into information are
categorized under processing. The microprocessor is the major device in this
category. It works closely with primary memory during its operations. Data is
stored temporarily in processor cache and primary memory during the processing
period. The microprocessor is subdivided into three important unit, which work
together in order to accomplish its function. The units are:

 The control unit

 Arithmetic and logic unit:
 Register and cache:

Output Devices: Hardware components that disseminate and display both data
and information are classified under the output category. These components are
sub-categorized under softcopy and hardcopy output. Softcopy output includes
the intangible experience. The user derives visual satisfaction by reading a
message through display components or listens to audio files through speakers.
On the other hand, hardcopy output devices are tangible, like printouts of paper
and 3D models.

Popular Softcopy Devices:

Visual display devices include

 Monitor and Projection display
 Interactive (electronic) Smart Board
 Touch Screen

Sound devices includes

 Speakers
 Headphones and earphones

Network input/output includes

 Ethernet cables
 Wireless and Bluetooth transmissions

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USB input/output includes:
 Flash drives
 External drives
 Optical drives

Popular Hardcopy Devices

Impact printers include:
 Dot matrix printer
 3D printer
Non-impact printers include:
 Inkjet printer
 Laser jet printer
 Thermal printer

Memory/Storage Devices:
Components that retain/store data are classified under memory/storage
devices. Storage is sub-divided under primary and secondary memory. They are
either volatile or nonvolatile. Primary memory usually refers to random-access
memory (RAM) that volatile, meaning that it retains data only when the computer
is powered up. Secondary memory is labeled as such because data stored within
secondary storage media (usually disk drives) do not communicate directly with
the microprocessor. Primary memory includes:
 DRAM
 SRAM
 ROM

Secondary memory is subdivided into two categories: Internal devices are

designed to be placed inside the computer at all times. Examples include hard
disk and solid state disk drives. External devices are plug and play media used to
transfer files between computers. It includes
 Optical disks
 Flash disks, and
 External disk drives


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 Practical No: 04
Name of Practical: Read Install Linux and windows operating system on lab
machine and explore various options.

Aim: Installing the Operating System. [Windows 7 and Ubuntu]

Objective: To acquire the skills required to perform a clean installation of

Windows 7 Professional OS and Ubuntu operating System.

Components Required: Windows 7 Installation disk -Drivers CD-Ubuntu OS

Procedure:
A) For Installing Fresh Copy of Windows 7

Step-1. Before inserting the CD/DVD, you'll have to enter bios and select your
primary boot device CD-ROM.Insert the Windows 7 Installation Disc and start
your computer. When prompted to "Press any key to boot from CD," press a key
on the keyboard.

Step-2: You will see a prompt that says ‘Press any key to continue’ after the ZT
logo disappears. When you see this press any key immediately.

Step -3: ‘Starting Windows’ with the Windows7 logo will appear.

Step-4:. Language options, by default English will be set along with “time and
currency format” and “keyboard or input method”

Step-5 Click “Install Now”

Step-6:. End User License Agreement (E.U.L.A.), check the box to accept, and
click “Next”

Step-7:. “Which type of installation?” window will appear. Upgrade will be

grayed out; the only option you should be able to choose is Custom (advanced).

Step-8:. “Where do you want to install windows?” Make sure the partition is
highlighted.

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Step-9: Delete the partition by clicking on Drive options (advanced) on the
bottom right corner of the field. Make sure the partition is highlighted and click
on Delete.

Step-10: Disk 0 Unallocated Space should be the only listing at this point. If it is
press next, If not please proceed to delete any additional partitions that may be
listed.

Step-11: The next screen will show “Installing Windows”. This process should
take approximately 10 minutes after which the system will reboot *NOTE: Do
not press any keys during this boot up process

Step-12: The next screen will show “Installing Windows” again to complete the
installation process.

Step-13: “Setup is starting Windows” will appear on the screen, then you will be
asked to create a user name and a computer name.

Step-14:. The next step will prompt you to create a password for your account
(optional).

Step-15: The next screen will come up and ask you to choose one of three
options: “Use recommended settings”, “Install important updates only” and
“Ask me later”.

Step-16: This screen will allow you to choose your local time zone and also
adjust the date and time.

Step-17: Click on the appropriate location of your computer to enable Windows

7 to apply the correct network settings.

The installation is done! You have successfully installed Windows 7 on your

computer.

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 B) Steps for installing UBUNTU along with Windows
Step-1: Create a live Ubuntu USB or disk if it is not available

Step-2: Boot in to live USB Plug the live USB or disk in to the computer and
restart the computer. Now, choose the option to boot from USB or CD/DVD.

Step-3: Start the installation after a few minutes a screen appears as shown
below. Here are 2 options:
1. Try ubuntu without installing and
2. Install ubuntu Here we can select install Ubuntu

Select your language and click the "Install Ubuntu" button to continue.

STEP 4: Preparing to install Ubuntu, select options and click continue.

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Step 5: Prepare the partition. This is the most important part of the whole dual
boot installation. Where to install Ubuntu? Windows is already installed here,
so, we’ll prepare a new partition for Ubuntu. In the Installation Type window,
choose Something Else:

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When select something else and continue we will get a screen like this

Linux recognizes and assigns IDs to drive in a different manner to Windows. In

the above image, you can clearly see hard disk in the list. It is identified by
"/dev/sda." Linux recognizes drives in the following way:
Sda = 1st drive
Sdb = 2nd drive so on..
Click "Add" and the following box will appear:

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You will notice here already filled out the example above to create a 10GB root
partition. You can have a maximum of 4 primary partitions, or 3 primary
partitions and 1 logical (which allows for another 64 partitions) . Location for
new partition: Do you want it at the start or end of the free space. Select
beginning.

After getting this click install now button and go .

Step-6: This time we get a screen asking Where are you? Select your location
and Click the "Continue" button.

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Step-7: The next screen to appear will be keyboard layout: Here we select the
keyboard layout most of us it’s suggested by ubuntu, but if that not your layout
select it from the list.

Step-8: Here the “who are you" screen, will appear. Here we enter our details
like name, passwords etc.

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Fill the details and then click continue.

Step- 9: The installation information screens will now appear as Ubuntu

continues the installation:

Once installation has finished, you will be presented with the following box:

Select Restart Now. After the restart yow will granted by the login window. Use
the login details you given and start use Ubuntu

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On next boot, you will see the option of Ubuntu in the main screen.

Result: Installed Windows 7 OS and Ubuntu OS successfully.

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 Practical No: 05
Name of Practical: Connect various peripherals (printer, scanner, etc.) to
computer and explore various features of peripheral and their device driver
software.

Aim: To Study and installation of the different Types of peripherals including

Printers and their installation.

Objective: To learn how to install various peripheral devices on a computer.

Components Required: Computers and several peripheral devices.

Procedure:
Theory: A Printer is an electromechanical device which converts the text and
graphical document from electronic form to the physical form. Generally they are
the external peripheral devices which are connected with the computers or
laptops through a cable or wirelessly to receive input data and print them on the
papers. Modern printers come with multipurpose functions i.e. they are
combination of printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc. There are two types of
printers.

Install and configure Dot matrix printer and Laser printer:

(i)To Install and configure Dot matrix printer:

Method 1
1. Every printer should come with the software used to install a printer in
Windows or your operating system.
2. After everything has been plugged in turn the computer on.
3. Insert the CD that came with the printer. If the CD does not automatically
start, open MyComputer, double-click on the CD drive, and then click the Setup
or Install file. If you have downloaded the drivers, run the downloaded setup
file.
4. Follow the installation wizard and once completed your software is installed.
5. Test the printer to make sure it is working

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Method 2:

Connect the power cable to printer. Connect data cable of the printer to
computer

 Go to Start > Device and Printers and click “add printer

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 Select the Manufacture and model and click next button. if the model is
not in the list, click “have disk” button and in browse window locate the
driver

 if there is an existing driver that you want to replace select it and click
next

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 Type printer name and click next.

 Computer will install driver If windows ask to share the printer click “do
not share printer” and click next. Otherwise select share this printer and
provide “share name”, comment etc
 if you want to set this printer as default select the check box and click
finish.

 Then, follow the instructions on the computer screen

 After installation restart the system and check the printer

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(ii) To Install and configure Laser printer use the above steps after connecting
the Laser Printer to system and turn on the printer. The changes are.

On the Choose a printer port page, make sure that the Use an existing port
button and the recommended printer port are selected, and then click Next.
Here select USB PortThen Follow the same Steps

B. Installing scanner Microsoft Windows 7 Environment

AIM: To Install and configure Scanner to a computer system.

Components / tools required: Computer with windows 7 OS, scanner and Device
driver software

Theory: A scanner is an input device that scans documents and images, which can
be imported into a computer. They are available in flatbed or sheet-fed versions
and are usually connected via a high-speed USB port.OCR software can be used to
recognize text documents imported from a scanner. The first image scanner
developed for use with a computer was a drum scanner. It was built in 1957 at
the US National Bureau of Standards.

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Procedure: Plug and Play installation:

1. Plug your web camera or scanner into your computer.

2. If your camera is Plug and Play, the Scanner and Camera Wizard starts.-or-

3. Double-click Add Device.

4. Follow the instructions on your screen

To Install and configure Scanner:

 To open Scanners and Cameras, click Start, click Control Panel, and then
click Scanners and Cameras. It displays already installed scanner. Select
“add device” and click next in the next

 Select the manufacture and model if it available. Otherwise select “Have

disk.”

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 The next window asks the driver i.e manufactures installation disk. Click
browse.

 Locate the driver file and click open.

 Then it will install the driver for the scanner

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 Practical No: 06
Name of Practical: Practice the HTML commands, try them with various values
make your own Webpage.

Aim: To Study and Practice various HTML Commands

Objective: To learn Basic HTML commands to design a simple Web page

HTML is a special markup language used to create web pages. This language tells
the browsers, how to display the text, images animations and other contents of a
hypertext document on the screen. The language also tells how to make a
document interactive through special hyper links.

Some important and frequently used HTML Commands

This section covers some basic HTML commands and explains the steps involved
in preparing document

Basic steps: using tags

HTML uses tags to communicate to the client (browser) how to display text and
images. Tags are contained in < > symbols. For example, to create a title for a
document you would do the following:

<title>My First HTML Document</title>

The closing tag normally contains a "/" before the directive to indicate the
termination of the action.

The HTML tag: The <html> tag is usually placed on the first line of your document.
At the end of your document you should close with the </html> tag.

The head tag: Just like the header of a memo, the head of an HTML document
contains special information, like its title. The head of a document is demarcated
by <head> and </head> respectively.

<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Document</title>

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</head>

Titles: A title tag allows you to specify a Document Title in your browser window.
When people make hotlists, this title is what they see in their list after they add
your document. The format is:

<title>My First HTML Document</title>

Remember, the title usually doesn't appear in the document itself, but in a title
box or bar at the top of the window.

The body tag: Like you might expect, the body tags <body> and </body> define
the beginning and end of the bulk of your document. All your text, images, and
links will be in the body of the document. The body should start after the head. A
typical page might begin like

<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Document</title>
</head>
<body>

Headers: There are up to six levels of headers that can be used in your document,
h1 through h6. Header 1 is the largest header and they get progressively smaller
through header 6. Below are each of the six headers and how they usually appear
in relation to one another.

<h1>This is a header 1 tag</h1>

This is a header 1 tag
<h2>This is a header 2 tag</h2>
This is a header 2 tag
<h3>This is a header 3 tag</h3>
This is a header 3 tag

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Headers, as you notice, not only vary in size, they are also bold and have a blank
line inserted before and after them. It's important to use headers only for
headings, not just to make text bold (we cover the bold tag later).

Paragraphs: In HTML, a paragraph tag <p> should be put at the end of every
paragraph of "normal" text (normal being defined as not already having a tag
associated with it).

<p> causes a line break and adds a trailing blank line

<br> causes a line break with no trailing blank line

As a convenience to yourself and others who might have to edit your HTML
documents, it's a very good idea to put two or three blank lines between
paragraphs to facilitate editing.

Boldface and Italics: You can add emphasis to text by using the boldface and italic
tags or the emphasis and strong tags.

Physical tags

This is a <b>boldface</b> tag.

This is how boldfacing appears.
This is an <i>italic</i> tag.
This is how italics appear.

Logical tags

This is a <strong>strongly emphasized</strong> tag.

This is a strongly emphasized tag.
This is an <em>emphasized</em> tag.
This is an emphasized tag.

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Lists: There is an easy way in HTML to have numbered, unnumbered, and
definition lists.

Unnumbered lists: Unnumbered lists are started with the <ul> tag, followed by
the actual list items, which are marked with the <li> tag. The list is ended with the
ending tag </ul>. For example, here is an unnumbered list with three items:

<ul>
<li> list item 1
<li> list item 2
<li> list item 3
</ul>

Numbered lists: Here is the same list using a numbered list format:

<ol>
<li> list item 1
<li> list item 2
<li> list item 3
</ol>
Center

You can center text, images, and headings with the center tag: <center> The
center tag automatically inserts a line break after the closing center tag.

Horizontal Rule: To separate sections in a document, you can insert a horizontal

rule tag <hr>. A horizontal rule is displayed as follows:

Comments: It is possible to include comments in a source HTML document that

do not appear when seen through a browser. This is most useful for giving
warnings and special instructions to future editors of your document. Comments
take the following form:

<!-----This comment will not appear in the browser----->

The comment can even break lines

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 Practical No: 07
Name of Practical: Explore feature of Open Office tools, create documents using
these features, do it multiple times.

Aim: To Study and Practice various Open Office Tools

Objective: To learn Basic Working ability on open office components.

Open Office is the one of the leading open source office software suite for word
processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases and much more. It is
available in many languages and works on all computers. Open Office is easy to
learn. It is very productive office suite with a collection of different software
packages that includes…

 OpenOffice Writer - Word Processor to create text documents

 OpenOffice Calc - Spreadsheet to create worksheets

 OpenOffice Base – Database

 OpenOffice Impress – Presentation software

 OpenOffice Draw - Drawing Software

 OpenOffice Formula - Create formula and equations

Main features of Open Office Writer includes followings..

 Create documents fast, using built-in and custom templates and styles.
 Manage large documents using various features like the ability to create
table of contents, index, and cross references.;
 With the help of mail merge, quickly create and merge documents for mass
mailings or create mailing labels;
 Easily create and format tables using the features like AutoFormat.

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 Auto-Correct and Auto-Format features rectify typo-graphical errors
automatically and allows to use predefined shortcuts and typing patterns to
quickly format the documents.
 It allows embedding or linking of graphics, spreadsheets, and other objects.
 The print zoom facility scales a document on different paper sizes, and
allows to print out multiple pages on a single sheet of paper.
 The nested tables feature supports putting one table inside another table.
 The picture bullets make it easy to insert tiny pictures before each item in a
list.
 Collect and paste lets copy more than one item to the clipboard at a time.
One can collect information from many sources and paste it into one place.
 By putting Writer documents on the Web server, one can share information
with other people.
 The multilingual features of Writer allows to type different languages in the
same document.
 Save documents in HTML format. Also create Web Pages using Web Page
Wizard.
 Writer has a powerful feature of built-in drawing tools which allows to
create various drawings and graphics.
 Export your Writer document to PDF including bookmarks.

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 Practical No: 08
Name of Practical: Explore security features the of Operating Systems and
Tools, try using them and see what happens.

Aim: To Study and explore about security features of Operating System

Objective: To learn and get aware about security mechanism provided by OS.

Security refers to providing a protection system to computer system resources

such as CPU, memory, disk, software programs and most importantly
data/information stored in the computer system. If a computer program is run by
an unauthorized user, then he/she may cause severe damage to computer or data
stored in it. So a computer system must be protected against unauthorized
access, malicious access to system memory, viruses, worms etc.

Security Management is major challenge in computer and software industry is to

protect user’s data from hackers. The Operating System provides three levels of
securities to the user end i.e. File access level, System level and Network level.

 In order to access the files created by other people, you should have the access
permission. Permissions can either be granted by the creator of the file or By the
administrator of the system.

 System level security is offered by the password in a multi-user environment.

Both
windows and Linux offer the password facility.

 Network security is an indefinable and people from all over the world try to
provide such a security. All the above levels of security, features are provided only
by the Operating System.

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