UNIT 1

1.1. Basic Internet skills

Introduction: The Internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people around the
world. But if you've never used the Internet before, all of this new information might feel a bit
confusing at first.

Throughout this tutorial, we'll try to answer some basic questions you may have about the Internet
and how it's used. When you're done, you'll have a good understanding of how the Internet works,
how to connect to the Internet, and how to browse the Web.

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global network of billions of computers

and other electronic devices. With the Internet, it's
possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone else in the world, and do
much more.

You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the

Internet, which is also called going online. When
someone says a computer is online, it's just another
way of saying it's connected to the Internet.

What is the Web?

The World Wide Web is a collection of different websites

you can access through the Internet. A website is made
up of related text, images, and other resources. Websites
can resemble other forms of media like newspaper
articles or television programs or they can be interactive
in a way that's unique to computers.

The purpose of a website can be almost anything: a news

platform, an advertisement, an online library, a forum for sharing images, or an educational site
(Ex. erespublications.blogspot.com.)
Other things you can do on the Internet

One of the best features of the Internet is the ability to communicate almost instantly with anyone
in the world. Email is one of the oldest and most universal ways to communicate and share
information on the Internet, and billions of people use it. Social media allows people to connect in
a variety of ways and build communities
online.

There are many other things you can do on

the Internet. There are thousands of ways to
keep up with news or shop for anything
online. You can pay your bills, manage your
bank accounts, meet new people, watch TV,
or learn new skills. You can learn or do
almost anything online.

1.2. Understanding browser

A browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content on the World Wide
Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files. As a client/server model, the browser
is the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server and requests information. The Web
server sends the information back to the Web browser which displays the results on the computer
or other Internet-enabled device that supports a browser.

Today’s browsers are fully-functional software suites that can interpret and display HTML Web
pages, applications, JavaScript, AJAX and other content hosted on Web servers. Many browsers
offer plug-ins which extend the capabilities of the software so it can display multimedia information
(including sound and video), or the browser can be used to perform tasks such as
videoconferencing, to design web pages or add anti-phishing filters and other security features to
the browser.

A browser is a group of structured codes which together performs a series of tasks to display a
web page on the screen. According to the tasks they perform, these codes are made as different
components.

The below image shows the main components of a web browser:

The User Interface: The user interface is the space where User interacts with the browser. It
includes the address bar, back and next buttons, home button, refresh and stop, bookmark option,
etc. Every other part, except the window where requested web page is displayed, comes under
it.

The Browser Engine: The browser engine works as a bridge between the User interface and the
rendering engine. According to the inputs from various user interfaces, it queries and manipulates
the rendering engine.

The Rendering Engine: The rendering engine, as the name suggests is responsible for rendering
the requested web page on the browser screen. The rendering engine interprets the HTML, XML
documents and images that are formatted using CSS and generates the layout that is displayed
in the User Interface. However, using plugins or extensions, it can display other types data also.
Different browsers user different rendering engines:

* Internet Explorer: Trident

* Firefox & other Mozilla browsers: Gecko
* Chrome & Opera 15+: Blink
* Chrome (iPhone) & Safari: Webkit
Networking: Component of the browser which retrieves the URLs using the common internet
protocols of HTTP or FTP. The networking component handles all aspects of Internet
communication and security. The network component may implement a cache of retrieved
documents in order to reduce network traffic.

JavaScript Interpreter: It is the component of the browser which interprets and executes the
java script code embedded in a website. The interpreted results are sent to the rendering engine
for display. If the script is external then first the resource is fetched from the network. Parser keeps
on hold until the script is executed.

UI Backend: UI backend is used for drawing basic widgets like combo boxes and windows. This
backend exposes a generic interface that is not platform specific. It underneath uses operating
system user interface methods.

Data Persistence/Storage: This is a persistence layer. Browsers support storage mechanisms

such as local Storage, Indexed DB, Web SQL and File System. It is a small database created on
the local drive of the computer where the browser is installed. It manages user data such as
cache, cookies, bookmarks and preferences.

1.3. Efficient use of search engines

Segmentation of search – Google would try and categorize information more, for example
Google Book Search, (US) government search, blog search, etc.

Semantic Web – Google search engine is becoming more sophisticated, taking account of
synonyms, page structure and user intent.

Searching the cloud – as people become more confident to store information on "cloud" hard
drives, there will be a need to search these.

Real-time – searching what people are writing at the moment to catch the latest buzz and get
really up to the minute information.

Mobile search – as we use mobiles for information, we will need search tools to search them, so
mobile websites will need to be formatted for searchability.

Semantic and computational search - Semantic search means that the software does not crawl
randomly through its index of web pages searching for the input term, but rather queries the item
against its own structured data. In other words, there is some intelligence in the search:
information is organized in a structured way, by humans, against the software's metadata.

Google Search Tips:

Get Specific with Quotes: As we mentioned in the article quotes will help you narrow the
focus of a search. For example, if you use banana bread as your keywords Google shows
you over 20 million results. If you enter "banana bread" using quotes you will get about 15
million results.
Use the Minus Sign to Remove Words: If you put a minus sign in front of a word Google
will not return pages with content that matches this word in its results.
Use the Asterisk as a Wildcard: The asterisk acts like a wildcard in a search. This is
useful if do not know part of a phrase or you forget exactly how a word or name is spelled.
For example, onomatopoeia is a word that resembles the sound it describes. If you use
onomato* as your search you will get results that are very similar to actually searching for
the correct full word, onomatopoeia.
Search Within a Site: To search within a site just put site: in front of the domain followed
by your keywords. For example, "site: writerswrite.com harry potter" will return to the Harry
Potter coverage on our site.
Calculations: Google also has a built-in calculator. You can enter a math equation like
15+25 or 18*2343 or 553/17 and Google will return the answer within a calculator that
appears in your results.
Definitions: Google also returns definitions. Use define: followed by the word you want
defined. For example, "define: perquisition" will provide the definition for perquisition.
Related Sites: Google will also provide you with sites that are related to other sites. If you
use "related:google.com" it returns Yahoo, Bing, DuckDuckGo and other search tools.
Search Recently Updated Webpages: If you want to narrow your search results to recent
information you can use the news search tab or you can click the tools tab. You will see
that the default search in tools is "any time." This can be narrowed to past hour, past 24
hours, past week, past month, past year or a custom range.
Google Alerts: Use Google Alerts to stay up-to-date on your research topics. You can
configure keyword searches that you want to get updates on when there is new content
available. You can get updates by email.
 Random Facts with Google: Google will return a trivia question and answer if you use
this keyword.

1.4. Awareness about Digital India portals (state and central) and college portals.

Digital India is a flagship program of the Government of India with a vision to transform India
into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.

Digital India brings in a great opportunity for retailer to make use of various web-based services
to serve their clients with a low investment cost Digital India Portal.

CSC offers various Government services through the Digital Seva Portal. Below is the list of all
such services:

Name Description
Election To improve voter enrolment in Elections, the Election Commission of India
has partnered with CSC SPV for delivery of various Electoral Registration
Services through CSCs.
Aadhaar CSC SPV started its journey as UIDAI Registrar in January 2013. Today it is
the top-most UIDAI Registrar in the country.
CSCs also act as an Authentication/e-KYC User Agency (AUA/KUA) and
Aadhaar Authentication/e-KYC Service Agency (ASA/KSA) for central and
State government departments, national and Grameen banks and insurance
companies.
Passport CSC SPV has collaborated with Ministry of External Affairs to provide
Passport-related services through CSCs across the country. Under Passport
Seva, the entire form filing process, including payment of fee and scheduling
of appointment for a visit to Passport Kendra, is done online through CSCs.
Pan card To improve voter enrolment in Elections, the Election Commission of India
has partnered with CSC SPV for delivery of various Electoral Registration
Services through CSCs.
E-district The E-District projects intend to provide Government services to citizens
through Common Service Centers (CSC) which are easily accessible.
Services from different departments are brought under one umbrella at any
CSC.
Bihar Student Credit Card/Self Help Allowance/Skilled Youth Program
 Bihar Student Credit Card Yojna
 Mukhyamantri Nischay Swayam Sahayata Bhatta Yojna
 Kushal Yuva Program

1.5. General understanding of various computer hardware components: CPU, Memory,

Display, Keyboard, Mouse, HDD and Other Peripheral Devices.

Fundamentals of Computers

A system can be defined as a set of components that work together to accomplish one or more
common goals. A Computer is nothing but a system accepting input from a user, process the
same, and giving the output in the required format. In other words, a computer is a machine, which
can be programmed to compute.

The characteristics of a computer are:

 Response to a specific set of commands called as Instructions.

 Execution of a prerecorded list of instructions called Program

CPU:

The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer that retrieves and
executes instructions. The CPU is responsible for executing a sequence of stored instructions
called a program.

It consists of an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and various registers. The CPU is
often simply referred to as the processor.

Types of CPU
1. Single-core CPU
It is the oldest type of CPU which is available and employed in most of the personal and
official computers. The single-core CPU can execute only one command at a time and it’s
not efficient in multi-tasking. It signifies that there is a markable declination in performance
if more than a single application is executed. If one operation is started, the second
process should wait until the first one is finished. But if it is fed with multiple operations,
the performance of the computer is drastically reduced. The performance of a single-core
CPU is based on its clock speed by measuring its power.

2. Dual-core CPU
It is a single CPU that comprises of two strong cores and functions like dual CPU acting
like one. Unlike the CPU with a single core, the processor must switch back and forth
within a variable array of data streams and if or more thread is executed, the dual-core
CPU manages the multitasking effectively. To utilize the dual-core CPU effectively, the
running programs and operating system should have a unique code called simultaneous
multi-threading technology embedded in it. Dual-core CPU is rapid than a single core but
it is not robust as quad-core CPU

3. Quad-core CPU
The quad-core CPU is a refined model of multiple core CPU features and design with four
cores on a single CPU. Similar to dual-core CPU, that divides the workload in between the
cores, and quad-core enables for effective multitasking. It doesn’t signify any single
operation which is four times faster rapid than others. Unless the applications and program
executed on it by SMT code will fasten the speed and becomes unnoticeable. Such types
of CPU are used in people who need to execute multiple different programs at the same
time as gamers, series of supreme commander that is optimized in multiple core CPU.

4. Hexa Core processors

It is another multiple core processor which is available with six cores and can execute the
task which works rapidly than the quad-core and dual-core processors. For users of the
personal computer, the processors of Hexacore are simple and now the Intel is launched
with Inter core i7 in 2010 with Hexa core processor. But here the users of smartphones
use only quad-core and dual-core processors. Nowadays, smartphones are available with
hexacore processors.
 5. Octa-core processors
The dual-core is built with two cores, four cores are built-in quad-core, Hexa comes with
six cores where the octa processors are developed with eight independent cores to
execute an effective task that is efficient and even acts rapidly than quad-core processors.
Trending octa-core processors comprises of a dual set of quad-core processors that
divides different activities between the various types. Many times, the minimum powered
core sets are employed to produce advanced tasks. If there is any emergency or
requirement, the rapid four sets of cores will be kicked in. In precise, the octa-core is
perfectly defined with dual-code core and adjust it accordingly to give the effective
performance.

6. Deca-core processor
The processor with double core comprises two cores, 4 cores are available with quad
cores, six cores are available in hexacore processors. Deca-core is available with ten
independent systems that are deployed to execute and manage the task that is successful
than other processors that are developed until now. Owning a PC, or any device made
with a deca-core processor is the best option. It is faster than other processors and very
successful in multi-tasking. Deca-core processors are trending with its advanced features.
Most of the smartphones are now available with Deca core processors with low-cost and
never become outdated. Surely, most gadgets in the market are updated with new
processors to give more useful purposes to people.

Memory:

Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve
information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and
retrieval. Computer memory is generally classified as either Internal or External memory.

Internal memory, also called "main or primary memory" refers to memory that stores small
amounts of data that can be accessed quickly while the computer is running.

External memory, also called "secondary memory" refers to a storage device that can retain or
store data persistently. They could be embedded or removable storage devices. Examples
include hard disk or solid-state drives, USB flash drives, and compact discs.
Types of Internal Memory:

There are basically two kinds of internal memory: ROM and RAM.

ROM stands for read-only memory. It is non-volatile, which means it can retain data even without
power. It is used mainly to start or boot up a computer.

Once the operating system is loaded, the computer uses

RAM, which stands for random-access memory, which
temporarily stores data while the central processing unit
(CPU) is executing other tasks. With more RAM on the
computer, the less the CPU has to read data from the
external or secondary memory (storage device), allowing
the computer to run faster. RAM is fast but it is volatile,
which means it will not retain data if there is no power. It is
therefore important to save data to the storage device
before the system is turned off.
What are the types of RAM?

There are two main types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM).

DRAM (pronounced DEE-RAM), is widely used as a computer’s main memory. Each DRAM
memory cell is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit
is stored in the capacitor. Since transistors always leak a small amount, the capacitors will slowly
discharge, causing information stored in it to drain; hence, DRAM has to be refreshed (given a
new electronic charge) every few milliseconds to retain data.

SRAM (pronounced ES-RAM) is made up of four to six transistors. It keeps data in the memory
as long as power is supplied to the system unlike DRAM, which has to be refreshed periodically.
As such, SRAM is faster but also more expensive, making DRAM the more prevalent memory in
computer systems.

Common types of DRAM:

Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) “synchronizes” the memory speed with CPU clock speed so that
the memory controller knows the exact clock cycle when the requested data will be ready. This
allows the CPU to perform more instructions at a given time. Typical SDRAM transfers data at
speeds up to 133 MHz.
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) takes its name after the company that made it, Rambus. It was popular
in the early 2000s and was mainly used for video game devices and graphics cards, with transfer
speeds up to 1 GHz.

Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) is a type of synchronous memory that nearly doubles
the bandwidth of a single data rate (SDR) SDRAM running at the same clock frequency by
employing a method called "double pumping," which allows transfer of data on both the rising and
falling edges of the clock signal without any increase in clock frequency.

DDR1 SDRAM has been succeeded by DDR2, DDR3, and most recently, DDR4 SDRAM.
Although operating on the same principles, the modules are not backward-compatible. Each
generation delivers higher transfer rates and faster performance. The latest DDR4 modules, for
example, feature fast transfer rates at 2133/2400/2666and even 3200 MT/s.

Types of DRAM packages:

Single In-Line Memory Module (SIMM): SIMM modules were widely used from the late 1980s
to 1990s, and are now obsolete. They typically had 32-bit data bus and were available in two
physical types—30- and 72-pin.

Dual In-Line Memory Module (DIMM): Current memory modules come in DIMMs. "Dual in-line"
refers to pins on both sides of the modules. A DIMM originally had a 168-pin connector supporting
64-bit data bus, which is twice the data width of SIMMs. The wider bus means that more data can
pass through a DIMM, translating to faster overall performance. Latest DIMMs based on fourth-
generation double data rate (DDR4) SDRAM have 288-pin connectors for increased data
throughput.

Short-Term Memory:

The term "short-term memory" is often used interchangeably with "working memory," which refers
to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information.

Example: RAM (Random Access Memory)

 RAM is your computer’s short-term memory. Every computing device has RAM, whether
it’s a desktop computer (running Windows, MacOS, or Linux), a tablet or smartphone, or
even a special-purpose computing device (such as a smart TV). Nearly all computers also
have some way to store information for longer-term access, too. But the working
processes are done in RAM.
  RAM is temporary storage that goes away when the power turns off. So, what is RAM
used for, then? It’s very fast, which makes it ideal for things the computer is actively
working on, such as applications that are currently running (for example, the web browser
in which you’re reading this article) and the data those applications work on or with (such
as this article).
 RAM is one of the most fundamental elements of computing.
 RAM is the super-fast and temporary data storage space that a computer needs to access
right now or in the next few moments.
 RAM is used for any task that requires fast access to computing resources.
 RAM allows you to access multiple programs at once with speed and efficiency.
 RAM is different from storage: if you turn off your PC, the information is gone whereas on
storage (SSDs, HDDs…) that data will be saved.

Long-Term Memory:

Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. This information is largely
outside of our awareness but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some
of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access.

Example: Hard disk or SDD is its long-term memory, where things are stored more or less
permanently.

Display:

A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form (the
latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind people). When the input information
that is supplied has an electrical signal the display is called an electronic display.

Types of Display

 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

 IPS-LCD (In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Display)
 OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode)
 AMOLED (Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode)
Keyboard:

The most common input device is the keyboard, which accepts letters, numbers, and
commands from the user.

The computer keyboard has three categories of keys:

 Alphanumeric keys
 Special keys
 Function keys

Alphanumeric keys comprise of

alphabets, numbers and other
characters.

Special keys perform specific tasks

such as Enter or Return key,
Backspace key, Del key, Ins key, Shift
key, Esc key etc.

The function keys are used to perform a set of operations in a single keystroke. In other words,
they can be shorthand for a sequence of operations. Most programs use F1 function key for help
operation.

Mouse:

The mouse is now one of the most popular input devices. Mouse is a pointing input device of
computer. Mouse help to control cursor that is visible on the computer screen while moving the
mouse on flat surface place. Its name was originated by its shape that look as mouse, because it
has elliptical shaped with mouse tail. Mouse reduces usability of a keyboard.

Types of computer mouse

 Mechanical Mouse
 Optical Mouse
 Infrared Frequency Cordless Mouse
 Trace ball Mouse
 Stylus Mouse
 3-D Mouse
  Specialty Mouse – like Devices
 Laser Mouse
 Foot Mouse
 IntelliMouse

Mechanical mouse is a computer input terminal that contains the metal or rubber ball in the back-
surface side. When we move the mouse then mouse’s ball roll and sensors that are embedded
inside identify the motion and move on screen’s surface portion at the same directions.

Optical mouse use advance technology such as LED (light-emitting diode), optical sensor, and
other DSP (digital signal processing) instead of the rubber ball mechanical mouse. In the optical
mouse, detect the movement by the sensors when reflected light. No need the cleaning to optical
mouse because it has not contained any moving components.

Cordless mouse is also known as wireless mouse, and these types of mouse are connected with
computers with the help of different unique technologies such as Bluetooth, RF, or infrared radio
waves. In the computer, has to contain USB device that receives the spreaded signals from the
wireless mice.

Trace ball mouse is an input pointing device. It contains ball upside of the socket, and detecting
the movement of ball with the help of sensors while rolling the ball with fingers, palm or thumbs
of human hand for moving cursor on the computer screen.

Stylus mouse is another type of input device. This stylus mouse use for the high-volume graphic
and drawing purpose, and it looks like as pen. The graphic and drawing tasks are performed on
the special pad by artistic.

A 3D mouse is special input pointing device for creating movement in virtual 3D and 2D
environment. This 3D mouse is not use for normal task, mainly designed for the gaming controller
to create the game console. Other application areas are where to use the 3D mouse like as CAD,
architecture design, and 3D modeling is the 3DConnexion Space Navigator.

Specialty Mouse and Mice-like Devices: These types of mouse mostly use for showing the
presentation on the screen, but if, you are not able to use proper smooth surface for rolling the
mouse then that situation using accelerometer for converting the motion your hand with the using
air into movements of on-screen pointer.

laser mouse, implements the laser light for detecting mouse directions. Laser mouse do not
contain any moving components inside mouse, its accuracy is good compare to other optical
mouse because these types of mouse provide 20X greater sensitivity and precision, due to this
feature those mouse use for gaming, graphic, and engineering designs, where to require pinpoint
accuracy.

A foot mouse is used by those people who are unable to use mouse with their hands or arms.
For using foot mouse, install the software programs in the system then work it properly for
selecting any spot of screen. In that mouse are needed two parts, one for controlling the cursor,
and other for clicking the mouse.

Intelli Mouse is also knows as wheel mouse or scroll mouse and this mouse was designed by
Microsoft in 1996. Its wheel set in the center between left and right button. Users use wheel of
mouse for scroll up and down any document page. If user wants to open any link on the new tab,
then mouse cursor hover on the link and press down to mouse wheel.

J Mouse’s trend has been stopped because this technology used in the traditional portable
computer such as Laptop. ‘J’ key was placed on the traditional keyboard for performing various
tasks, and other two buttons (left, right) were embedded below the Spacebar key.

Joystick Mouse: Mostly this typed of mouse uses for playing video game and graphic
applications. Joystick is like as plastic stick for reporting its directions to component it’s controlling.

Touchpad is also known as Glide pad or track pad, use for giving the input to computer. These
types of touch pad are place on the laptop or other special keyboards. Users can move the cursor
on the screen with their fingers, and other two external buttons are embedded below track pad.

Trackball is special type of mouse because one ball is placed on the surface of socket, and that
sockets contain the sensors. With using sensor to detect the rotation of ball about different two
axes like as upside-downside.

Trace Point mouse was designed by IBM in 1992. This component used in the traditional
computer, and Trace Point is also known as Pointing stick, style pointer, or nub also. It has placed
in between the G,H, and B keys on the keyboard. For moving the cursor of Track Point’s pointer,
users push the stick in desire direction where want to move cursor of pointer.

Inertial and gyroscopic mouse is also called “air mouse “, because this mouse does not need
the surface area for operating mouse. In Inertial and gyroscopic mouse, to be used accelerometer
for detecting movement at every x-axis and y-axis. Benefits are less power consumption, enhance
sensitivity, decrease weight, and more comfortable to another mouse.
Tactile mouse was designed by Logitech in 2000. It contains a small size actuator for making
mouse vibrate. Main motive of designing tactile mouse is for providing education to blind persons
in graphical nature. In tactile mouse is used pins and with the movement of these pins’ user can
be able to distinguish various pictures such as triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, and
circles.

Puck mouse is also known as also “Hockey Puck”, and it has round shape as well as USB
connection format. First, Puck mouse was introduced by Apple Inc with Bondi Blue iMac G3 in
1988. Its main application areas are graphic designing and Auto CAD.

Ergonomic mouse is vertical mice, and main objective of introducing this mouse to minimize the
wrist and forearm pain because these types of problems are associated with traditional mouse
while using them.

Gaming Mice: These types of mice are developed specially for computer games. Gaming mouse
allow providing the flexibility to users, for using real-time strategy game like as StarCraft or
multiplayer battle arena. Other advantages, manage the weight by adding or subtracting weight
for easier control, and more comfortable for user’s palm and thumb.

HDD (Hard disk drive):

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage
device that stores and retrieves digital data using
magnetic storage and one or more rigid rapidly
rotating platters coated with magnetic material.

The platters are paired with magnetic heads,

usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which
read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is
accessed in a random-access manner, meaning
that individual
blocks of data
can be stored
and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of non-volatile
storage, retaining stored data even when powered off.
Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs were the dominant secondary storage device for general-
purpose computers beginning in the early 1960s. HDDs maintained this position into the modern
era of servers and personal computers, though personal computing devices produced in large
volume, like cell phones and tablets.

Other Peripheral Devices:

Webcam:

A webcam is a small digital video camera that connects to a computer. It

is also known as a web camera. These cameras come with software that
needs to be installed on the computer that helps transmit its video on
the Internet in real-time. It has the ability to take pictures, including HD
videos, but its video quality can be lower as compared to other camera
models.

A webcam captures digital pictures as it is an input device. These images are forwarded to the
computer that moves them to a server. Then, these pictures can be transmitted to the hosting
page from the server. Nowadays, most of the webcam is connected to the USB or FireWire port
on the computer or embedded into the display with laptop computers.

Features of Webcam:

The webcams can differ in terms of size, shape, specification, and price. There are several
features of webcam that help you choose the best webcam for your individual needs:

1. Megapixels

The megapixels are very small dots of color that makes a visual image when they are combined.
Accordingly, a webcam produces a clearer bright image with more megapixels. In the past, the
number of megapixels was an issue, but it is not a big problem today. Now, most of the webcam
will offer a reasonable image quality. Although a webcam with 320X240 or 640X480 pixels
provides a better image. Also, the 1280X720 pixels are considered a better specification for your
webcam to produce high definition (HD) quality.

2. Frame Rate

As the megapixels control the image and color brightness, the frame rate deals with the video
quality, which decides how many images per second are displayed. At least the frame rate in a
reasonable webcam will have 30 frames per second. If the frame rate is less than 30fps, this is
out of date, and images may shake and vibrate. A webcam that supports 60 fps recording can
provide a higher quality moving image or smoothest video.

3. Lens Quality

In the video process, the lens is the first stage. Therefore, it is most important that your camera
has the correct lens for full filling your requirements. A moderately-priced model has a plastic lens,
while a high-end webcam has a glass lens. A glass lens is much better as compared to a plastic
lens. Additionally, it is suggested that to invest in a glass lens as it is more appropriate for
professional video production.

4. Autofocus

There can be a lot of activity happening during a webcam session in many scenarios; autofocus
is a feature that works by automatically focusing the subject, while it moves around. This feature
can be inappropriate that can be caused to slow functions, while the camera also takes the time
to capture.
5. Low Light Quality

Sometimes, if you need to use your webcam in the evening or in low light conditions, the image
quality can be very poor. In some webcams, Logitech has developed Right Light, which can
improve the image quality in these evenings or in low light conditions.

6. Resolution

A resolution is an important aspect in pictures or videos, although many webcam support 720p
and 1080p high-definition quality. Also, some webcams come to have 4k capability, but they come
with a premium price tag. A webcam with a resolution between 1.3MP and 2.0MP can provide
you clear pictures without overdoing the resolution.

Joystick:

A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is the principal
control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a Centre stick or side-
stick. It often has supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's flight.

Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one
or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A
popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles
is the analog stick. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines
such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs,
surveillance cameras, and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks
have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones.

Printer:

A printer is an output device that prints paper documents.

This includes text documents, images, or a combination of
both. The two most common types of printers are inkjet
and laser printers. Inkjet printers are commonly used by
consumers, while laser printers are a typical choice for
businesses. Dot matrix printers, which have become
increasingly rare, are still used for basic text printing.
The printed output produced by a printer is often called a hard copy, which is the physical version
of an electronic document. While some printers can only print black and white hard copies, most
printers today can produce color prints. In fact, many home printers can now produce high-quality
photo prints that rival professionally developed photos. This is because modern printers have a
high DPI (dots per inch) setting, which allows documents to printed with a very fine resolution.

Pen drive:

A pen drive, or a USB flash drive, is a portable data-

storage device. Pen drives have replaced the floppy
drives of old and have become the most popular data-
storage devices among consumers. Micro, lightweight
and handy, a pen drive can be easily carried from place
to place by students, professionals, academicians and
independent tech consultants. Currently available pen
drives with storage capacities ranging from 8GB and
32GB can be used to store graphics-heavy documents,
photos, music files and video clips.

Transfer Files: A pen drive plugged into a USB port can be used as an interfacing device to
transfer files, documents and photos to a PC. Similarly, select files can be transferred from a pen
drive to any workstation.

Portability: The lightweight and "micro" characteristics of a pen drive make it possible to carry it
from place to place.

Backup Storage: With most pen drives now having password encryption features, important
family information, medical records and photos can be backed up on them.

Transport Data: Academicians can easily transport large files and lectures on a pen drive and
access them anywhere. Independent PC technicians can store utility tools, programs and files on
a high-speed 32 GB pen drive and move from site to site.

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