A search engine is a software that is accessed on the internet to assist a user to search its query

on the world wide web. The search engine is helpful as it carries out a systematic search on the
web and displays the results that best match the user’s query.

What are the top 5 Search Engines?

Google is of course the leader of search engines with more than 90% of
the market share. So much so that, it has become synonymous with
searching on the internet.

Let us look at some of the other most popular search engines apart from
Google.

1. Bing (renamed as Microsoft Bing in October 2020)

This one is almost as popular as the google search. Bing is the default search
engine of the windows PC. One might find various similarities between google
and bing with result features like – images, videos, places, maps, and news.

Though Microsoft might have attempted to make it as successful as Google it

still holds only 2-3 percent of the total search engine market share.

2. Yahoo
Yahoo used to be one of the most popular sites to visit at one time. It is
exclusively provided by Bing. It is also a default for Firefox users in the United
States.

3. Baidu
This one is a popular engine in China. Though not very popular, its shares are
increasing worldwide, according to Alexa. It is available all around the world
but only in Chinese.

4. Yandex
Yandex.ru is a popular search engine in countries like Russia, Ukraine, Turkey,
etc. Its name is derived from Yet Another Indexer. It has less than 1 percent
market share of the overall search engine.

5. DuckDuckGo
This not-so-popular search engine has about 0.45 percent of the market share.
Its competitors are also small search engines like Bing and Yahoo. Unlike most
search engines it does not have a search index of its own, instead uses a
variety of sources.
In other words, it does not have data of its own and depends on other sites
like yahoo, Bing, etc. But what makes it unique from the lot is that it’s much
cleaner and is not full of trash ads.

What is Search Engine? Definition, Example and Working (artoftesting.com)

Internet is an architecture designed to interconnect computers from all around

the world. It is also sometimes referred to as the network of networks. This is
because the internet is made up of several smaller networks.

Domestic networks, government networks, military networks, etc. are some of

the small networks that make the internet as a whole. It is the work of several
repeaters, cables, data centers, network towers, etc. to let the information
travel through the connected computers.

What is Internet? Its History, Working and Advantages (artoftesting.com)

Here is the list of some common uses of internet

1) Email: By using internet now we can communicate in a fraction of seconds

with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today for better
communication, we can avail the facilities of Email. We can chat for hours with
our loved ones. There are plenty messenger services and email services offering
this service for free. With help of such services, it has become very easy to
establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts, can
explore other cultures of different ethnicity.

2) Information: The biggest advantage that internet offering is information. The

internet and the World Wide Web has made it easy for anyone to access
information and it can be of any type, as the internet is flooded with
information. The internet and the World Wide Web has made it easy for anyone
to access information and it can be of any type. Any kind of information on any
topic is available on the Internet.

3) Business: World trade has seen a big boom with the help of the internet, as it
has become easier for buyers and sellers to communicate and also to advertise
their sites. Now a day's most of the people are using online classified sites to
buy or sell or advertising their products or services. Classified sites save a lot of
money and time so this is chosen as medium by most of people to advertise
their products. We have many classified sites on the web like craigslist,
Adsglobe.com, Kijiji etc.

4) Social Networking: Today social networking sites have become an important

part of the online community. Almost all users are members use it for personal
and business purposes. It's an awesome place to network with many
entrepreneurs who come here to begin building their own personal and
business brand.

5) Shopping: In today's busy life most of us are interested to shop online. Now a
day's almost anything can be bought with the use of the internet. In countries
like US most of consumers prefer to shop from home. We have many shopping
sites on internet like amazon.com, Dealsglobe.com etc. People also use the
internet to auction goods. There are many auction sites online, where anything
can be sold.

6) Entertainment: On internet we can find all forms of entertainment from

watching films to playing games online. Almost anyone can find the right kind of
entertainment for themselves. When people surf the Web, there are numerous
things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found and
shared on the Internet. There are numerous games that may be downloaded
from the Internet for free.

7) E-Commerce: Ecommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial

maneuvering, or business deals that involves the transfer of information across
the globe via internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of
shopping, almost anything. It has got a real amazing and range of products from
household needs, technology to entertainment.

8) Services: Many services are now provided on the internet such as online

banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite movies, and guidance
services on array of topics in the every aspect of life, and hotel reservations and
bills paying. Often these services are not available off-line and can cost you
more.

9) Job Search: Internet makes life easy for both employers and job seekers as
there are plenty of job sites which connects employers and job seekers.

10) Dating/Personals: People are connecting with others though internet and

finding their life partners. Internet not only helps to find the right person but
also to continue the relationship.

10 Most Common Uses of Internet - Internet (sooperarticles.com)

What is Cloud Computing and How Does It Work

A simple definition of cloud computing involves delivering different types of services over the
Internet. From software and analytics to secure and safe data storage and networking resources,
everything can be delivered via the cloud.
What is Cloud Computing in Simple Terms? Definition & Examples (phoenixnap.com)

Examples of Cloud Computing

Now we are going to discuss the Examples of Cloud Computing which are mention

below :

1. Dropbox, Facebook, Gmail

Cloud can be used for storage of files. The advantage is an easy backup. They

automatically synchronize the files from the desktop. Dropbox allowing users to

access files and storage up to 1 terabyte of free storage. Social Networking platform
requires a powerful hosting to manage and store data in real-time. Cloud-based

communication provides click-to-call capabilities from social networking sites, access

to the Instant messaging system.

2. Banking, Financial Services

Consumers store financial information to cloud computing serviced providers. They

store tax records as online backup services.

3. Health Care
Using cloud computing, Medical professionals host information, analytics and do

diagnostics remotely. As healthcare also comes in the list of examples of cloud

computing it allows other doctors around the world to immediately access this

medical information for faster prescriptions and updates. Application of cloud

computing in health care includes telemedicine, public and personal health care, E-

health services and bioinformatics.

4. Education
This is useful in institutions of higher learning provide benefits to universities and

colleges so henceforth Education comes in the examples of cloud computing. Google

and Microsoft provide various services free of charge to staff and students in different

learning institutions. Several Educational institutions in united states use them to

improve efficiency, cut on costs. Example- Google App Education (GAE). They allow

the user to use their personal workspace, teaching becomes more interactive.
5. Government
They deliver e-Governance services to citizens using cloud-based IT services. They

have the technology to handle large transactions, citizens can see fewer congestion

bottlenecks.

6. Big data Analytics

Big data analytics is another example of Cloud computing, As cloud computing

enables data scientist in analyzing their data patterns, insights, correlations,

predictions and help in good decision making. There are many open sources of big

tools like Hadoop, Cassandra.

7. Communication
Cloud allows network-based access to communication tools like emails and calendars.

Wats app is also a cloud-based infrastructure as it comes in communication it is also

one of the examples of cloud computing. All the messages and information are stored

in service providers hardware.

8. Business Process
Business email is cloud-based. ERP, document management and CRM are based on a

cloud service provider. SAAS has become an important method for the enterprise.

Examples include Salesforce, HubSpot. They make many business processes more

reliable because data can be copied at multiple redundant sites on the cloud providers.
Nanotechnology deals with the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1
and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
More specifically, nanotechnology is the imaging, modeling, measuring, design, characterization, production,
and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the
nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale) that produces structures, devices, and
systems with at least one novel/superior characteristic or property.

Nanotechnology in computers provides the need for faster running

computer processes at cooler temperatures than traditional, transistor-

based computer components. In traditional computing, transistors have

used silicon components as an affordable and easily manufactured method

to provide smaller and faster computers and electronic gadgets, such as

netbooks, smartphones and personal assistant devices. Such powerful

gadgets at so small a size produce too much heat, however, reducing the

effectiveness, performance and longevity of the silicon components.

Nanotechnology in computing solves the heat dilemma by providing

improved processor power at cooler temperatures and lighter weights.

Nanotechnology is used to make small computing devices such as smartphones.

Nanotechnology in computers makes use of nanomaterials, tiny molecule-
sized machines that process information similarly to the intricate and
complex cells in a living organism. Similar to cells, nanomaterials exist on a
microscopic level, one nanometer measuring one billionth of a meter, or
1/50,000 the thickness of a human hair. Nanotechnology in computing
therefore operates on a minuscule level. Computer manufacturers create
long, microscopic strands of carbon atoms, called carbon nanotubes, into
tiny transistors that provide twice the processing power of silicon chips,
while generating much less heat and lighter components. Additionally,
nanotechnology applications offer more efficient performance, thus
conserving power and increasing battery life for smaller, portable electronic
devices.

Examples include silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes (CNT), supercapacitor (SC), actuators,
computer chips, and sensors.

In the simplest terms, AI which stands for artificial intelligence refers to systems or machines that
mimic human intelligence to perform tasks and can iteratively improve themselves based on the
information they collect. AI manifests in a number of forms. A few examples are:

 Chatbots use AI to understand customer problems faster and provide more efficient
answers
 Intelligent assistants use AI to parse critical information from large free-text datasets
to improve scheduling
 Recommendation engines can provide automated recommendations for TV shows
based on users’ viewing habits
AI is much more about the process and the capability for superpowered thinking and data
analysis than it is about any particular format or function. Although AI brings up images of high-
functioning, human-like robots taking over the world, AI isn’t intended to replace humans. It’s
intended to significantly enhance human capabilities and contributions. That makes it a very
valuable business asset.

1. System Software
 The system software is a type of computer software that is designed for running

the computer hardware parts and the application programs. It is the platform

provided to the computer system where other computer programs can execute.

The system software act as a middle layer between the user applications and

hardware. The operating system is the type of system software. The operating

system is used to manage all other programs installed on the computer.

 The other purpose of system software is to translate inputs received from other

sources and convert them into language so that the machine can understand.

The BIOS (basic input/output system) is another type of system software that

works when the computer system starts and is used to manage the data between

the hardware devices (video adapter, mouse, keyboard and printer) and the

operating system. The system software provides the functionality for the user to

use the hardware directly using the device drivers program.

 The boot is the system software program that loads the operating system in the

main memory of the computer or can load in random access memory (RAM).

The other example of system software is assembler which has a functionality to

take computer instructions as input and then convert it into bits so that the

processor can read that bit and perform computer operations.

 The other example of system software is a device driver which is used to

control some specific device which is connected to computer systems like

mouse or keyboard. The device driver software is used to convert input/ output

instructions of OS to messages so that the device can read and understand. The

system software can be run in the background or can be executed directly by

the user.
2. Application Software
 The other category of software is application software that is designed for the

users to perform some specific tasks like writing a letter, listening to music or

seeing any video. For all these requirements there required a specific software

for each type and that specific software that is designed for some specific

purpose is known as application software. The operating software runs the

application software in the computer system.

 The difference between system software and application software is the

difference in the user interface. In system software, there is no user interface

present whereas in application software the user interface is present for each

software so that users can easily use the software. The user cannot see the

system software like an operating system and cannot work in system software

but in an application, software users can see the application software using a

graphical user interface and can also work in the application software. The user

also has an option to create its user-written software and use the software for its

personal use.

 The templates are present which can be used by the user to create user-written

programs. The application software can be bundled together and that bundle is

known as an application suite. An example of an application suite is Microsoft

Office. The word processor software is designed by combining various small

program to make one single program which can be used for writing text,
 creating a spreadsheet or creating presentations. The other type of application

software is Mozilla Firefox, internet explorer. These kinds of application

software can be used for searching any article, text on the web and interact with

the outside world.

3. Programming Languages
 The programming language is the third category of computer software which is

used by the programmers to write their programs, scripts, and instructions

which can be executed by a computer. The other name of the programming

language is a computer language that can be used to create some common

standards. The programming language can be considered as a brick which can

be used to construct computer programs and operating system. The examples of

programming languages are JAVA, C, C++, and other languages.

 There is always some similarity between the programming languages the only

difference is the syntax of programming language which makes them different.

The programmer uses the syntax and rules of programming language to write

their programs. Once the source code is written by a programmer in the IDE

(Integrated Development Environment) the programmer then compiles that

code in machine language which can be understood by the computer. The use

of programming language is in developing websites, applications, and many

other programs.
 The programming language can be broadly divided into two major elements

syntax and semantics. The programming language follows some sequence of

operations so that the desired output can be achieved. The programming

language is also known as high-level language as the programs written by a

programmer are easy to read and easy to understand. The JAVA, C, C++

programming languages are considered as high-level language. The other

category of a programming language is a low-level language.

 The low level of language includes machine language and assembly

language. The assembly language contains a list of instructions that are not

easy to read and understand. The machine language contains binary codes that

can be read by CPU directly and not present in a human-readable form. The

low level of language can be directly understood by computer hardware.