Internet And Browser

Name: Sayalee Patil.

Class: S.Y .B.com Acc/Fin.
Roll No: 2368.
Subject: Information Technology II.
Title: Internet And Browser.
Submission Date: 3rdJanuary 2011.

Submitted to:
Satya
Victoria

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Index

SR.N PAGE
O. TOPICS NO.

I. INTERNET 3

II. INTERNET EXPLORER 8

III. WEB BROWSER 13

IV. URL 14

V. INTRANET 15

VI. EXTRANET 18

TYPES OF INTERNET
VII. CONNECTIONS 20

VIII CONCLUSION
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INTERNET
INTRODUCTION:-

The term "Internet" was originally coined in the 1970s. At that time, only the very meager
beginnings of a public global network were in place. Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, a
number of smaller national networks like ARPANET, BITNET, CSNET, and NSFNET evolved,
merged, or dissolved, then finally joined with non-US networks to form the global Internet.

DEFINITION:-
The Internet, or simply the Net, is the publicly available worldwide system of
interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a
standardized Internet Protocol (IP) and many other protocols.

USES:-
Since the internet has become popular, it's being used for many purposes. Here is the list of some
common uses of internet.
1) Email:

By using internet now we can communicate in a fraction of seconds with a person who is sitting
in the other part of the world. Today for better communication, we can avail the facilities of
Email. We can chat for hours with our loved ones. There are plenty messenger services and
email services offering this service for free. With help of such services, it has become very easy
to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts, can explore other
cultures of different ethnicity.

2) Information:

The biggest advantage that internet offering is information. The internet and the World Wide
Web has made it easy for anyone to access information and it can be of any type, as
the internet is flooded with information. The internet and the World Wide Web has made it easy
for anyone to access information and it can be of any type. Any kind of information on any topic
is available on the Internet.

3) Business:

World trade has seen a big boom with the help of the internet, as it has become easier for buyers
and sellers to communicate and also to advertise their sites. Now a day's most of the people are
using online classified sites to buy or sell or advertising their products or services. Classified
sites save a lot of money and time so this is chosen as medium by most of people to advertise
their products. We have many classified sites on the web like craigslist, Adsglobe.com, Kijiji etc.

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4) Social Networking:

Today social networking sites have become an important part of the online community. Almost
all users are members use it for personal and business purposes. It's an awesome place to
network with many entrepreneurs who come here to begin building their own personal and
business brand.

5) Shopping:

In todays busy life most of us are interested to shop online. Now a day's almost anything can be
bought with the use of the internet. In countries like US most of consumers prefer to shop from
home. We have many shopping sites on internet like amazon.com, Dealsglobe.com etc. People
also use the internet to auction goods. There are many auction sites online, where anything can
be sold.

6) Entertainment:

On internet we can find all forms of entertainment from watching films to playing games online.
Almost anyone can find the right kind of entertainment for themselves. When people surf the
Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found
and shared on the Internet. There are numerous games that may be downloaded from
the Internet for free.

7) E-Commerce:

Ecommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial maneuvering, or business deals that
involves the transfer of information across the globe via internet. It has become a phenomenon
associated with any kind of shopping, almost anything. It has got a real amazing and range of
products from household needs, technology to entertainment.

8) Services:
Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing
tickets for your favorite movies, and guidance services on array of topics in the every aspect of
life, and hotel reservations and bills paying. Often these services are not available off-line and
can cost you more.
9) Job Search:

Internet makes life easy for both employers and job seekers as there are plenty of job sites which
connects employers and job seekers.

10) Dating/Personals:

People are connecting with others though internet and finding their life partners.Internet not
only helps to find the right person but also to continue the relationship.

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ADVANTAGES:-
1) Communication:
The foremost target of internet has always been the communication. And internet has excelled
beyond the expectations .Still; innovations are going on to make it faster, more reliable. By the
advent of computer’s Internet, our earth has reduced and has attained the form of a global
village.
2) Information:
Information is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a virtual
treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on
the Internet. The search engines like Google, yahoo is at your service on the Internet. You can
almost find any type of data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking for.
3) Entertainment:
Entertainment is another popular raison d'être why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In
fact, media of internet has become quite successful in trapping multifaceted entertainment factor.
Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the uses people
have discovered. There are numerous games that may be downloaded from the Internet for free.
Chat rooms are popular because users can meet new and interesting people. When people surf
the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be
found and shared on the Internet.
4) Services:
Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing
tickets for your favorite movies, guidance services on array of topics engulfing the every aspect
of life, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not available off-line and can cost you
more.
5) Shopping:
Along with getting information on the Internet, you can also shop online. There are many online
stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using your credit card.
You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your
home.
6) E-Commerce:
Ecommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial maneuvering, or business deals that
involves the transfer of information across the globe via Internet. It has become a phenomenon
associated with any kind of shopping, almost anything. You name it and Ecommerce with its
giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make you available at your door
steps. It has got a real amazing and wide range of products from household needs, technology to
entertainment.

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DISADVANTAGES:-
1) Theft of Personal information:
If you use the Internet, you may be facing grave danger as your personal information such as
name, address, credit card number etc. can be accessed by other culprits to make your problems
worse.

2) Spamming:
Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly
obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you, and so instead
of just ignoring it, you should make an effort to try and stop these activities so that using the
Internet can become that much safer.

3) Virus threat:
Virus is nothing but a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems.
Computers attached to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing
your whole hard disk, causing you considerable headache.

4) Pornography:
This is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children’s healthy mental life. A very serious
issue concerning the Internet. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can
be easily found and can be a detrimental factor to letting children use the Internet.

5) Security Problems:

The valuable websites can be damaged by hackers and your valuable data may be deleted.
Similarly, confidential data may be accessed by unauthorized persons.

6) Immorality:

Some websites contains immoral materials in the form of text, pictures or movies etc. These
websites damage the character of new generation.

7) Filtration of Information:

When a keyword is given to a search engine to search information of a specific topic, a large
number of related links a displayed. In this case, it becomes difficult to filter out the required
information.

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8) Accuracy of Information:

A lot of information about a particular topic is stored on the websites. Some information may be
incorrect or not authentic. So, it becomes difficult to select the correct information. Sometimes
you may be confused.

9) Wastage of times::

A lot of time is wasted to collect the information on the Internet. Some people waste a lot of time
in chatting or to play games. At home and offices, most of the people use Internet without any
positive purpose.

10) English language problems:

Most of the information on the Internet is available in English language. So, some people cannot
avail the facility of Internet.

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INTERNET EXPLORER:-
INTRODUCTION:-
A Web browser that made its debut in 1995 as Microsoft's response to Netscape, one of the first
graphical-based Web browsers and, at the time, the dominant browser in use with control of over
90 percent of the market.

Initially called Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE), Internet Explorer (IE) has long held
the title of most popular browser in use, despite strong competition from the likes of Mozilla
Firefox, Apple's Safari, Opera and Google Chrome.
As with most modern browsers, Internet Explorer
supports Java, JavaScript,ActiveX, RSS, CSS and Ajax, while also offering features like tabbed
browsing,private browsing, and built-in malware and phishing protection.
The latest official release, Internet Explorer 8 (IE8), made its debut in March of 2009, and the
next major release, Internet Explorer 9, is currently in development. IE9 is expected to offer a
faster Javascript engine called Chakra, hardware accelerated rendering using Direct2D and
DirectWrite, and extensive support for CSS3 and HTML5.

Parts
1) Menu Bar
The menu bar contains several buttons which are used to group commands into groups. File
contains the commands which relate to file operations such as saving a file or printing a file. The
Edit menu contains commands for editing your work. To display a menu choice such as File,
click on the word File in the menu bar. A list of choices should appear below the word file. To
select one of these menu choices, click on the appropriate choice from the pull-down menu.

2) Display area
Most web pages are too large for the entire page to be seen on the computer screen at one time.
When viewing a page in Internet Explorer, you will usually see a scroll bar at the right side of
your screen, which can be used to scroll down and view the rest of the document. Use the
arrows on the top and bottom of the scroll bar to move up and down through the document.
Some of the words on a web page will be displayed in blue letters. This is the default color of
text which is a hyperlink. A hyperlink is a pointer that sends your computer to another place on
the Internet simply by clicking on the link. Pictures and graphics can also be hyperlinks. As
your mouse pointer is moved over a hyperlink, the pointer changes to a pointing hand to show
you that whatever is displayed on that portion of the screen is a link (pointer) to another place on
the Internet.

3) Standard Toolbar
The buttons on the standard toolbar allow you to perform common tasks quickly and more easily
than doing those same tasks using the choices on the pull-down menus. Two very important
buttons are Back and Forward. These buttons allow you to move through the web pages that you

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have viewed in Internet Explorer. The back button takes you back one screen at a time while the
forward button moves you forward one screen at a time. Each button on the toolbar is normally
gray. Color is added when the mouse pointer is placed over a button.
Another important button on the standard toolbar is the STOP button. Some web pages are very
large and take considerable time to load and display. You might see the first part of a page and
decide that you do not need this page or you might decide that you do not want to wait for the
entire page to load. Clicking the STOP button will stop a web page from being downloaded.

4) Address Bar
The Address Bar contains a white text box which displays the URL for the web page currently
displayed. The URL of a web page is its Internet address. These will be discussed in more detail
below. You can also type a web address into this box and press ENTER to load the web page in
Internet Explorer.

5) Internet Explorer Icon

The Internet Explorer Icon rotates while a connection to a web site is being made, a web page is
being loaded into memory, and a web page is being displayed on your screen.

6) Status Bar
The Status Bar displays the URL of a link when the mouse pointer passes over the link. It also
provides information about the progress of your request to load a new web page.

7) Toolbars
Several toolbars are available in Internet Explorer. Each one contains buttons that enable you to
easily move between web cites and stop a page from being downloaded.

Basic Window Buttons

 Internet Explorer: Basic Window Buttons

Standard Windows Operating Systems buttons are located at the top-right corner of any Internet
Explorer window. The far right button closes Internet Explorer, the middle button adjusts the
window size, and the leftmost of the three buttons minimizes the window.
Web Address Field

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 Internet Explorer: Web Address Field

The "Web Address Field," located near the top-left of the window, shows the current page's
URL---otherwise known as web address. To navigate to a new address, simply type it into the
field.

Back and Forward Buttons

 Internet Explorer: Back/Forward Buttons

These navigation buttons, located at the top-left, allow you to go back to previous websites with
a simple click. Navigate forward by clicking the arrow pointing to the right.
Tab Button

 Internet Explorer: Tab Button

Located near the title of the current website, the "Tab Button" is clicked to open a new browser
"Tab" for easy back-and-forth browsing between multiple URLs.
Search Field

 Internet Explorer: Search Field

The "Search Field" lets you type in a web query. Press enter for an instant search.
Tools Menu

 Internet Explorer: Tools Menu

The "Tools Menu" is a very important feature, allowing you to access the "Internet Options"
window for homepage selection, security features, web permissions and other advanced Internet
Explorer option

 Parts of the Explorer windows

The various parts of the Explorer window are as follows:

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 Indicator bar:
The Explorer window is divided into two parts. The box on the left hand side is termed as the
Folders box, and the one on the right hand side is called the Contents box. At the top of the
Contents box, the name of the currently open folder, My Computer is displayed in a bar which is
called the indicator bar.

 Status bar:
The Status bar, by default, indicates the number of items in the Contents box. In Fig.WE¬n it
shows eight objects.

 Folders box:
As you know, the box on the left side of the Explorer window is called the Folders box. This
box, as shown in displays the icons for various folders and drives present on a computer. All
folders and drives are displayed in the form of a folder tree. In other words, the folder tree is a
hierarchical representation of the folders, files, disk drives, and other resources connected to a
computer or network. If you click on any icon in the folder tree, its contents get displayed inside
the Contents box.

 Contents box :
The box in the right section of the Explorer window is called the Contents box. It shows the
contents of a drive, a folder or an icon which is highlighted in the Folders box. Since in the My
Computer icon is open, only its contents are displayed inside the Contents box such as the A:
drive icon, C: drive icon, D: drive icon, Shared Documents icon ete. shows the Contents box of
the My Computer folder.
Get familiar with the following terms which you will frequently encounter:

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 Folders:
Folders are containers that may have many files or sub-folders under them. Folders form the first
level of contents in Local Disk Folders can never be copied or moved into a file.

 Local Disk :
It is the head of all folders in yout hard disk. It can be renamed, but it cannot be copied or moved
into a file or sub-folder or a sub¬sub-folder, etc. The following diagram shows the way in which
folders are arranged in the hard disk:

 Sub-folders:
All the folders just below main folders of the Local Disk are called sub-folders. These can be
renamed, copied or moved into another sub-folder or sub-sub-folder. However, they cannot be
copied into files.

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WEB BROWSER
INTRODUCTION:-
A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified
by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of
content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related
resources Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can
also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file
systems. Some browsers can also be used to save information resources to file systems.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of web publishing?

Advantages of Web Publishing and Marketing

 Greater geographical reachability (local companies become worldwide players)
 Web is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week service
 Faster communication with partners and customers
 Customized services
 High acceptance level and positive image (Internet is "hip")
 Customer-driven -- no unwanted contacts
 Maximum comfort (user doesn't have to leave his home to get all the information needed
and can even order the product)
 Better and faster knowledge about the market (detailed marketing data available as a
result of customer's online habits)
 Reduction of costs (data entry and printing costs minimized)
 Your competition is out there
o 25% of all bigger US companies will be present on the Web in 1997
o this means 10,000 new sites every month

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Uniform Resource Locator

INTRODUCTION:-
URL: Abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator, the global address of documents and
other resources on the World Wide Web.
The first part of the address is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use,
and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain
name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are separated
by a colon and two forward slashes.
For example, the two URLs below point to two different files at the domain
pcwebopedia.com. The first specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP
protocol; the second specifies a Web page that should be fetched using the HTTP protocol:

ftp://www.pcwebopedia.com/stuff.exe
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html

URLs - What is an URL?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, which means it is a uniform (same throughout the
world) way to locate a resource (file or document) on the Internet. The URL specifies the
address of a file and every file on the Internet has a unique address. Web software, such as your
browser, use the URL to retrieve a file from the computer on which it resides.
The actual URL is a set of four numbers separated by periods. An example of this would be
202.147.23.8 but as these are difficult for humans to use, addresses are represented in
alphanumeric form that is more descriptive and easy to remember. Thus, the URL of my site
which is URL 209.164.80.192 can also be written as www.simplygraphix.com. The Internet
Domain Name System translates the alphanumerical address to numeric.

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INTRANET

INTRODUCTION:-
An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technologies to securely
share any part of an organization's information or network operating system within that
organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and
instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the term refers only to the
organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's
information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an
important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration.

FEATURES
An intranet is built from the same concepts and technologies used for the Internet, such as client–
server computing and the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Any of the well known Internet
protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail), and FTP
(file transfer). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern interfaces to legacy
information systems hosting corporate data.

An intranet can be understood as a private analog of the Internet, or as a private extension of the
Internet confined to an organization. The first intranet websites and home pages began to appear
in organizations in 1990-1991. Although not officially noted, the term intranet first became
common-place among early adopters, such as universities and technology corporations, in 1992.

Intranets are also contrasted with extranets. While intranets are generally restricted to employees
of the organization, extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other approved
parties.Extranets extend a private network onto the Internet with special provisions for access,
authorization, and authentication (AAA protocol).

Intranets may provide a gateway to the Internet by means of a network gateway with a firewall,
shielding the intranet from unauthorized external access. The gateway often also implements
user authentication, encryption of messages, and often virtual private network (VPN)
connectivity for off-site employees to access company information, computing resources and
internal communication...

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USES
Increasingly, intranets are being used to deliver tools and applications, e.g., collaboration (to
facilitate working in groups and teleconferencing) or sophisticated corporate directories, sales
and customer relationship management tools, project management etc., to advance productivity.

Intranets are also being used as corporate culture-change platforms. For example, large numbers
of employees discussing key issues in an intranet forum application could lead to new ideas in
management, productivity, quality, and other corporate issues.

In large intranets, website traffic is often similar to public website traffic and can be better
understood by using web metrics software to track overall activity. User surveys also improve
intranet website effectiveness. Larger businesses allow users within their intranet to access
public internet through firewall servers. They have the ability to screen messages coming and
going keeping security intact.

When part of an intranet is made accessible to customers and others outside the business, that
part becomes part of an extranet. Businesses can send private messages through the public
network, using special encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect one part of
their intranet to another.

Intranet user-experience, editorial, and technology teams work together to produce in-house
sites. Most commonly, intranets are managed by the communications, HR or CIO departments of
large organizations, or some combination of these.

Because of the scope and variety of content and the number of system interfaces, intranets of
many organizations are much more complex than their respective public websites. Intranets and
their use are growing rapidly. According to the Intranet design annual 2007 from Nielsen
Norman Group, the number of pages on participants' intranets averaged 200,000 over the years
2001 to 2003 and has grown to an average of 6 million pages over 2005–2007.

BENEFITS
 Workforce productivity:
Intranets can help users to locate and view information faster and use applications relevant
to their roles and responsibilities. With the help of a web browser interface, users can
access data held in any database the organization wants to make available, anytime and -
subject to security provisions - from anywhere within the company workstations,
increasing employees' ability to perform their jobs faster, more accurately, and with
confidence that they have the right information. It also helps to improve the services
provided to the users.
 Time:

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Intranets allow organizations to distribute information to employees on an as-needed

basis; Employees may link to relevant information at their convenience, rather than being
distracted indiscriminately by electronic mail.
 Communication:
Intranets can serve as powerful tools for communication within an organization,
vertically and horizontally. From a communications standpoint, intranets are useful to
communicate strategic initiatives that have a global reach throughout the organization.
The type of information that can easily be conveyed is the purpose of the initiative and
what the initiative is aiming to achieve, who is driving the initiative, results achieved to
date, and who to speak to for more information.
 Web publishing
allows cumbersome corporate knowledge to be maintained and easily accessed
throughout the company using hypermedia and Web technologies. Examples include:
employee manuals, benefits documents, company policies, business standards,
newsfeeds, and even training, can be accessed using common Internet standards (Acrobat
files, Flash files, CGI applications). Because each business unit can update the online
copy of a document, the most recent version is usually available to employees using the
intranet.
 Business operations and management: Intranets are also being used as a platform for
developing and deploying applications to support business operations and decisions
across the internetworked enterprise.

 Cost-effective:

Users can view information and data via web-browser rather than maintaining physical
documents such as procedure manuals, internal phone list and requisition forms. This can
potentially save the business money on printing, duplicating documents, and the
environment as well as document maintenance overhead. For example, Peoplesoft
"derived significant cost savings by shifting HR processes to the intranet".McGovern
goes on to say the manual cost of enrolling in benefits was found to be USD109.48 per
enrollment. "Shifting this process to the intranet reduced the cost per enrollment to
$21.79; a saving of 80 percent". Another company that saved money on expense reports
was Cisco. "In 1996, Cisco processed 54,000 reports and the amount of dollars processed
was USD19 million".

 Enhance collaboration:
Information is easily accessible by all authorised users, which enables teamwork.
 Built for one audience:
Many companies dictate computer specifications which, in turn, may allow Intranet
developers to write applications that only have to work on one browser (no cross-browser
compatibility issues). Being able to specifically address your "viewer" is a great
advantage. Since Intranets are user-specific (requiring database/network authentication
prior to access), you know exactly who you are interfacing with and can personalize your
Intranet based on role (job title, department) or individual ("Congratulations Jane, on
your 3rd year with our company!").

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 Promote common corporate culture:

Every user has the ability to view the same information within the Intranet.
 Immediate updates:
When dealing with the public in any capacity, laws, specifications, and parameters can
change. Intranets make it possible to provide your audience with "live" changes so they
are kept up-to-date, which can limit a company's liability.

EXTRANET
INTRODUCTION:-
An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside, for specific
business or educational purposes. An extranet can be viewed as an extension of a company's
intranet that is extended to users outside the company, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers. It
has also been described as a "state of mind" in which the Internet is perceived as a way to do
business with a selected set of other companies (business-to-business, B2B), in isolation from all
other Internet users. In contrast, business-to-consumer (B2C) models involve known servers of
one or more companies, communicating with previously unknown consumer users. An extranet
is like a DMZ in that it provides access to needed services for channel partners, without granting
access to an organization's entire network.

RELATIONSHIP TO AN INTRANET
An extranet can be understood as an intranet mapped onto the public Internet or some other
transmission system not accessible to the general public, but managed by more than one
company's administrator(s). For example, military networks of different security levels may map
onto a common military radio transmission system that never connects to the Internet. Any
private network mapped onto a public one is a virtual private network (VPN), often using special
security protocols.
For decades, institutions have been interconnecting to each other to create private networks for
sharing information. One of the differences that characterizes an extranet, however, is that its
interconnections are over a shared network rather than through dedicated physical lines. With
respect to Internet Protocol networks, RFC 4364 states "If all the sites in a VPN are owned by
the same enterprise, the VPN is a corporate intranet. If the various sites in a VPN are owned by

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different enterprises, the VPN is an extranet. A site can be in more than one VPN; e.g., in an
intranet and several extranets. We regard both intranets and extranets as VPNs. In general, when
we use the term VPN we will not be distinguishing between intranets and extranets. Even if this
argument is valid, the term "extranet" is still applied and can be used to eliminate the use of the
above description."
In the quote above from RFC 4364, the term "site" refers to a distinct networked environment.
Two sites connected to each other across the public Internet backbone comprise a VPN. The term
"site" does not mean "website." Thus, a small company in a single building can have an
"intranet," but to have a VPN, they would need to provide tunneled access to that network for
geographically distributed employees.
Similarly, for smaller, geographically united organizations, "extranet" is a useful term to describe
selective access to intranet systems granted to suppliers, customers, or other companies. Such
access does not involve tunneling, but rather simply an authentication mechanism to a web
server. In this sense, an "extranet" designates the "private part" of a website, where "registered
users" can navigate, enabled by authentication mechanisms on a "login page".

An extranet requires network security. These can include firewalls, server management, the
issuance and use of digital certificates or similar means of user authentication, encryption of
messages, and the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) that tunnel through the public network.

Many technical specifications describe methods of implementing extranets, but often never
explicitly define an extranet. RFC 3547presents requirements for remote access to extranets.
RFC 2709 discusses extranet implementation using IPsec and advanced network address
translation (NAT).

ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, several industries started to use the term extranet to
describe central repositories of shared data made accessible via the web only to authorized
members of particular work groups. Some applications are offered on a Software as a Service
(SaaS) basis by vendors functioning as Application service providers (ASPs).
Specially secured extranets are used to provide virtual data room services to companies in
several sectors (including law and accountancy).

ADVANTAGES
• Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
• Share product catalogs exclusively with trade partners
• Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts
• Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies
• Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies, such
as an online banking application managed by one company on behalf of affiliated banks

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DISADVANTAGES
• Extranets can be expensive to implement and maintain within an organization (e.g.,
hardware, software, employee training costs), if hosted internally rather than by an
application service provider.
• Security of extranets can be a concern when hosting valuable or proprietary information.

TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS

Analog (up to 56k)
Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow. Using a modemconnected to your PC,
users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by
your ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over
an analog, public telephone network. The modem converts received analog data to digital and
vise versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the connection is
not always good and data rates are limited.
ISDN
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for
sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.
Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
B-ISDN
Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber optic telephone
lines, not normal telephone wires. SONET is the physical transportbackbone of B-ISDN.
Broadband ISDN has not been widely implemented.

DSL
DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line
connected to the premise and will not tie up your phone as a dial-up connection does. There is no
need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on. The two main categories of DSL for home
subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.
ADSL

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ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric
digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data
(known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the
upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.
ADSL+2
ADSL+2A is an extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscribers with
significantly faster download speeds when compared to traditional ADSL connections. ADSL+2
works in the same fashion as ADSL a special filter is installed on a subscriber's telephone line to
split existing copper telephone lines (POTS) between regular telephone (voice) and ADSL+2.
ADSL2+ service is most commonly offered in highly-populated metropolitan areas and
subscribers must be in close geographical locations to the provider's central office to receive
ADSL2+ service.

SDSL
SDSL is still more common in Europe. Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, a technology
that allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports
data rates up to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of
telephone wires and can not operate simultaneously with voice connections over the same wires.
SDSL requires a special SDSL modem. SDSL is called symmetric because it supports the same
data rates for upstream and downstream traffic.
VDSL
Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively short
distances — the shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.
All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.
xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps.
Cable
Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet connection that is
designed to operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by using TV channel space for
data transmission, with certain channels used for downstream transmission, and other channels
for upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides much greater
bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve extremely fast
access.Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.
Wireless Internet Connections
Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead
of using telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio
frequency bands. Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed
from anywhere — as long as you geographically within a network coverage area. Wireless
access is still considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult to find a wireless service
provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive and mainly available in metropolitan
areas.See the Wireless Networking Standards page of Webopedia for data rates, Modulation
schemes, Security, and More info on Wireless networking.
T-1 Lines

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T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone
connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual
channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be
configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to buy just one or
some of these individual channels. This is known as as fractional T-1 access
Bonded T-1
A bonded T-1 is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase
bandwidth. Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide
3Mbps or 46 channels for voice or data. Two bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of
3Mbps where two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum of 1.5Mbps at one time. To be
bonded the T-1 must run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to the same ISP.
T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps
Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending on number of
leased channels. Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.
T-3 Lines
T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps. It too is
a popular leased line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of
which supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself.
Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.
Short for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks
conforming to the SONET standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber optic backbone for large
networks with large voice, data, video, and traffic needs.
Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the speed of 100 T1 lines.
Satellite
Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth.
A satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because of the
enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again, IoS is
slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or fiber optic cables.
Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average around 492 up to
512 Kbps.

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Conclusion
Internet/WWW
• provides access to a global information system
• makes it possible for many to access
• makes it easy to publish information
• presents some serious legal issues
• is impossible to manage centrally

Future
• More growth
• Increased commercial activity
• Increasing amounts of change

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